Peer Ridicule Research Articles

#Gymlad - young boys learning processes and health-related social media

ABSTRACTRecent systematic reviews identify that the factors mediating and/or moderating the relationship between social media and health outcomes are sparse. There have also been few attempts to analyse gender specific uses of social media. This paper investigated young boys health-related learning in relation to social media. Data were generated from class activities and interviews and from a large data set that included 1346 young people. The approach to the empirical data adopted was Practical Epistemology Analysis (PEA). The findings reveal two main purposes of young boys engagement with social media: (i) communicating with friends, and (ii) accessing health-related information. Irony and humour were central learning mechanisms used by young boys to participate within health-related social media, and in a way that enabled them to engage with, uphold, and handle health discourses associated with masculinity – such as being ripped – without fear of ‘literal’ peer ridicule and within a context of acceptable ‘banter’. There was evidence that young people were critical users and generators of social media, who were clearly thinking through what they see, do, and use online. Hence, this paper provides a fresh evidence-based perspective on the potentially positive role of social media as a health-related learning resource. PEA is illustrated as a new methodological approach for investigating learning in the context of social media. The evidence generated can be used to inform future evaluations of social media use, the design of educative support for young people, and guidance and training for key stakeholders.

Weight-Related Barriers for Overweight Students in an Elementary Physical Education Classroom: An Exploratory Case Study with One Physical Education Teacher.

As physical performance may be more difficult for overweight children than for their non-overweight peers, understanding how weight impacts student performance in the physical education (P.E.) classroom could inform school-based obesity prevention programming. This qualitative case study examined one elementary physical educator's perspectives of overweight students' weight-related experiences in her classroom. Narratives were elicited during an in-depth interview and analyzed using structural and thematic analyses. We utilized the social cognitive theory to inform our exploration of the narratives. The thematic analysis illuminated a behavioral pattern of student refusal to participate in the P.E. classroom while the structural analysis emphasized the teacher's constructive, individualized responses to participation refusals. Combined, the two analytic techniques provided a more holistic snapshot of the experiences of overweight students in this elementary school. In addition, a preliminary model explaining the behavioral pattern among overweight students in this particular P.E. classroom was created. Students who were overweight were more likely to initially refuse to attempt physical tasks in the classroom because they feared peer ridicule, and the teacher played a critical role in whether these students chose to participate in subsequent classes. As agents of change, P.E. educators should be included in formative stages of comprehensive, systemic changes to combat childhood obesity.

Hypnotic Intervention in a 7-Year-Old Thumbsucker: A Case Study

Thumbsucking is a common habit among younger children. Usually, the child outgrows this habit by age 6. When a child over the age of 6 continues to suck his or her thumb, it can be a cause of potential harm due to peer pressure, ridicule, and shunning. It can also lead to malocclusions requiring eventual orthodontic interventions. In this case study, the author demonstrates a hypnotic intervention in a 7-year-old girl. Validation of her habit and imaging a role model sucking her thumb were employed in trance. Using this approach, the child was able to end her dependence on thumbsucking in 1 session.

Avenues for rehabilitation of auricular defects

Irrespective of the cause, abnormalities in shape, size, and position of body organs are often perceived as looking wrong. This perception can subject the individual to significant peer ridicule and social ostracism. Rehabilitation of patients with auricular defects can either be done by reconstructive surgery or by prosthetic means. The article draws a comparison between the implant-supported prosthesis and reconstructive surgery, listing the benefits, limitations, indications and contraindications of both the techniques. As both the available techniques give excellent results in appropriately selected situations, the restorative team must present all the alternatives to the patient and choose judiciously the better of the two.

Perception and Adjustment of Adolescents Towards Divorce

Abstract The main aim of this study was to examine the perception and adjustment of adolescents towards divorce. This study used the Perception of Children towards Parental Divorce Scale by Kurdek and Berg, the Homeostasis Gestalt Process of by Woldt .This population consisted of all secondary school students in the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. Random samples of 20 schools from four districts were selected in this study involving 300 students from single homes as respondents with 15 from each school. The findings showed that adolescents’ perception towards divorce can be both positive and negative. Adolescents faced the normal reactions towards divorce by fearing peer ridicule, by being involved in the blaming self and others for the divorce. The findings of the t-test showed no significant differences on most items on the perception towards divorce according to gender. In terms of adjustment the findings showed the adolescents both adjusted positively and negatively building relationships as well as showing resistance as an aftermath of the divorce. Counselling and parent education strategies need to be developed and implemented to help reduce the effects of divorce among adolescents.

Implant-supported auricular prosthesis

Differences in the balance of shape, size, and position of body organs are immediately perceived as "looking wrong" and this perception can subject the individual to significant peer ridicule and social ostracism, often expressing as intense shame and anguish in the attitude of the afflicted. Rehabilitation of such patients can be remarkably beneficial on the individual's self-esteem and body image. The onus of the deed lies in the hands of a team that combines artistic excellence with surgical expertise, by combining the skills of anaplastologists, surgeons, and prosthodontists. This is a review of a few surgical and prosthetic considerations in the management of auricular defect and a case description of management of a patient of microtia following similar guidelines in fabrication of the epithesis.

Gross motor problems and psychiatric disorders in children

Emck et al.1 report on the results of a study showing that children with emotional and behavioural disorders also present with significant gross motor problems. As the psychiatric diagnoses of children in this study were quite heterogeneous, the findings raise important etiological questions with regard to the co-occurrence of motor, behavioural, and emotional problems in children. It is tempting to assume, as others have, that these disorders share common neurological origins.2 This would surely help to explain the robustness of the association between motor impairments and psychiatric disorders in children.1 At present, however, we lack evidence to conclude that this is indeed so. Therefore, it remains prudent to keep diagnostic groupings intact in the search for etiological linkages. Moreover, there are equally plausible hypotheses suggesting that consolidation, rather than splitting, of diagnoses is appropriate. For example, the co-occurrence of multiple sensory and motor impairments in autism and the couple with the genetic hereditability of the disorder, support the hypothesis that these impairments likely arise from pervasive, atypical brain development. The association between emotional problems and motor impairment suggests other possibilities.3 The co-occurrence of gross motor problems in emotional disorders such as depression and anxiety can support an environmental etiology.3,4 Children with developmental coordination disorder, for example, are often socially isolated, teased, or ridiculed, and may be excluded from social play with peers. The causal role of their experiences in shaping psychological distress cannot easily be dismissed. Of course, the same subtle neurological impairments that give rise to motor coordination problems may also affect social interactions (e.g. ability to comprehend subtle social cues, especially non-verbal ones). The link between balance problems and anxiety, identified by Emck et al., also suggests a role for the vestibular system, but this likely cannot explain why children with motor impairments unrelated to balance also show greater risk for anxiety. If we accept that there is a neurological vulnerability to motor coordination problems, and that in the presence of an environmental stressor (peer ridicule), this increases the risk of anxious reaction/disorder, then we need not favour one explanatory paradigm (psychosocial vs biological) over another. The vulnerability-stress exposure model has been used to understand the genetic-environmental (stress) origins of disorders such as depression.5 However, if we also take a developmental perspective, we can begin to view these processes as potentially reciprocal. With regard to the association between motor coordination and anxiety for example, it is possible that over time anxiety may lead to avoidance of activities that require complex motoric coordination, which further impairs the development of motor skills through childhood. The cycle reproduces itself with increasingly negative social, psychological, and physical consequences for the child. It will not be easy to trace the complex environmental, genetic, and biological interactions that give rise to these phenotypes. However, I do not believe at this time that the task is made any easier by lumping diagnostic groups together. This does not imply that we must not be ready to revise or abandon altogether our diagnostic classifications when evidence suggests they longer serve us. I do think, though, from a research perspective, that we need to take a developmental approach to the problem. One possibility is to assemble a cohort of infants at risk for psychiatric disorder, based on our epidemiological knowledge of risk (e.g. low socioeconomic status) and repeatedly measure sensory, motor, and cognitive development alongside behavioural and emotional symptoms. Following the same children from infancy through early childhood and adolescence with these assessments will at least allow us to begin to model the associations between these constructs over time. The realities and pragmatics of doing this research, of course, make it much easier to suggest than to do but such is the cost of science. We have amassed enough data to justify more analytical, as opposed to descriptive, approaches to understanding the linkages among these factors.

Pediatric otoplasty

Pediatric otoplasty

Treatment of Gay Men for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Resulting from Social Ostracism and Ridicule: Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Approaches

This report describes the clinical treatment of a sample of four gay men suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) attributed to their repeated experiences with peer ridicule and ostracism throughout childhood and adolescence, caused by their gender variant appearance and behavior. All of the men in the sample shared the following features: (1) a childhood history of ridicule and ostracism from both peers and adults focused on their gender variant presentation designed to elicit gender norm compliance; (2) a lack of social support networks to assist them in coping with the stress; (3) self-destructive coping responses that began in childhood and continued into adulthood in an attempt to lessen the experience of shame; and (4) symptoms of PTSD. A treatment model utilizing cognitive-behavioral therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing was discussed.

Appropriate Timing of Otoplasty for Prominent Ears

Plastic Surgery| January 01 2005 Appropriate Timing of Otoplasty for Prominent Ears AAP Grand Rounds (2005) 13 (1): 10–11. https://doi.org/10.1542/gr.13-1-10 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Appropriate Timing of Otoplasty for Prominent Ears. AAP Grand Rounds January 2005; 13 (1): 10–11. https://doi.org/10.1542/gr.13-1-10 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All PublicationsAll JournalsAAP Grand RoundsPediatricsHospital PediatricsPediatrics In ReviewNeoReviewsAAP NewsAll AAP Sites Search Advanced Search Topics: ear, prominent, otoplasty Source: Gosain AK, Kumar A, Huang G. Prominent ears in children younger than 4 years of age: what is the appropriate timing for otoplasty? Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114:1042–1054. This study from the Medical College of Wisconsin was performed to determine whether reconstructive otoplasty for prominent ears performed before 4 years of age results in an acceptable long-term outcome. The study consisted of 2 parts: 1) a survey mailed to 481 plastic surgeons asking their opinion on the timing of otoplasty; and 2) a consecutive prospective series of 12 patients who had otoplasty performed before 4 years of age. One hundred seventy-four plastic surgeons responded to the questionnaire (37%). The majority of respondents (57%) routinely delayed otoplasty until their patients were 5 years of age or older. Respondents cited a number of reasons for delaying otoplasty until at least 5 years of age, including decreased anesthetic risk, increased patient cooperation, near adult size of the auricle, and increased awareness of self-image and peer ridicule. Respondents estimated an 8% recurrence rate of the deformity in patients operated on at 5 years of age or older. The second part of the study examined the lead author’s experience with 12 patients operated on before 4 years of age (mean 23 months, range 9 months to 3 years). Bilateral procedures were performed in 9 patients and unilateral in 3 patients. Length of follow-up ranged from 21 months to 7.5 years. No patient demonstrated disturbance in growth of the ear following otoplasty. At follow-up, none of the 3 children with unilateral otoplasty showed any difference in growth between the ear operated on and the uncorrected ear. Notable recurrence occurred in only 1 of the 12 patients (8%) or 1 of 21 ears operated upon (4.8%). A follow-up questionnaire was sent to parents 1 year or more post-operatively. All 10 of the families returning the questionnaire responded that if asked again, they would choose to have the procedure performed at the same age, rather than waiting until their child was older. The authors conclude that otoplasty can be performed safely and without growth disturbance of the surgically corrected ear in patients younger than 5 years of age. They suggest that patients undergoing early surgical correction of prominent ears might benefit from enhanced development of self-esteem. Financial Disclosure: Dr. Burstein has disclosed that he has no relationships relevant to this commentary. This paper raises several issues of concern to plastic surgeons and parents. For example, will a child’s self-image suffer if a prominent ear deformity is not corrected before 4 or even 3 years of age? Since a child of 3 or 4 years of age is not capable of understanding or desiring surgical correction, are we treating the child or the parents when we perform this operation on young children? While a case series of 12 patients is not an adequate evidence base for a recommendation, it is sufficient to spur further exploration of the benefits and risks of early otoplasty.... You do not currently have access to this content.

Use of the Functional Dexterity Test for outcomes with thumb aplasia

Use of the Functional Dexterity Test for outcomes with thumb aplasia

Endoscopically placed nitinol stents for pediatric tracheal obstruction

Objective: To provide preliminary clinical data regarding endoscopically placed nitinol stents for children with tracheal obstruction as a temporizing measure to allow for trach tube decannulation while awaiting growth to allow for tracheal resection. Methods: This case series describes the experiences of two children (ages 5 and 15) who were dependent upon tracheotomy because of acquired tracheal obstruction. Both patients had combined tracheomalacia and tracheal stenosis. After failing tracheoplasty with rib graft augmentation both patients suffered from extensive tracheal disease, which was too long to allow for immediate tracheal resection. Intervention: Endoscopic placement of nitinol stents in the obstructed tracheal segment using fluoroscopic guidance. All tracheotomy tubes were removed immediately after successful stent deployment with the patient still under general anesthesia. Results: Four stents were placed in total. The first patient's initial stent was too narrow and was, therefore, removed and replaced at a later date with a larger diameter stent. The second patient experienced distal migration of his initial stent requiring stent removal and replacement at a later date. Both patients remain successfully decannulated (follow-up, 25 and 26 months) and are currently living more normal lives as they grow and await tracheal resection. Conclusion: Preliminary use of nitinol stents for pediatric tracheal obstruction has enabled successful decannulation in two children with complicated airways. Our results with this series of patients suggest that nitinol stents can be safely used in children as a temporizing measure until tracheal resection can be safely performed. With this approach children can live free from the hassles of trach care, social isolation and peer ridicule. Limited pediatric experience exists in the literature about nitinol stents. Thus, our experience with stent selection and placement will help others avoid problems encountered in this initial series.

Children‘s beliefs about parental divorce

This article investigates children's beliefs about parental divorce and attitudes toward environment and people. Children's believes about parental divorce is evaluated in a sample 8 through 10-year children whose parents had been separated for about 3 years. Attitudes toward environment and people between children of separated as well as intact families is compared. We also examined the relation of children's beliefs about parental divorce and attitudes toward environment and people. The mediating effect of gender stresses in divorced and intact families and time since divorce is discussed.The analyses of results revealed that hope of reunification and parental blame occur most frequently. Chil-dren also are afraid of abandonment and common beliefs are peer ridicule and avoidance. Beliefs of Lithua-nian and American samples is being compared. The results in general are consistent with data of other investigators of the subject. We make a point on the relation of children's beliefs about parental divorce and attitudes toward environment and other people and stress the importance of children's attitude and beliefs toward children's vulnerability. Possible conclusion is that child-ren's attitude toward environment is effected by divorce experiences, and primary cognitive - social factors, such as divorce understanding, beliefs about divorce.

Stimulant drugs.

Stimulants are a key element in the treatment of ADHD. Carefully designed trials of stimulants have found substantial improvement in ADHD core behaviours in 65-75 % of subjects with ADHD. Most standard stimulants are rapidly absorbed, with their behavioural effects appearing within 30 minutes, reaching a peak within one to three hours and disappearing within five hours. Doses at school are often necessary, in spite of the risk of peer ridicule and added adult supervision requirements. The mechanism by which stimulants act to reduce hyperactivity is not completely understood, but they improve impulsivity and activity levels. Several controlled evaluations made over periods of time greater than a year show a clear persistence of medication effects over time. A carefully crafted programme of treatment with methylphenidate is more effective in the reduction of hyperactivity symptoms than an intensive programme of behavioural and cognitive intervention. The combination of stimulants with psychosocial interventions in ADHD offers few advantages over medication alone. Unchallengeable guides to practice that would be appropriate everywhere are difficult to propose. It is imperative that clinicians prescribing stimulants should monitor the use of the drug properly, making sure that it is not being abused by the child's family, peers or those dispensing medication at school. Polypharmacy should only be embarked on by a specialist service and the combination of methylphenidate and clonidine should be used cautiously. Apart from ADHD, stimulants are useful in narcolepsy, resistant depression and partial syndromes of attention and hyperactivity. Major gaps in knowledge remain; pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and pharmacogenetics of stimulant effects need further study. Details of stimulant administration regimes seem to have a major effect on the response achieved. Further research is needed, preferably in realistic practice settings, comparing different forms of combination with psychological interventions, investigating the effects in groups of children outside the core of schoolaged children with typical ADHD: preschool children, adults, those with partial syndromes (such as inattentiveness) and those with co-morbid disorders.

HIV/AIDS infection control enforcement: a comparison between Nigeria and the United States

We examined differences in approaches to HIV-related infection control practices in two university teaching hospitals in the United States and Nigeria. Health care workers (n = 202 in Nigeria and 186 in the USA) responded to a previously validated measure of infection control practices. There were significant differences in the estimated probability of treating a person with HIV disease (higher in USA), and a greater probability of peer ridicule as a way of enforcing group norms on infection control in Nigeria. Peer enforcement of norms was significantly lower in the USA. In both countries, more precautions would be taken if it was known that the patient was HIV infected. Infection control practices were more likely to be followed in the USA compared with Nigeria if they were praised for this activity, if appropriate facilities (sharps containers, gloves, etc.) were nearby, and if they felt that infection control procedures were effective. These data point to the importance of normative social pressures in Nigeria and of knowing the patient is HIV infected in the USA and feeling that infection control procedures are effective ways of avoiding occupational HIV infection. The role of normative pressures and assumptions about HIV infection status as well as cues and availability of facilities for infection control appear to differ between these health care workers in Nigeria and the USA.

The effects of peer ridicule on depression and selfimage among adolescent females with Turner syndrome

This study attempted to examine the effects of body image, height dissatisfaction, and peer ridicule on depression and self-image among adolescent females with Turner syndrome. A prospective, cross-sectional survey examined 59 subjects' responses to standardized measures of depression, self-image, body image, height perception, and teasing. Descriptive statistics found the mean age of subjects to be 14.8 years (range: 13-19). Approximately 30% reported cardiac defects and 17% indicated kidney anomalies. Only five experienced spontaneous menses and 61% indicated they were receiving estrogen replacement therapy. Linear regression analyses examined the effects of body image, height perceptions, and peer ridicule on depression and self-image scores. The first regression analysis found a five-step model to account for 39% of the variance, with peer ridicule of general appearance being the most important variable. The second linear regression (R2 = .3248, P < .0004) also found peer teasing of general appearance to be significantly associated with self-image scores. Discrepancy scores between ideal versus current body shape or height, as well as teasing about these issues, appeared to be unrelated to depression and self-image among our subjects. These data suggest that peer ridicule is a domain that requires ongoing assessment by health care providers, as it appears to be an important contributor to mental health problems. Social skill interventions that emphasize strategies to manage teasing, assertively respond to negative statements, and teach effective coping skills are key variables to minimize the emotional discomfort these young women may experience.

A 1-year follow-up study of children's divorce adjustment, custodial mothers' divorce adjustment, and postdivorce parenting

This study examined stability of and change in divorce adjustment in a sample of 20 white custodial mothers and their children (8 boys, 12 girls; mean age = 10.45 years) who were examined an average of 12.85 months after separation and again one year later. Pearson correlations generally revealed moderate stability in children's adjustment, mothers' adjustment, and parenting dimensions. Significant changes over the one-year period were found only with respect to children's beliefs about the divorce: problematic beliefs regarding peer ridicule and avoidance, fear of abandonment, and self-blame decreased over the 1-year period. Children's adjustment at Time 2 was related to the following variables assessed at Time 1: low rhythmic and low reactive child temperaments; children's mature understanding of conflict resolution; high social support for children and for mothers; low maternal stress; high maternal adjustment; cooperative parenting; high paternal involvement; and frequent visitation by and phone contact from the fathers. Children with few problematic beliefs at Time 2 regarding fear of abandonment and hope of reconciliation had mothers who functioned poorly at Time 1. Although the small sample size necessitates that the findings be viewed with caution, they support the view that children's divorce adjustment is related to children's own competencies, intrafamilial processes, and extrafamilial conditions.

The Schoolchild with Encopresis

Often, a schoolchild with encopresis feels desperate, lacking a most primitive form of control, harboring a painful secret, susceptible to exposure and peer ridicule, wounded by the disdainful remarks of parents and siblings, and perplexed over why he messes. Often children with encopresis receive inconsistent care; management may vacillate from intentional disregard of the problem to active coercion or vindiction. Parents may be baffled by conflicting advice from neighbors, teachers, grandparents, pharmacists, and even pediatricians. Most "accidents" occur in the late afternoon (commonly 3:00 to 7:00 PM). Unlike enuresis, nocturnal encopresis is rare and more difficult to treat successfully. Many children insist (correctly) that they do not receive a "signal" or feel the call to use a bathroom. They may plan furtively to conceal their shameful out-flow, burying underwear in the garden or sequestering soiled clothing in trash cans and behind dressers! Encopresis is defined as the deposition of formed or semiformed stools in a child's underwear (or other unorthodox sites), occurring after the age of 4 years on a regular basis. Some authors differentiate between encopresis and fecal soiling, basing the distinction on the extent to which full-bowel movements are passed.1 This classification, however, often does not conform to clinical experience, since longstanding cases commonly fluctuate over time in patterns of incontinence and stool consistency.

The Schoolchild with Encopresis

Often, a schoolchild with encopresis feels desperate, lacking a most primitive form of control, harboring a painful secret, susceptible to exposure and peer ridicule, wounded by the disdainful remarks of parents and siblings, and perplexed over why he messes. Often children with encopresis receive inconsistent care; management may vacillate from intentional disregard of the problem to active coercion or vindiction. Parents may be baffled by conflicting advice from neighbors, teachers, grandparents, pharmacists, and even pediatricians. Most accidents occur in the late afternoon (commonly 3:00 to 7:00 PM). Unlike enuresis, nocturnal encopresis is rare and more difficult to treat successfully. Many children insist (correctly) that they do not receive a signal or feel the call to use a bathroom. They may plan furtively to conceal their shameful out-flow, burying underwear in the garden or sequestering soiled clothing in trash cans and behind dressers! Encopresis is defined as the deposition of formed or semiformed stools in a child9s underwear (or other unorthodox sites), occurring after the age of 4 years on a regular basis. Some authors differentiate between encopresis and fecal soiling, basing the distinction on the extent to which full-bowel movements are passed.1 This classification, however, often does not conform to clinical experience, since longstanding cases commonly fluctuate over time in patterns of incontinence and stool consistency.

Otoplasty—Why and When

Fortunately, the most common malformation of the ear is the protruding ear. Surgical correction is easy and should be done after age five and before peer ridicule takes its toll.Prosthetic replacement should be considered in more cases of major ear defects, because even the best surgical reconstruction is not inconspicuous.