Peer Smoking Research Articles

Unveiling the shadows: School bullying and students' ability erosions in Chinese compulsory schools

Drawing upon data from the National Children's Study of China, this research investigates the school bullying victimization and its associations with the ability erosions among students in Chinese schools. Three key findings emerge. First, results suggest that the primary factors affecting bullying victimization mainly include authoritarian parenting, limited positive social interactions on campus, adverse experiences, and exposure to teacher and peer smoking. Second, estimates indicate that bullying victimization is significantly associated with ability erosions, particularly among students from relatively advantaged backgrounds. The further Oster's test, falsification test, and reverse causality check confirm the validity of the associations and suggest some causal effect of victimization on the student outcomes. Lastly, the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition shows that lower human capital investments derived from social interactions are the most significant contributors to the ability erosion linked to bullying victimization. These findings highlight the critical importance of social interactions both at home and in schools.

Combined Influence of Multiple Factors on Lung Cancer and Anxiety: A Probit Model Analysis

Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, significantly impacting public health. Concurrently, anxiety is a prevalent psychological disorder known to influence the development and progression of various cancers. This research paper aims to examine the combined influence of various factors, including demographic characteristics, environmental exposures, and physical conditioning data, on the incidence of lung cancer and anxiety. Given the binary nature of both lung cancer and anxiety outcomes, the analyses will first employ separate binary probit regression models to identify significant predictors for each condition independently. Then, joint modeling techniques will be implemented with dual purposes. First, by comparing the results of the individual and joint models, the reliability and robustness of the findings will be enhanced through cross-validation. Second, joint models will enable an investigation into potential endogeneity between lung cancer and anxiety. Addressing this endogeneity is crucial as it can potentially improve model robustness and provide deeper insights into the interrelationship between these two health outcomes. For the study purpose, the demographic factors considered include age and gender. Environmental factors encompass smoking history, alcohol consumption, and peer pressure. Physical conditioning data includes pre-existing health conditions such as yellow fingers, anxiety, chronic disease, fatigue, allergy, wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, swallowing difficulty, and chest pain. By leveraging advanced statistical modeling techniques, this research seeks to uncover nuanced relationships and potential causal pathways that may exist between lung cancer and anxiety. The findings from this study will contribute to the existing body of knowledge by providing additional case study showing the relationship among a multitude of factors on lung cancer and anxiety, respectively. Also, the endogeneity checking among lung cancer and anxiety may enhance the efficiency of models done by others in the future. The research paper's analysis on lung cancer incidences reveals that age and wheezing are significant predictors. In examining anxiety levels, smoking emerged as a significant predictor, indicating a higher likelihood of anxiety among smokers. In addition, the joint probit models confirmed these findings, with age and wheezing significantly predicting lung cancer incidence, and smoking significantly predicting anxiety levels. No significant endogeneity was observed between lung cancer and anxiety, suggesting that these health outcomes are influenced by different sets of factors. These findings underscore the importance of considering demographic, environmental, and physical conditioning data in understanding and addressing lung cancer and anxiety, and checking their potential endogeneity

Impact of cigarette price and tobacco control policies on youth smoking experimentation in Albania

BackgroundAlbania has one of the highest smoking prevalence in Europe especially among the youth. There is a lack of evidence in Albania, as well as in most of Eastern Europe...

Transitions to polysubstance use: Prospective cohort study of adolescents in Australia.

Adolescent polysubstance use has been associated with adverse social and health outcomes. Our aim was to measure rates and transitions to polysubstance use during adolescence and identify factors associated with initiation and discontinuation of polysubstance use. Prospective cohort study. Multistate Markov modelling was used to estimate rates and identify correlates of transitions between substance use states. Adolescent-parent dyads (n = 1927; adolescents in grade 7, age ≈13 years) were recruited from Australian schools during 2010/11 (Wave 1). Adolescents were surveyed annually until 2016/17 (n = 1503; age ≈19 years; Wave 7) and parents were surveyed annually until 2014/15 (Wave 5). Alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use outcomes were collected at Waves 3-7. Potential confounders were collected at Waves 1-6 and consisted of sex, anxiety and depression symptoms and externalizing problems, parental monitoring, family conflict and cohesion, parental substance use and peer substance use. Covariates were age and family socioeconomic status. Few adolescents engaged in polysubstance use at earlier waves (Wave 3: 5%; Wave 4: 8%), but proportions increased sharply across adolescence (Waves 5-7: 17%, 24%, 36%). Rates of transitioning to polysubstance use increased with age, with few (<9%) adolescents transitioning out. More externalizing problems (odds ratio [OR] = 1.10; 99.6% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07-1.14), parental heavy episodic drinking (OR = 1.22; 99.6% CI = 1.07-1.40), parental illicit substance use (OR = 3.56; 99.6% CI = 1.43-8.86), peer alcohol use (OR = 5.68; 99.6% CI = 1.59-20.50) and peer smoking (OR = 4.18; 99.6% CI = 1.95-8.81) were associated with transitioning to polysubstance use. Polysubstance use in Australia appears to be rare during early adolescence but more common in later adolescence with low rates of transitioning out. Externalizing problems and greater parental and peer substance use are risk factors for adolescent polysubstance use that may be suitable intervention targets.

Inequalities in Smoking and E-Cigarette Use in Young Adults With Mental Ill-Health, 20 years After Ireland's Smoking Ban.

Background: Ireland's Smoking Ban reduced health inequalities known to be associated with smoking but some groups may not have benefitted. Mental ill-health and smoking are known to be associated with health inequalities. Whether similar patterns exist for e-cigarette use is less clear, as few data exist. Objectives: To examine: (1) self-reported doctor-diagnosed mental ill-health in Irish 20-year-olds; (2) smoking, e-cigarette, and dual use in those with and without mental ill-health; and (3) protective and risk factors for smoking and e-cigarette use in these groups. Methods: We use cross-sectional data from 20year-olds in Wave 4 of Growing Up in Ireland Child Cohort. They were asked to self-report mental ill-health which had been diagnosed by a clinician, and their smoking and e-cigarette use. All analyses were performed using SPSS v27. Results: 19.4% (n = 1008) of the total sample (n = 4729) reported a mental ill-health diagnosis. Comparing those with and without, those with mental ill-health had significantly higher prevalence of current smoking (47%, n = 419 vs 36%, n = 1361; OR 1.57, CI: 1.36, 1.82), e-cigarette use (17%, n = 152 vs 13%, n = 485; OR 1.40, CI:1.15, 1.70), and dual use (12%, n = 109 vs 9%, n = 328; OR 1.46, CI:1.16, 1.84). Risk factors for smoking and e-cigarette use were, earlier smoking initiation, peers or primary caregivers who smoked, being in paid employment, one-parent family background, and social media use. Being female was protective. Most risk factors were significantly higher in young adults with mental ill-health but, after adjusting for these variables, respondents with mental ill-health still have significantly higher adjusted higher odds of smoking (aOR 1.28, CI:1.05, 1.56). Conclusions: Inequalities in smoking and e-cigarette use in young adults with mental ill-health are evident 20years after Ireland's National Smoking Ban. Despite extensive Tobacco Control interventions in the past 20years, there is still need in Ireland for new targeted interventions to reduce health inequalities for left-behind young smokers with mental ill-health.

Meta-Analysis: Factors Related with Premarital Sexual Behavior in Adolescents

Background: Premarital sexual behavior is a sexual activity carried out before marriage. Premarital sexual behavior is a health priority in adolescents because it causes unwanted pregnancies, abortions, STIs, HIV/AIDS and even death. Parents, peers, community environment, economic and cultural conditions influence premarital sexual behavior. This study aims to analyze the effect of peers, smoking behavior, alcohol consumption, exposure to pornography and rural areas on premarital sexual behavior in adolescents. Subjects and Method: This was a systematic review and meta-analysis of study articles. Data obtained from databases including Google Schoolar, Pubmed and Science Direct. Article search was carried out by considering eligibility criteria with the PICO model. Population: adolescents. Intervention: high peer pressure, smoking behavior, alcohol consumption, exposure to pornography, and rural areas. Comparation: low peer pressure, non-smoking, no alcohol consumption, no exposure to pornography, and urban areas. Outcome: premarital sexual behavior. The articles were collected with keywords including "Peer Pressure" AND "Smoking" AND "Alcohol Compsumtion" AND "Pornography Exposure" AND "Rural" OR "Premarital Sexual Behavior" AND "Cross Sectional Study". Study articles were collected with PRISMA flow diagrams and analyzed using Review Manager 5.3 application. Results: The results of the meta-analysis indicated that adolescents were influenced by premarital sexual behavior in the presence of high peer pressure (aOR= 3.57; CI95%= 1.38 to 9.26; p&lt;0.001), smoking behavior (aOR= 1.17; CI95%= 0.63 to 2.16; p&lt;0.001), alcohol consumption (aOR=2.11; CI95%=1.34 to 3.33; p&lt;0.001), and exposure to pornography (aOR= 2.43; CI95%= 1.44 to 4.09; p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: Adolescent premarital sexual behavior increases with high peer pressure, smoking, alcohol consumption, and exposure to pornography. Keywords: premarital sexual behavior, peer pressure, adolescent. Correspondence: Aktif Cahyaning Tyas. Master’s Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta, 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: aktifctyas@gmail.com. Mobile: +628231-4866643.

The Living Well, Living Longer program: an integrated care strategy to improve the health of people living with severe mental illness.

Living Well, Living Longer (The Program) is an integrated care strategy to improve the physical health of people living with severe mental illness within a public mental health service. The significant life expectancy gap experienced by this cohort is largely attributed to higher rates of cardiovascular disease and modifiable risk factors. The Program addresses this by guiding people through the four stages of screening, detection, treatment initiation, and ongoing management of coexisting chronic health conditions. The Program adopted an integrated care approach to ensure the provision of appropriate and coordinated care across hospital and primary care services. Key care pathways include a cardiometabolic health assessment clinic, shared care with general practitioners, oral health services partnership and employment of peer support workers, dietitians, exercise physiologists, and smoking cessation to provide targeted community support and interventions. There has been strong engagement with the care pathways introduced since The Program's inception in 2013 and evaluation is currently underway to consider the impact on cardiometabolic health outcomes for participants. Critical to The Program's effectiveness has been engagement with lived experience expertise, multidisciplinary collaboration, and strong executive support. However, significant challenges persist amid an Australian public health crisis characterised by reducing rates of free primary healthcare access for people living with severe mental illness and enduring communication challenges between primary and secondary health services. With the implementation of MyMedicare and the imminent Single Digital Patient Record across NSW Health, we stand at a critical juncture. It is imperative to establish robust systems to enhance care for this vulnerable population.

Conveying The Negative Health Consequences of Smoking For The Development of School-Based Social Marketing Programs: An Experimental Study

Cigarette products certainly have a negative impact on health, especially for teenagers. Although there is a growing body of literature on the positive social influence of peers as a preventative measure, it is unclear how they react when convinced of the truth of its negative impact on health. This experimental study aims to examine the impact of negative health consequences on adolescents' emotions and behavior. Through an online invitation and randomization process, 78 high school students from South Sumatra Province, Indonesia were eligible to participate in the online experimental study. We compared two groups (experimental vs. control) to examine the impact of negative health consequences on their emotions (empathy) and behavior (prosocial behavior). Our findings show that, as compared to adolescents in the non-convincing health message condition (n=40), adolescents in the convincing negative health message condition (n=38) had higher empathy (sign=0.005) and prosocial behavior (sign=0.028) to assist their smoking peers. Our findings provide a valuable information to sustainability development in the future through reducing underage smokers. We suggest that the use of convincing method to develop a school-based social marketing program for handling adolescent smoking problem

Testing mediating pathways between school segregation and health: Evidence on peer prejudice and health behaviors

School racial segregation is increasingly recognized as a threat to US public health: rising segregation in recent decades has been linked to a range of poor health outcomes for Black Americans. Key theorized mediators of these harms remain underexamined, including experiences of interpersonal and institutional racism driving increased stress, and peers' health behaviors influencing students' own. Using cross-sectional survey data on a national sample of adolescents, we investigated associations between school segregation and these two potential mediating pathways, operationalized as adolescents’ perceptions of prejudice from fellow students and the health behaviors of their peers (drinking and smoking). We further investigated whether associations were modified by individual race/ethnicity and school racial composition.Pooling across all schools and students, higher levels of school segregation were associated with decreased perceptions of peer prejudice (OR 0.54, 95% CI = 0.34–0.86), but not with peers' health behaviors. However, this masked important differences by respondents' race/ethnicity and school racial/ethnic composition. In predominantly White schools, school segregation was not associated with Black students' perceptions of peers' prejudice, but higher levels of segregation were associated with increased rates of peers' drinking and smoking. In predominantly non-White schools, in contrast—where most Black students are educated—higher levels of school segregation were not associated with perceived peer prejudice nor unhealthier peer behaviors for Black students (in fact, peers’ health behaviors improved). And across both school types, higher levels of district segregation were associated with lower odds of reporting peer prejudice among non-Black students of color.Our findings suggest that the paths between school segregation and poor health depend on the type of school children attend in segregated districts. In schools predominantly serving students of color, structural factors upheld by school segregation—i.e., material, educational, disciplinary, or economic disadvantage—likely dominate over peer behaviors as the primary drivers of segregation's health harms.

PREVALENCE AND BEHAVIOUR OF SMOKING MEDWAKH AMONG ABU DHABI-UNITED ARAB EMIRATES’ POPULATION: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Medwakh is one of the non-cigarette products that has recently emerged as a public health problem in the United ArabEmirates. It is a narrow pipe filled with dried tobacco leaves and is mixed with herbs, spices, or at times with a bark knownas 'dhoka' (meaning 'dizzy' in Arabic). The purpose of the current study is to determine the prevalence and behaviour ofMedwakh smoking among the general population of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. For this objective, the authorsconducted a descriptive, quantitative, cross-sectional study. The three main outcomes were never smokers, currentsmokers (6 months or older) and the number of Medwakh smoked per day. Smoking behaviour, sociodemographic factorsand the attitudes of the study participants were assessed in this study. The outcomes from the regression models identifiedthe association between each outcome measure and age, gender, income, education level, marital status, smoking for ?6months, and parental and peer smoking. The prevalence of the current Medwakh intervention in Abu Dhabi was found tobe 22.5%. The average age at which the respondents started smoking was 25 years. Daily Medwakh users smoked a medianof 3.0 per day. The highest prevalence rate for Medwakh smoking was reported among men (29.9%), single individuals(24.2%), and younger age groups (18–37 years-37.5%) with bachelor's degrees (29.3%). The same outcome was also trueamong the users, who smoked for more than 6 months (41.9%) and the participants who had colleagues or parents withsmoking habit. The study also found income differences among the study participants. The awareness about damagereduction was extremely high among the Medwakh users (78.8%). No participant reported that they were denied a Medwakhpurchase on the basis of their age. Medwakh is considered as a herbal substance with no health hazard in Abu Dhabi, UnitedArab Emirates and is prevalently consumed at high rates. It has also heavily burdened the perceptions of harm. Furtherresearch into smoking behaviour is needed to determine the rest of the variables that heavily influence the smokingdecisions.

Patterns of cigarette and e-cigarette use among UK adolescents: a latent class analysis of the Millennium Cohort Study.

Patterning of cigarette and e-cigarette use among young people remains poorly characterized. We aimed to describe these patterns in the UK Millennium Cohort Study at age 14 and 17 years. Data on cigarette and e-cigarette use come from 9731 adolescents. Latent class analysis assigned participants to membership of classes of product use and multinomial logistic regression analyses assessed differences in the likelihood of belonging to classes by sociodemographic (age, gender, ethnicity, household income, maternal education and country of residence) and smoking-related social factors (caregiver tobacco use, caregiver e-cigarette use and peer smoking). We identified four classes of use: 45.8% of adolescents 'continued to abstain' from cigarettes or e-cigarettes; 21.3% 'experimented' (used once or in the past but not currently) with cigarettes and/or e-cigarettes by age 17 but were not current users; 19.0% were 'late adopters', characterized by low levels of use at age 14 but high levels of experimentation and current use at age 17; and 13.9% were 'early adopters', characterized by high levels of experimentation and current use at ages 14 and 17. At age 17, 70.4% of 'early adopters' smoked cigarettes regularly plus an additional 27.3% experimented with cigarettes. Corresponding percentages for e-cigarettes were 37.9% and 58.9%. Tobacco and e-cigarette use by caregivers, and cigarette use by peers, were associated with being both 'late adopters' and 'early adopters'. Approximately one in seven adolescents in the UK are 'early adopters' of nicotine products. This highlights the need to develop and implement effective policies to prevent nicotine use uptake.

ADOLESCENT’S PEER AND FAMILY INFLUENCE IN SMOKING RELAPSE

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Background: Psychologically, adolescents are still in the identity-seeking phase so they often follow or imitate the people around them in order to be accepted in their environment. It is necessary to identify the influence of peers and family on adolescent smoking relapse. Objective: To identify the influence of peers and family on the incidence of relapse of adolescent smoking. Method: Quantitative with cross-sectional design. The target population is teenage respondents aged 12-15 years in classes VII, VIII, and IX at SMP X Kediri. The inclusion criteria were adolescent smokers and those who had smoked. The sample size is 45 respondents and was selected by simple random. The independent variable is the incidence of smoking among peers and family members and the dependent variable is the incidence of smoking relapse in adolescents. The instruments used were peer and family smoking questionnaires. Analysis of the data used to analyze the relationship using the Spearman correlation test with α = 0.05. Results: Selected 46 respondents participated in this study. The results of statistical tests showed that smoking relapse behavior in adolescents was not related to family interpersonal relationships (p = 0.879) or peers (p = 0.379). Conclusion: There is a shift in values in a society where interpersonal relationships with peers and family are not predictors of smoking relapse in adolescents.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Understanding Second-hand Smoke (SHS) Exposure among University Students in Selangor and Perak, Malaysia: Role of Parents and Peers

Second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure remains a significant public health concern worldwide, posing various adverse effects on individual health during both short- and long-term exposures. University students in Malaysia are particularly at risk due to the potential influence of parents and peers on their SHS exposure. However, there is a lack of comprehensive research exploring the extent of this influence and its implications for effective intervention strategies. This cross-sectional study administered an online questionnaire to 387 students from two universities in Selangor and Perak. Prevalence rates of SHS exposure were determined, and factors associated with exposure were identified through descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analysis. Almost half (49.9%) of the participants had been exposed to SHS. Female students had a reduced risk of exposure by more than half compared to male students (p = 0.050). Meanwhile, those who had a smoking parent and smoking friends had approximately four times (p = 0.000) and two times (p = 0.002) the increased likelihood of being exposed to SHS, respectively, then those who did not. Participants with higher household income (p = 0.000) and higher mothers’ educational attainment (p = 0.028) had a significantly lower risk of SHS exposure. In conclusion, gender, parental smoking, peer smoking, and socioeconomic status were identified as factors associated with SHS exposure. Parental and peer awareness and understanding of SHS risk must be enhanced to minimise its exposure among their children and friends. Hence, health policymakers should address strategies such as ongoing public awareness campaigns, the extension of a smoking ban on advertising, promotion, and marketing of tobacco products, and rules for smoking prohibition at home to drive Malaysia’s effort towards a smoke-free generation.

Effectiveness of Peer-Support Interventions for Smoking Cessation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Peer support has been recommended to promote smoking cessation, but results from prior meta-analyses have not established its efficacy. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess current evidence and identify potential modifiers of efficacy. Randomized controlled trials of peer-support interventions with a smoking cessation outcome were identified in January 2022 from PubMed and references listed in identified studies. The meta-analysis outcome measure was mean risk ratio (RR, 95% confidence interval [CI]) for abstinence at the longest follow-up timepoint between 3 and 9 months from baseline. Potential modifiers tested were peer smoking status (former, current, or unknown), follow-up timepoint, abstinence measure, and cumulative engagement time between peers and smokers ("dose"). Studies were assessed for risk of bias and certainty of evidence. We identified 16 trials, which varied in abstinence effect size (RR 0.61-3.07), sample size (23-2121), dose (41-207 minutes), and follow-up timepoint (<1-15 months). Across 15 trials with follow-up between 3 and 9 months (N = 8573 participants; 4565 intervention, 4008 control), the pooled Mantel-Haenszel RR was 1.34 (95% CI: 1.11-1.62). Effect sizes were greatest among interventions with formerly smoking peers (RR 1.43, 95% CI 1.17-1.74; five trials). We found positive effects for follow-up timepoints ≥3 months but no effect of intervention dose. The overall quality of evidence was deemed "very low." Peer-support interventions increased smoking abstinence. There remains a lack of consensus about how to define a peer. Intervention features such as peer smoking status appear to have explanatory power. Additional high-quality and more comparable trials are needed. This study reviewed the latest evidence from randomized controlled trials and found that peer-support interventions enhance smoking cessation. Efficacy varies with key intervention features such as peer smoking status and follow-up timepoint, which may be used to facilitate development of more effective peer-support interventions. Future trials and reviews would benefit from careful consideration and clear reporting of peer smoking status, length of follow-up, abstinence measures, and intervention dose.

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND BEHAVIOR TOWARD SMOKING AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Introduction: Tobacco consumption is one of the important contributing factors of non-infectious mortality in Indonesia. Factors causing young people to smoke include personality, parents, and colleagues. Medical students should have good knowledge about tobacco, an attitude that supports smoking avoidance and supports smoking cessation, and be role models for society by not smoking. The aim of this study is to determine about knowledge, attitude toward smoking habit, and smoking behavior among the medical students of Universitas Sumatera Utara. Method: This is a descriptive-analytical study with cross–sectional approach, conducted at Medical Faculty of Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU) from March to December 2020. Participants are 100 medical students chosen randomly using stratified random sampling. Data are collected directly from the questionnaire in the form of Google Form sent to participants. Bivariate analysis was done using Chi-Square and Fisher’s exact test. Result: shows the prevalence of smoking is 16%. For knowledge, 75% of respondent’s knowledge about tobacco is average, 22% respondents have good knowledge, and 3% respondents have poor knowledge. Attitudes toward tobacco avoidance are positive in 63% respondents and negative in 37% respondents. Smoking behavior of 37.5% smokers is high, 31.25% average, and 31.25% low. Bivariate analysis finds significant correlation between smoking status and gender, smoking peer, and attitude. Conclusion: majority of USU medical students have average knowledge about tobacco, positive attitude toward smoking avoidance, and high smoking behavior. Significant correlation found indicates the need to raise awareness of smoking hazard and effort in ceasing smoking behavior among medical students.

Examining Predictors of Nicotine Dependence in Korean Adolescents : Comparing Ever Quitters and Never Quitters

ABSTRACT Despite growing research on adolescent smokers, evidence for the differences between the two smoker groups who are ever quitters and never quitters is limited. The study aimed to examine predictors of nicotine dependence (ND) in Korean adolescents by comparing ever quitters and never quitters. Data from 349 adolescents were collected through an online survey. Among respondents, most of them were male, living with families, and were enrolled at schools. Data were analyzed by dividing participants into two groups – ever quitters and never quitters. The study found that adolescents’ ND was commonly predicted by smoking peers and anxiety. However, schooling status was significantly associated with ever quitters’ ND only. In the total sample, never-quitters were associated with higher ND compared to ever-quitters. This study did not control for differences among ever quitters in terms of the number of attempts to quit smoking and did not significantly control age effects in the sample. Based on study results, we suggest various policy implications. Cessation intervention should be designed keeping in mind the smokers’ previous quit attempts and their motivation. It is also recommended that individually tailored smoking cessation programs be used to address the heterogenous nature of the adolescents.

Prevalence and Factors Influencing Smoking Behavior among Female Inmates in Malaysia.

Lately, smoking among adolescents is increasing despite various campaigns to address it being carried out. Previously, this habit was common among men, however, nowadays, smoking has become a habit for women as well. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and its associated factors that influence smoking behavior among women inmates in Kelantan. A cross-sectional study was carried out among women inmates from Pengkalan Chepa Women's Prison, Kota Bharu, Kelantan. A total of 274 respondents were needed to answer a self-administered questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Multiple Logistic Regression. A total of 183 participants were smokers. Women who were single and divorced had a lower chance of being influenced to smoke compared to married women. Parents with smoking habits were more associated with children who smoked compared to parents who did not smoke. A participant with secondary level education had higher odds of smoking compared to a participant with primary level education. Smoking peers significantly influenced their friends and, therefore, peer practice was a main factor influencing smoking among women inmates. The prevalence of smoking among women inmates in Kelantan was found to be quite high. Religion (majority (90.5%) of women in the study were Muslims; it would be inappropriate to draw conclusion that religion is an influencing factor), marital status, parents' practice, peer practice and education significantly influenced women inmates to smoke.

Academic Performance and Peer or Parental Tobacco Use among Non-Smoking Adolescents: Influence of Smoking Interactions on Intention to Smoke.

Intention to smoke is an important predictor of future smoking among adolescents. The purpose of our study was to examine the interaction between academic performance and parents/peer tobacco use on adolescents' intention to smoke. A multi-stage stratified sampling was used to select participants, involving 9394 students aged between 9-16 years in Changchun city, northeastern China. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the individual effect of academic performance and peer/parental smoking behavior. Stratified logistic regressions were conducted to examine the protective effect of academic performance based on peer or parental smoking. Interaction effects of academic performance × peer/parental smoking on adolescents' intention to smoke were tested. Of all the non-smoking students sampled, 11.9% intended to smoke within the next five years. The individual effect of academic performance and peer/parental smoking was significant. The protective effect of academic performance on the intention to smoke was significant regardless of whether peers smoked or not. However, the protective effect was not significant among adolescents with only maternal smoking and both parental smoking. The current study found the significant interaction effects of academic performance × peer smoking and the academic performance × both parents' smoking. Students with poor academic performance were more likely to intend to smoke if their peers or both parents smoked. These preliminary results suggest that peer smoking or smoking by both parents reinforces the association between low academic performance and the intention to smoke among adolescents. Enhancing school engagement, focusing on social interaction among adolescents with low academic performance, and building smoke-free families may reduce adolescents' intention to smoke.

Meta Analysis: Effects of Peer, Family, and School Environment on Smoking Behavior in Adolescents

Background: Smoking behavior is a behavior that is harmful to health, but there are still many people who do smoking activities, even someone starts smoking starting as a teenager. This study aimed to estimate the influence of peers, family, school on smoking behavior in adolescents through a meta-analysis of primary studies conducted by previous authors. Subjects and Method: This was a systematic review and meta-analysis conducted following the PRISMA diagram and the PICO format. Population: Teenagers. Intervention: Smokers' peers, smokers' family members, schools apply smoking rules. Comparison: Peers don't smoke, family members don't smoke, schools don't enforce smoking rules. Outcome: Smoking. The online databases used are Google Scholar, Science Direct, and ProQuest with the words ''Smoking peers'' AND ''Smoking parents'' AND ''Smoking policy school'' AND ''smoking'' AND behavior AND adolescents AND ''cross sectional'' AND aOR. There were 16 cross-sectional studies published in 2013-2023 that met the inclusion criteria. Analysis was performed with RevMan 5.3. Results: The meta-analysis included 16 cross-sectional studies from India, Korea, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Africa, America, Chile, Denmark, Saudi Arabia and, Turkey. The total sample was 191,101. Smoking behavior increased with smoker peers (aOR= 5.04; 95% CI = 3.23 to 7.87; p&lt; 0.001), smoker family members (aOR=2.04; 95% CI= 1.45 to 2.87; p&lt; 0.001), and low smoking policy in school (aOR= 1.00; 95% CI= 0.65 to 1.54; p&lt; 0.001). Conclusion: There is influence of smoking peers, smoking families, smoking policies in schools with smoking behavior in adolescents. Keywords: adolescents, peers of smokers, families of smokers, smoking policies.

The Prevalence, Pattern, and Factors Affecting Cigarette Smoking among Undergraduate Students in a Tertiary Institution in Plateau State, Nigeria

Background: Cigarette smoking is a modern health hazard, and it is preventable. It starts in adolescence for 90% of adults with an average age of onset ranging between 13 - 15 years and is commoner among males. This study is aimed at the prevalence, pattern, and factors affecting Cigarette smoking among undergraduate students in a tertiary institution in Plateau State. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study involving 290 undergraduate students of the University of Jos was selected using the multistage sampling method. Results: The prevalence of cigarette use was 5.3%. Seven (70.0%) of students smoke daily, 6 (60.0%), smoke cigarettes before Lecture Hours, and 90.0% are unwilling to stop smoking. Smoking was done to experience the highness feeling, 8 (80.0%), peer smoking 8 (80.0%), to reduce stress and tension 5 (50.0%), and Smoking for Fun 7 (70.0%). Most students first smoked a cigarette when with friends 6 (60.0%). Factors significantly associated with the current use of cigarettes among the respondents were religion (χ2 = 4.167, p = 0.041) Level/year of study (χ2 = 32.266, p ≤ 0.001), and type of family (χ2 = 6.271, p = 0.043). Conclusion: Most students smoke daily, smoke before lectures start, and are unwilling to stop smoking. Health-promotion program to help smoking cessation and prevent initiation of smoking is recommended.