Peer-reviewed Scientific Literature Research Articles

Mechanisms of the reprotoxic effect of lead: A literature review

Introduction: The demographic situation in the Russian Federation over the past decades is noted for a low birth rate. According to the State Report by the Federal Service for Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor), in 2023, 75.4 million Russian people experienced combined exposure to multiple chemicals. Chemical exposure, particularly that to lead as an occupational and environmental risk factor, has a significant impact on the human reproductive system, starting from childhood. Objective: To search, summarize, and systematize published data on adverse effects of lead on the reproductive system as a basis for further development of therapeutic and preventive measures. Materials and methods: The sources for the bibliography search were the PubMed search engine, the Scopus abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed scientific literature, the eLibrary and CyberLeninka Russian electronic scientific libraries. The search was conducted among Russian and English-language publications issued in 2004–2024. Of over 500 articles screened, 36 full-text publications describing the results of epidemiological studies of lead exposure and its adverse effects on the reproductive system of laboratory animals and/or humans were selected for this review, of which 23 articles were published within the past 5 years. Results: The most frequent effects observed in a large number of studies assessing reproductive toxicity of lead include a change in the weight of the reproductive organs, disruption of their histological structure, cytotoxic effects on spermatozoa, their motility, viability, and integrity, the presence of abnormalities, as well as changes in the level of hormones in tissues and blood serum, activity and amount of enzymes associated with the reproductive system. The effect of lead on the reproductive system is inevitably accompanied by a change in the expression of genes responsible for regulation of inflammatory processes, activation or inhibition of apoptosis, antioxidant protection, regulation of the function of enzyme systems and hormonal changes. Conclusion: Further study of lead effects on the reproductive system will help reveal mechanisms of toxicity, which can subsequently be considered “critical points” for preventive health and therapeutic measures to be focused on.

Tools, techniques, methods, and processes for the detection and mitigation of fraudulent or erroneous data in evidence synthesis: a scoping review protocol.

This scoping review aims to identify, catalogue, and characterize previously reported tools, techniques, methods, and processes that have been recommended or used by evidence synthesizers to detect fraudulent or erroneous data and mitigate its impact. Decision-making for policy and practice should always be underpinned by the best available evidence-typically peer-reviewed scientific literature. Evidence synthesis literature should be collated and organized using the appropriate evidence synthesis methodology, best exemplified by the role systematic reviews play in evidence-based health care. However, with the rise of "predatory journals," fraudulent or erroneous data may be invading this literature, which may negatively affect evidence syntheses that use this data. This, in turn, may compromise decision-making processes. This review will include peer-reviewed articles, commentaries, books, and editorials that describe at least 1 tool, technique, method, or process with the explicit purpose of identifying or mitigating the impact of fraudulent or erroneous data for any evidence synthesis, in any topic area. Manuals, handbooks, and guidance from major organizations, universities, and libraries will also be considered. This review will be conducted using the JBI methodology for scoping reviews and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Databases and relevant organizational websites will be searched for eligible studies. Title and abstract, and subsequently full-text screening will be conducted in duplicate using Covidence. Data from identified full texts will be extracted using a pre-determined checklist, while the findings will be summarized descriptively and presented in tables. https://osf.io/u8yrn.

Passive Cooling in Indonesian Traditional Dwellings and Its Relationship with Geographical Location

As efforts to maximize passive cooling for building cooling are growing, attention to traditional architecture is also increasing. Traditional houses have the potential to provide a variety of passive cooling solutions needed as a solution to the environmental impact of active cooling on urban heat islands and global warming. Indonesia is a country with huge cultural diversity. Each region has traditional houses that are proud and cared for. Despite the growing importance of traditional houses as a source of passive cooling design, the number of studies exploring passive cooling in traditional houses in Indonesia and its relationship with location is still very limited. This paper aims to provide an overview of passive cooling in traditional houses in Indonesia and its relationship with location based on peer-reviewed international scientific literature using a systematic literature review. The results reveal that most of the studies still do not optimally explore the passive cooling aspect of traditional houses. Few studies explicitly link passive cooling design to the location of the house. This research identifies several future research directions and offers several applications of passive cooling of traditional houses in modern designs.

Defining the complexities of an occupational pattern—A concept analysis and theoretical validation

Background The concept of an occupational pattern in occupational therapy and occupational science has evolved with varying definitions, ranging from activity patterns to patterns of daily occupation. Aims This study aimed to explore the concept of occupational pattern, develop an updated definition of the concept, and theoretically validate the concept’s definition. Method Walker and Avant’s concept analysis method was used, where both theoretical frameworks and peer-reviewed scientific literature were searched and synthesized to clarify and define the concept. Furthermore, seven occupational therapists theoretically validated the concept. Findings The analysis included forty-nine references from various research contexts and theoretical perspectives. The synthesis yielded a conceptualization of the concept of occupational pattern, outlining it into three overarching categories: ‘content in an individual’s occupational pattern’, ‘designing an occupational pattern’, and ‘balancing the occupational pattern’. Implications An updated operational definition of the multifaceted concept of an occupational pattern now exists, with practical implications for enhancing the education of occupational therapy students and guiding the utilization of the concept. Moreover, it holds significance for instrument development and outcome measurement in research; especially in lifestyle intervention studies within the field of occupational therapy.

Voices from the North: Exploring Sámi People’s Perspectives on Environmental Change and Mental Well-Being: A Systematic Literature Review

Circumpolar Indigenous People, such as the Sámi, confront significant challenges stemming from environmental shifts and interrelated issues, profoundly affecting their mental health. Nonetheless, they possess invaluable knowledge and capabilities to navigate and adapt to these transformations. This review aims to investigate peer-reviewed scientific literature, exploring the nexus between environmental changes and mental well-being within the broader Circumpolar Indigenous community, with a special focus on the Sámi People. Conducting a systematic literature review with two arms, one encompassing the broader Circumpolar Indigenous population and the other focusing specifically on the Sámi, followed by thematic analysis, we delved into their experiences of environmental changes, perceptions regarding the intertwining of environmental shifts and mental well-being, and insights into protective factors and resilience-promoting elements. By engaging with Indigenous perspectives, public health initiatives can pinpoint and leverage existing strengths within Indigenous communities and families to bolster their ability to navigate environmental shifts and safeguard mental well-being. However, our review highlighted a lack of scientific investigation of ’strength-based’ factors fostering mental resilience among Indigenous populations inhabiting the Circumpolar North, such as the Sámi. Future qualitative research can address this gap, incorporating the viewpoints of individual Circumpolar Indigenous groups to explore both their distinctiveness and interconnectedness.

Global trends in applying decision science in mangrove restoration: are we missing some dimensions?

Mangrove restoration involves complex decision-making processes and can often lack adequate stakeholder engagement and empowerment to inform effective restoration outcomes. Decision science has the potential to overcome such challenges by facilitating structured approaches to make informed, participatory, and defensible decisions through the use of decision-support frameworks and tools. In this paper, we conduct a bibliometric and scoping review of peer-reviewed scientific literature to identify how decision science has been applied to advise mangrove restoration efforts and the extent to which social, economic, and ecological variables have been used to inform these studies. We find a steady increase in the number of mangrove restoration studies that employ decision science from 1990 to 2022, with an annual growth rate of 4.4%. We identified over 300 decision support tools used in mangrove restoration literature. Spatial data was the most documented tool to support mangrove studies. We also find that most papers focused on ecological variables (85.5%), while social (27.2%) and economic (15.1%) variables received less attention. Studies that used decision support frameworks were also sparse, where the most featured framework was Systematic Conservation Planning. The number of studies explicitly incorporating social and economic variables was limited, and there was also a scarcity of studies incorporating variables associated with governance. Regardless of the dominance of ecological variables, this review highlights a shift towards incorporating social dimensions into decision tools, emphasizing concepts like vulnerability to climate change, ecosystem services, and social benefits. Collaboration among countries, scientists, and practitioners is crucial to operationalise a socio-ecological framework within decision science. Enhancing the utility of scientific research for practitioners remains a critical goal in addressing the challenges faced by mangrove restoration projects globally.

Hydrogen-Bond Acidic Materials in Acoustic Wave Sensors for Nerve Chemical Warfare Agents' Detection.

The latest trends in the field of the on-site detection of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) involve increasing the availability of point detectors to enhance the operational awareness of commanders and soldiers. Among the intensively developed concepts aimed at meeting these requirements, wearable detectors, gas analyzers as equipment for micro- and mini-class unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and distributed sensor networks can be mentioned. One of the analytical techniques well suited for use in this field is surface acoustic wave sensors, which can be utilized to construct lightweight, inexpensive, and undemanding gas analyzers for detecting CWAs. This review focuses on the intensively researched and developed variant of this technique, utilizing absorptive sensor layers dedicated for nerve CWAs' detection. The paper describes the mechanism of the specific interaction occurring between the target analyte and the sensing layer, which serves as the foundation for their selective detection. The main section of this paper includes a chronological review of individual achievements in the field, largely based on the peer-reviewed scientific literature dating back to the mid-1980s to the present day. The final section presents conclusions regarding the prospects for the development of this analytical technique in the targeted application.

Digital ecosystem for enhancing research and innovation activities of master's students

Introduction. The dynamic development of modern digital technologies emphasizes the need for the development of new tools to activate the research and innovation activities of master's students. A digital ecosystem holds significant pedagogical potential not only in the academic activities of students but also in research and innovation. However, its creation is complicated by a lack of understanding of the essence, structure, and emergent properties of the system. The purpose of the study is to identify the features, mechanisms, and functionality of the digital educational ecosystem to enhance the research and innovation activities of undergraduates. Materials and methods. Bibliographic databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, Lens, and other international information systems of peer-reviewed scientific literature were used for the analysis of publications. System analysis and analysis of internet resources were employed to address the research objectives. The results of the study. The functional capabilities of the digital educational ecosystem for activating the research and innovation activities of master's students were identified, including access to information systems and databases of scientific information, automation of research management, creation and administration of electronic surveys, access to tools for processing and analyzing large volumes of data, access to data visualization tools, collaboration systems for working on research projects, automation of planning, tracking, and organizing research or educational projects, access to electronic systems for applying for research grants and scholarships, access to specialized plagiarism detection systems, electronic portfolios, access to publication management systems, automation of the creation and formatting of scientific articles and presentations, automation of publication formatting, access to virtual laboratories and modeling environments. Conclusion. The presented analysis allowed for the identification and justification of the pedagogical potential of the digital ecosystem for the core research and project activities of master's students, specifically: providing research with information resources; improving data collection and analysis; optimizing collaborative and network interactions; automating project management; digitally supporting the research process; digital technologies for stimulating creativity; digital support for publication preparation; expanding research boundaries; self-development; supporting distance learning; supporting virtual laboratories and modeling environments; ensuring data visualization; instrumental support for research quality analysis.

A Dynamic Foundation: Aberrations of Sleep Architecture and Its Association With Clinical and Sub-clinical Psychopathology.

This investigation centered on the hypnagogic and hypnopompic wake-sleep/sleep-wake transition states and the associated exploration of hypnagogic and hypnopompic experiences (HHEs), and sleep paralysis (SP) on psychiatric exacerbation and paradoxical masking. The study aims to discern causality by examining how these sleep-related experiences may contribute to the emergence or exacerbation of psychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions, particularly, pertaining tothe clinical or sub-clinical demographic of Schizotypal Personality Disorder (STPD), Mood Disorders, Schizophrenia, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Narcolepsy, Panic Disorder, specific phobias, or heightened psychotic sensitivity. Methodologically, this study employed a comprehensive literature review, drawing from a range of studies across sleep medicine, psychiatry, and psychology, utilizing PubMed-indexed peer-reviewed scientific literature, sourcing from academic institutions, Google Scholar, and open-access publications. This interdisciplinary approach allowed for a nuanced and systematic understanding of the potential links between specific sleep-wake/wake-sleep aberrations and their masking or exacerbation of clinical/sub-clinical psychiatric symptomatology in this particular demographic. Insights gained from the outcome of this study hold promise for advancing understanding of the interrelationship between sleep neurobiology and psychiatric disorders. Additionally, the findings may inform targeted therapeutic interventions tailored to mitigate the impact of sleep-wake disruptions on vulnerable populations. The overarching objective is to bridge current gaps in knowledge, cultivating a more profound understanding with direct implications for both clinical practice and ongoing research endeavors. The study outcomes provide an intriguing understanding of the complex relationship between sleep neurobiology and psychiatric disorders, paving the way for targeted therapeutic interventions to alleviate the effects of sleep-wake disruptions, and addressing critical gaps in knowledge with direct implications for clinical practice and ongoing research.

Database of Food Fraud Records: Summary of Data from 1980 to 2022

Food fraud prevention and detection remains a challenging problem, despite recent developments in regulatory and auditing requirements. In 2012, the United States Pharmacopeial Convention created a database of food ingredient fraud. The objective of this research was to report on updates made to the database structure and to provide an updated analysis of food fraud records. The restructured database was relational and included four tables: ingredients, adulterants, adulteration records, and references. Four adulteration record types were created to capture the variety of information that can be found in public food fraud reports. Information was searched and extracted from the peer-reviewed scientific literature, media publications, regulatory reports, judicial records, trade association reports, and other public sources covering 1980-present. Over an almost seven-year data entry period, a total of 15,575 records were entered, sourced primarily from the peer-reviewed literature and media reports. The percentage of records that included at least one potentially hazardous adulterant ranged from 34% to 60%, depending on the record type. The ingredients with the highest number of incident and inference records included fluid cow’s milk, extra virgin olive oil, honey, beef, and chili powder. The ingredient groups with the highest number of incident and inference records included Dairy Ingredients, Seafood Products, Meat and Poultry Products, Herbs, Spices, and Seasonings, Milk and Cream, and Alcoholic Beverages. This database was created to serve as a standardized source of information about publicly documented occurrences of food fraud and other information relevant to fraud risk to support food fraud vulnerability assessments, mitigation plans, and food safety plans. These data support the contention that food fraud presents a public health risk that should continue to be addressed by food safety systems worldwide.

15 years of degrowth research: A systematic review

In academia and political debates, the notions of ‘degrowth’ has gained traction since the dawn of the 21st century. While some uncertainty around its exact definition remains, research on degrowth revolves around the idea of reducing resource and energy throughput as a unifying theme. We employ a mixed-methods design to systematically review the scientific peer-reviewed English literature from 2008 to 2022 that refers to ‘degrowth’ or ‘post-growth’ in title, keywords or abstract (N = 951). We find a lack of concrete distributional and monetary policy proposals in the sample analyzed, and a low overall degree of collaboration among authors in relation to degrowth's age and size. The scientific peer-reviewed literature analyzed can be grouped into seven clusters along two major gradients, one along methodology (qualitative-quantitative) and the other along scale-of-analysis (individual-societal). We conclude that the academic literature about degrowth would benefit from a more prominent discussion of the political implications of its ideas and proposals, and that in particular the debate about distributional policy implications of degrowth should be more prominent and concrete, with a stronger focus on distributional policies in a degrowing economy.

Scientific landscape of melatonin, its hybrids, and its derivatives as anti-tumor agents: A bibliometric analysis

Melatonin (MLT), its derivatives, and its hybrids have been marked beneficial against several human malignancies by inhibiting the growth of different tumors not only under both in vitro and in vivo conditions but also, specially MLT, for the management of cancer in clinical trials. In this study, a bibliometric analysis of peer-reviewed scientific literature on MLT, as well as their derivatives and hybrids published from 1973 to 16 August 2023 is presented. A total of 2792 articles retrieved in Scopus were analyzed and visualized by VOSviewer 1.6.19. The records show a rise in the number of published papers since 2004. In addition, the main areas of knowledge in which the researchers concentrated the studies were: (i) Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology, (ii) Medicine, and (iii) Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmaceutics, with 33.9, 32.4, and 10.1% of the records, respectively. Molecular docking studies of MLT and their anticancer activities for several types of cancer appeared as one of the hotspots of this field. The top five most productive countries—in terms of number of published articles—in studies associated with MLT are the United States, China, Italy, Spain, and Germany.

Are regulations addressing farm animal welfare issues during live transportation fit for purpose? A multi-country jurisdictional check.

Growing animal welfare concerns have pushed some jurisdictions to strengthen regulations addressing live farm animal transportation, but whether they provide satisfactory levels of protection for animals remains to be shown. Using the recent peer-reviewed literature, we identified four major risk factors associated with live animal transportation (fitness for transport, journey duration, climatic conditions and space allowances) and explored how regulations were structured to prevent animal welfare issues in five English-speaking Western jurisdictions (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the EU and the USA). All legally binding federal regulations were systematically reviewed and compared. Whether these rules were fit for purpose was assessed using the relevant peer-reviewed scientific literature. Our findings indicate the majority of regulations in most jurisdictions are often insufficient or too vague to be deemed fit for purpose. All five jurisdictions fall short in guaranteeing adequate protection to livestock during transport. Using recent changes as well as future policy proposals under discussion, we identify future directions that could form the basis for regulatory changes that may significantly improve the welfare of farm animals during transportation.

Genetics of sucrose metabolism disorders in different population groups

The study of the genetic determinants of the disaccharidase activity opens up new prospects for improving diagnostics and choosing medical tactics in gastroenterology. The aim of the study was to systematize the data on the role of the sucrase-isomaltase gene (SI) in regulating sucrose metabolism and the contribution of SI mutations to the prevalence of sucrose malabsorption disorders (sucrase-isomaltase deficiency, SID) and certain forms of enterological pathology in different population groups. Material and methods. A review of the peer-reviewed scientific literature, mainly in the PubMed database (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and eLibrary (https://elibrary.ru), was conducted using key words: carbohydrate malabsorption, sucrase, sucrase-isomaltase deficiency, sucrase-isomaltase SI gene. The search depth was not specified, but particular attention was paid to recent publications. The gnomAD database (https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/snp/rs781470490) was also used. Results. According to the review results, 37 out of 150 known SI gene mutations have been confirmed to contribute to reduced sucrase activity or restricted sucrase production. The prevalence of point mutations in the SI gene is estimated at 0.0006%, but carrier rates of the SI delAG deletion (rs781470490), manifested as homozygosity in SID, are very high (5-21%) in indigenous populations of Arctic regions in East Asia and America. Medicalgenetic research methods improve the accuracy of differential diagnosis of primary and secondary SID and other forms of disaccharide and polysaccharide malabsorption. The formation of databases on the prevalence of genetic determinants of sucrase-isomaltase insufficiency is a promising way to refine the epidemiology of SID. There is an increased (0.2-2.3%) risk of clinical manifestations of SID in homozygous carriers of the SI delAG mutation in the Chukotka, Kamchatka, and Northern Priochotye populations. Verification of reports on a less pronounced tendency to lipid metabolism disorders in SI delAG carriers compared with the control group is recommended. Conclusion. Manifestations of mutant SI variants in the phenotype are associated with the presence of accompanying carbohydrate malabsorption variants and specific gut microbiota. The SI 15Phe variant (rs9290264) may contribute to the development of irritable bowel syndrome.

Проблема изучения конкурентоспособности педагога высшей школы и педагога общего образования в контексте современных вызовов и угроз цифрового мира

The relevance of the problem under study is determined by the fact that the global growth of digitalization of all spheres of economic activity accelerates the transformation of higher and general education and requires urgent “reassembly” of the skills of professional activity of university teachers and schoolteachers, adaptation of the entire education system to the demands of the digital economy and digital society. The aim of the article was to define the conceptual apparatus of the problem of competitiveness of a higher education teacher and a general education teacher in the context of modern challenges and threats of the digital world. The source of information for the analysis were academic studies of domestic and foreign authors on the designated problematics, placed in the lens.org database. VOSviewer program is used as a means of bibliometric analysis. The sample of the study consisted of 136 academic scientific publications from 2018 to 2023, indexed in domestic and foreign bibliographic and abstract databases of peer-reviewed scientific literature. As a result of the study, the definition of competitiveness of a university teacher and a schoolteacher is formulated; a list of factors determining the development of teacher competitiveness is presented; competencies (abilities, skills, abilities and qualities) of competitiveness of a university teacher and a schoolteacher are identified.

Anthocyanins as an element of nutritional support for athletes: effects and molecular mechanisms of action

Antioxidants are among the common components of sports nutrition designed to counteract oxidative stress that develops during intense physical activity. One of the promising antioxidants are anthocyanins which belong to polyphenolic compounds of plant origin (class of flavonoids). The purpose of the research was to analyze the results of prospective controlled studies on the effect of anthocyanins on physical performance, and to consider the possible molecular mechanisms of their action. Material and methods. Sources were searched in PubMed, Google Scholar, and CyberLeninka databases of peer-reviewed scientific literature without restrictions on the year of publication using the following keywords: anthocyanins, physical performance, recovery, sport and exercise nutrition, oxidative stress, inflammation. Results. The main data set on the effects of anthocyanins in athletes was obtained using extracts of blackcurrant and Montmorency tart cherry. Volunteers received anthocyanins at a dose of 86-547 mg per day for 1 to 10 days with subsequent evaluation of their performance in cycling, running and fitness activities. The possibility of favorable effect of anthocyanins on physical performance and acceleration of its recovery after exertion has been shown. The source, dose and duration of intake did not significantly influence the established effects of anthocyanins. Acting as exogenous regulators of metabolism, anthocyanins can activate several mechanisms of performance enhancement, including influence on antioxidant and immune status and apoptosis intensity. Anthocyanins prevent the formation of reactive oxygen species, neutralize electrophilic compounds by direct interaction or through activation of Nrf2 factor, which regulates the transcription of antioxidant enzyme genes. The basis of the anti-inflammatory action of anthocyanins is their ability to inhibit MARK and NF-κB mediated signal transduction. Inclusion of bilberry and blackcurrant extract in the diet prevented the intensification of myocyte apoptosis and suppression of cellular immunity induced by exhausting exercise. An additional mechanism of anthocyanin action on physical performance may be an increase in blood supply of organs and tissues due to vascular dilation caused by activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Conclusion. The intake of plant extracts with a high anthocyanin content can increase physical performance and improve recovery after physical exertion, which may be due to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of anthocyanins, their ability to regulate apoptosis processes and improve blood supply to organs and tissues.

Alternative waste management: composting and biochar conversion for metal remediation

Palm oil agribusiness drives agricultural economic growth the greatest. Developing palm oil agriculture can solve economic issues. Despite low productivity, swamp areas can be used to grow oil palm plants to increase palm oil production. Due to low plant cultivation technology use from sowing to harvest and soil amelioration, plant productivity needs to be maximized. This study will qualitatively synthesize all research data to investigate biochar and organic materials as soil fertility and productivity supplements in swamp terrain. This study summarises primary research using a systematic review. Peer-reviewed PDF-formatted scientific literature. Journal articles in Indonesian and English on Instagram's usefulness as a digital socialization medium, especially in government institutions, were chosen. The Harzing Publish or Perish software searched Google, ScienceDirect, and Emerald for relevant papers from the past five years. This literature review was synthesized using a narrative method to group similar retrieved data by outcomes measured to meet objectives. According to the results, palm oil biomass waste as compost or biochar is a realistic way to manage organic waste. Biochar can sink atmospheric carbon as a soil amendment by converting biomass into aromatic carbon, which degrades less. This article discusses how waste management increases biological decomposition.

Identification of the pedagogical potential of Internet socialization of youth in the international professional community

Introduction. The dynamic development of new forms of socialization of young people actualizes the need of the educational society to realize the pedagogical potential of Internet socialization of students in the international professional community. The realization of this potential will make it possible to rethink the pedagogical significance of professionally-oriented Internet networks and to identify the features of the organization of various types of professional practices on the Internet. The purpose of the study is to analyze the pedagogical potential of Internet socialization of youth in the international professional community in order to clarify the conceptual apparatus of professional pedagogy focused on the use of Internet technologies. Materials and methods. To analyze world-class publications on the research topic, the following bibliographic bases were used: Scopus, Web of Science, Lens and other international information systems of peer-reviewed scientific literature. To solve the research tasks, the following methods were used: system analysis, analysis of Internet information resources, classification, comparative analysis and questionnaires. The results of the study. Digital technologies for the Internet socialization of youth in the international professional community were analyzed. The features of the organization of various types of professional practices using the Internet were identified, which served as the basis for choosing the optimal directions for comparative analysis of internships using Internet technologies. A comparative analysis of the traditional form of internship and practice using Internet technologies was presented, taking into account the following criteria: the purpose of internship in the Internet, the process (stages) of internship, professional and value orientations, new Internet technologies of internship, subjects of the practice and educational process, administrative management. The results of the search and critical rethinking of the pedagogical potential of Internet socialization of students in the international professional community were presented, which made it possible to use theoretical research to clarify the conceptual apparatus of professional pedagogy focused on the use of professionally-oriented Internet technologies during various types of professional practices. Conclusion. The presented analysis made it possible to identify and substantiate the pedagogical potential of Internet socialization of youth in the international professional community, namely: new opportunities for expanding professional ties, access to professionally-oriented resources and information, mechanisms for improving the future professional profile and reputation of students. The potential and possibility of organizing educational and industrial practice on the Internet (freelance, online internships, online practices, etc.) were considered, the possible structure of the pedagogical system of Internet socialization of youth in the international professional community was substantiated.

Ninety-Nine Percent? Re-Examining the Consensus on the Anthropogenic Contribution to Climate Change

Anthropogenic activity is considered a central driver of current climate change. A recent paper, studying the consensus regarding the hypothesis that the recent increase in global temperature is predominantly human-made via the emission of greenhouse gasses (see text for reference), argued that the scientific consensus in the peer-reviewed scientific literature pertaining to this hypothesis exceeds 99%. This conclusion was reached after the authors scanned the abstracts and titles of some 3000 papers and mapped them according to their (abstract) statements regarding the above hypothesis. Here, we point out some major flaws in the methodology, analysis, and conclusions of the study. Using the data provided in the study, we show that the 99% consensus, as defined by the authors, is actually an upper limit evaluation because of the large number of “neutral” papers which were counted as pro-consensus in the paper and probably does not reflect the true situation. We further analyze these results by evaluating how so-called “skeptic” papers fit the consensus and find that biases in the literature, which were not accounted for in the aforementioned study, may place the consensus on the low side. Finally, we show that the rating method used in the study suffers from a subjective bias which is reflected in large variations between ratings of the same paper by different raters. All these lead to the conclusion that the conclusions of the study does not follow from the data.

What do experts mean by “misinformation” in the COVID-19 era? A critical scoping review protocol

In April 2020, the World Health Organization released the report Managing the COVID-19 infodemic: A call to action, declaring that “the 2020 pandemic of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) [had] been accompanied by a massive ‘infodemic.’” Soon afterwards UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres tweeted - also alluding to COVID-19 - that “a tsunami of misinformation, scapegoating and scaremongering [had] been unleashed” also in relation to COVID-19. The tweet was followed by a March 2021 report from the Centre for Health Security at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, warning that “health-related misinformation and disinformation” were undermining the public response to COVID-19, and by a February 2022 US Department of Homeland Security infographic, Disinformation Stops With You”, alerting about the dangers of “misinformation”, “disinformation”, and “malinformation” – dubbed MDM - distinguishing these terms based on the presumed intentionality of the agents producing or spreading them. However, there has been scant interrogation of expert meanings of MDM in the COVID-19 context and of the implications of the premises underlying these meanings for public policy, equity, and civil, social, and political rights. Drawing from the traditions of critical policy, discourse, and document analysis, we will apply Arksey O’Malley’s framework, enhanced by Levac et al.’s team-based approach, to conduct a critical scoping review of the medical and social scientific peer-reviewed literature, identifying, summarizing, and appraising expert meanings of MDM. We will also assess the implications of our findings for the health and well-being of populations affected by policies informed by dominant concepts of MDM.