Peer-reviewed Databases Research Articles

Patient controlled epidural analgesia during labor: Protocol for a scoping review.

Childbirth remains one of the most painful experiences for women. Patient-controlled epidural analgesia provides the women in labor with self-control and thereby a shorter time interval between onset of pain and administration of analgesia, thus potentially improving the childbirth experience. This scoping review aims to investigate PCEA during labor involving maternal satisfaction, risks of adverse effects and obstetric interventions by mapping the evidence and identifying gaps in the current evidence base. The forthcoming review will adhere to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) and the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. A systematic search will be carried out across major peer-reviewed databases and gray literature will be sought. All study types involving women in labor receiving PCEA will be eligible for inclusion. The extracted data will be charted regarding trial characteristics, population/participation characteristics, interventions, outcomes, and key findings. The results will be presented through relevant tables, figures, and graphs when appropriate. Alongside this, we present the data descriptively to explain how the results align with the objectives of the review. PCEA offers women greater autonomy during childbirth, making it essential to examine its effects and potential risks. By mapping current evidence regarding PCEA, this review aims to identify knowledge gaps and provide insights to enhance maternal care and improve childbirth experiences.

Modified tai chi movement training based on sEMG and movement analysis on improving upper extremities motor function: a protocol for a clinical randomised controlled trial

IntroductionStroke survivors often face motor dysfunction, increasing fall risk. Lower extremity muscle weakness is a key factor affecting walking ability. Tai chi (TC) has been shown to improve muscle strength...

A conceptual framework for the path of digital preservation of intangible cultural heritage: A thematic review

Abstract The digital preservation strategy could be concerned from the perspective of the life cycle of a digital resource, which includes creation, use, management, and preservation, which has been implemented widely for intangible cultural heritage (ICH) safeguarding. Nonetheless, the depth of development of the metaverse, digital humanities, etc., raises the question of which direction the most up-to-date strategic and theoretical developments are headed in a wider context. As a result, this study will evaluate articles from 2018 to 2024 to determine the trends in digital preservation strategies at ICH. With a thematic review (TR) instrument, a total of 24 articles out of 129 peer-reviewed database articles from the WoS and Scopus databases were extracted and screened, which cover the application of digital preservation strategies in ICH conservation. ATLAS.ti 9, the analysis software, produced quantitative results showing trends in this study. The thematic analysis reveals four key themes: computer technology, cultural transmission, strategy implementation, and metadata preservation. The authors propose a conceptual framework that establishes the logical connection between the four themes and outlines the path for ICH digital preservation. The findings provide valuable insights for researchers and practitioners involved in the digital preservation strategy of ICH, as well as mapping the scope, challenges, and practices of these initiatives.

Sampling Strategies for Assessing Male Clients of Female Sex Workers in Public Health Research: A Compilation of Global Evidence.

Clients of Female Sex Workers (FSWs) are major bridge population in HIV transmission. Any research among them remains challenging because they are hidden within society. The objective of this review was tocompile the global evidence on different sampling strategies used to access male clients of female sex workers for research purpose, the challenges faced during the sampling process andpossible sources of bias. Original articles and reports published globally in last 10years, in English language and those with full text freely available online were included in this scoping review. A comprehensive search was carried out among the electronic peer-reviewed literature database (Pubmed and Web of Science) using a pre-designed peer reviewed search strategy. Narrative synthesis was applied out across all such articles. A total of 36 articles were finally included in this review. The common sampling techniques used include convenience sampling, referral by FSWs/ pimp/brothel manager/clients, time location cluster sampling, use of virtual network, anonymous telephone survey, referred by clinicians of STI clinic etc. Overall response rate varied between 35 and 90%. Major challenges in participant recruitment included non-response, feasibility issue specially to cater non-brothel-based clients, safety issue for investigators, over-representation of clients with lower socio-economic status, higher refusal rate for known HIV positive clients to provide biological sample etc. As different sampling techniques have comparable response rate, it can be recommended that a pilot study should be carried out in local context to finalise appropriate participant recruitment technique for a given population.

Thermochromic Polymers in Food Packaging: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Patent Landscape Analysis

This study addresses the gap in research on the application of thermochromic polymers (TPs) in food packaging and their potential for real-time temperature monitoring, aiding in the assessment of food quality and shelf-life. TPs exhibit a visible color change in response to temperature variations. A comprehensive systematic review (SR) across multiple engineering peer-review databases using predefined terms was conducted. Additionally, international patent databases were investigated using the same predefined terms. Independent experts reviewed the methodology to identify and address potential biases. A total of 288 eligible articles and 922 patents were identified. After a duplicate selection and extraction process according to the inclusion criteria, four related full-text publications were selected from the initial 288 articles, and five relevant patents were selected from the 922 patents. The qualitative review suggests that TPs hold significant promise as food packaging materials due to their unique physical properties. The study concludes that TPs offer valuable properties for the food packaging industry, meriting further investigation to exploit their benefits fully.

Evaluation of Minimum Web Reinforcement Requirements for Slender and Non-Slender Beams

Prescriptive shear requirements in the U.S. from the American Concrete Institute (ACI) 318 (2019), the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Load and Resistance Factor Design (AASHTO LRFD) Bridge Design Specifications (2020), and the fédération international du béton Model Code ( fib MC) (2010) include a minimum web reinforcement requirement. In general, slender beams require a minimum area of web reinforcement equal to 0.08% of the cross-section, while non-slender beams require up to 0.30%, or roughly three times more than the slender beam requirement. This investigation aims to evaluate the discrepancy between these requirements in relation to the strength and serviceability behavior of experimental test data. This is carried out through an analysis of existing and peer-reviewed databases. The results show that the minimum web reinforcement needed to ensure shear strength is consistent with code requirements for slender beams, but not non-slender beams. The minimum web reinforcement needed to restrain crack widths is consistent with code requirements for non-slender beams, but not slender beams. Thus, the prescriptive web reinforcement requirements for slender and non-slender beams do not appear to be derived from the same criteria. The requirement for slender beams is derived based on these members achieving their predicted strength, while the requirement for non-slender beams is derived based on the width of in-service cracks.

A - 130 Effectiveness of Beta-Amyloid Immunotherapy and Monoclonal Antibodies in Patients with Early Onset Alzheimer’s between the Ages of 45–60 Years

Abstract Objective This comprehensive systematic review examines various therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer’s Disease (ad), with a specific emphasis on immunotherapy targeting beta-amyloid and tau pathology. Data Selection Data were sourced from peer-reviewed journals, databases (e.g., PubMed, PsychInfo, Scielo, Google Scholar), and relevant conference proceedings from inception to present. Search terms included variations of “Alzheimer’s disease,” “clinical trials,” “monoclonal antibodies,” “beta amyloid,” “immunotherapy”. Selection criteria emphasized relevance to ad therapy, randomized controlled trials, and clinical outcomes. A total of 24 studies from 2013 to 2023 were reviewed, meeting robust study design, sample size, and therapeutic relevance were chosen. Data extraction followed standardized guidelines for abstracting key information, including study design, participant characteristics, interventions, and outcome measures. Data Synthesis The review synthesized recent studies on Alzheimer’s disease (ad) therapy, particularly monoclonal antibodies targeting amyloid beta oligomers. Notable studies such as Avgerinos et al. (2021) and Bateman et al. (2022), showcased significant cognitive decline reductions in ad patients. Positive outcomes were also observed with gantenerumab, lecanemab, and donanemab. Additionally, alternative approaches such as Zanthoxylum caribaeum extract and herbal extracts were explored. The synthesis underscored the complexity of ad treatment and the necessity for continued multidisciplinary research. Conclusions This systematic review provides valuable insights into ad therapeutics, guiding future research directions and informing clinical practice to better meet the needs of ad patients and their caregivers. Despite significant advancements, challenges persist in developing effective ad therapies, underscoring the ongoing need for research, particularly in immunotherapy and natural compounds, to address the multifaceted nature of the disease and enhance patient outcomes.

Comprehensive database of land subsidence in 143 major coastal cities around the world: overview of issues, causes, and future challenges

Subsidence refers to the gradual lowering or sudden sinking of the ground surface and is known to impact human lives in terms of damages to the infrastructures, utility lines, and buildings as well as changes in the surficial drainage systems and groundwater conditions. The impacts of land subsidence will be greater in the future, considering the sea level rise, population growth, intensification of coastal erosion and extreme events, as well as increase in flood risk or freshwater salinization, mostly in coastal cities. The main aim of this work is to provide an open-source, peer-reviewed, and comprehensive database identifying the main and secondary causes of land subsidence in 143 coastal cities. We highlight the potential impacts of subsidence that are still unknown in some at-risk cities and non-existence of mitigation measures. The database additionally shows that mitigation measures, specifically those addressing subsidence due to groundwater extraction, have proven successful in the past. The proposed database aims to increase the knowledge on the subsidence phenomenon and also global awareness of land subsidence issues among researchers, the scientific community, stakeholders, and policymakers in terms of urban planning and development.

Applying Digital Technology to Understand Human Experiences of Climate Change Impacts on Food Security and Mental Health: Scoping Review.

The global impact of climate change ranges from intense heatwaves to extreme weather events that endanger entire ecosystems and people's way of life. Adverse climate change events place undue stress on food and health systems, with consequences for human food security and mental health status. Ubiquitous digital devices, such as smartphones, have the potential to manage existing and emerging climate-related crises, given their ability to enable rapid response, instant communication, and knowledge sharing. This scoping review aimed to identify digital apps being used to capture or address climate change impacts on food security and mental health to inform the development of a digital citizen science initiative. A scoping review was conducted using 3 peer-reviewed databases (PubMed, IEEE Xplore, and Web of Science) and manual gray literature searches of relevant organizational (ie, governmental and nonprofit) websites to identify articles and reports published between January 2012 and July 2023. Three separate searches were conducted in each database to identify digital apps focused on climate change and (1) food security, (2) mental health, and (3) food security and mental health. Two reviewers conducted initial screening, with a third reviewer resolving any discrepancies. Articles focused on climate change impacts on wildlife or agriculture (ie, not human food security) were excluded. Full-text screening was conducted for shortlisted articles, and a final data abstraction table was generated, summarizing key app features, contextual factors, and participant involvement. From the 656 records screened, 14 digital apps met the inclusion criteria. The food security apps (n=7, 50%) aimed to capture traditional knowledge to preserve food systems, conduct food security assessments, and aid users in decreasing food insecurity risk. The mental health apps (n=7, 50%) assessed climate change-related stress and provided users with coping strategies following adverse weather events. No digital apps examined the intersection of climate change, food security, and mental health. Key app features included user-to-user communication (n=5, 36%), knowledge databases (n=5, 36%), data collection and analysis (n=3, 21%), gamification (n=1, 7%), and educational resources (n=2, 14%) to address climate change impacts on food security or mental health. In total, 3 approaches to participant involvement were used across studies, including contributory (n=1, 7%), collaborative (n=1, 7%), and cocreative (n=1, 7%) approaches, to ensure the relevance and use of digital apps. Most digital apps identified provided a service to citizens to either prevent adverse climate change-related health impacts or manage these effects following an acute event or a natural disaster. The capacity of ubiquitous digital tools to enable near real-time communication, the involvement of various stakeholder groups, and their ability to share relevant educational resources in a timely manner are important for developing tailored climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies across jurisdictions.

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder resources for health professionals: a scoping review

ObjectivesThis scoping review aimed to identify and critically appraise resources for health professionals to identify, diagnose, refer, and support individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)—including the extent to which...

Prevalence of Cannabis Use around the World: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, 2000-2024.

This study aims to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on the global prevalence of cannabis use to inform drug prevention strategies, policy-making, and resource allocation. This study initially screened 177,843 studies published between January 1, 2000, and January 15, 2024, using peer-reviewed databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane Library. Ultimately, 595 studies were identified for data extraction, and 39 of these were selected as country-representative studies. Heterogeneity among the selected studies was assessed using the chi-squared test and I2 statistic, while sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the robustness of the results. The prevalence of cannabis use varied between 0.42% and 43.90% across 33 European countries, 1.40% to 38.12% across 15 North and South American countries, 0.30% to 19.10% across 16 Asian countries, and 1.30% to 48.70% across 18 Oceania and African countries. The pooled prevalence of cannabis use was 12.0% [95% confidence interval (CI): 10.0, 14.3] in countries where cannabis is legalized, compared to 5.4% (95% CI: 4.3, 6.9) in non-legalized countries. Our findings indicate that the prevalence of cannabis use has disproportionately increased in most countries with the implementation of medical or recreational cannabis legalization policies and relevant geographic proximity. Increased efforts are needed to monitor newly cannabis-legalized countries and prevent initial use.

Contemporary interventions in counselling children and adolescents: A literature review

The purpose of this study was to investigate how therapeutic interventions for children and adolescents are evolving in modern culture. Emotional and behavioural problems are complicated and arise from a variety of factors, including familial dysfunction, academic stress, and social media demands. With an emphasis on articles over the last five years, this review conducted a thorough search of peer-reviewed journals and academic databases. Leading experts in the field’s pertinent books and chapters were also included. The review found that as young people navigated the complex challenges of the 21st century, the landscape of counselling interventions designed to support their mental health and well-being had undergone a significant transformation. Robust theoretical frameworks and key principles that prioritised developmental, holistic, and client-centered perspectives were found to underpin these approaches. Additionally, the review acknowledged the potential of technological advancements in enhancing the delivery and accessibility of counselling services for young people. In conclusion, it is crucial for mental health professionals to stay informed about contemporary best practices and to continually adapt their approaches to address the unique and evolving needs of children and adolescents. Thus, equipping counsellors with the knowledge and tools to provide effective care is crucial for improving youth mental health outcomes and enhancing the well-being of the next generation.

A systematic map of evidence on the relationship between agricultural production and biodiversity in tropical rainforest areas

BackgroundThe tropical rainforest biome plays a significant role in providing habitats for terrestrial biodiversity and delivering ecosystem service values, contributing to agricultural production. However, the increasing demand for tropical commodities with high economic value threatens this humid ecosystem and its biodiversity. To our knowledge, no studies have systematically mapped the relationship between the impacts of agricultural production on biodiversity and the effects of biodiversity on agricultural production in tropical rainforest areas.MethodsSince we were interested in systematically mapping the evidence measuring the impact of tropical agriculture on biodiversity (Map 1), and the vice versa relations, the influence of biodiversity on tropical agriculture production (Map 2), we developed a respective set of search strings, eligibility criteria, and subsequently performed independent searching, screening, and data coding processes. We searched articles from six peer-reviewed databases and 22 gray literature sources. Articles were screened based on the inclusion criteria at the title, abstract, and full-text levels. Individual articles that passed full-text screening were coded and synthesized to create heatmaps. Selected information of interest was also extracted and visualized in the graphics which were clustered based on the year of publication, geographical distribution, type of rainforest, exposure, outcome, farm commodity, and study comparators.Review findingsTwo heatmaps were generated from a contrasting number of references, with heatmap 1 extracted from 222 studies and heatmap 2 derived from 10 times fewer references (n = 20). In heatmap 1, impacts of land conversion to aboveground biodiversity and wild species and ecosystem functions in natural ecosystems were the most common relationships examined, with 115 articles and 62 articles, respectively. Conversely, heatmap 2 showed evidence that focused predominantly on the examination of the links between the impacts of genetic resource diversity on environmental factors and soil management in tropical agricultural production, with four articles each exploring these relations.ConclusionsThese systematic maps reveal that while studies investigating the impacts of tropical agricultural production on biodiversity were abundant, studies examining the impacts of biodiversity on tropical agricultural production were lacking despite both systematic maps experiencing an increasing trend of publication during 2000–2020. Map 1 emphasized the examination of the effects of land conversion on aboveground biodiversity, and on wild species and ecosystem functions. Map 2 highlighted the influence of crop genetic resources on environmental factors, and on soil management as the most frequently studied. The evidence cluster identified here can be the starting point for further systematic review study (to assess, for example, their cause–effect significance).

Telenovela (Spanish Soap Opera) Interventions on Latino Health: A Scoping Review.

Introduction: The use of telenovelas shows promise as a mode of education that could enhance Latino people's ability to prevent or manage different health conditions. This scoping review examined the available evidence about telenovela interventions on Latino health. Methods: A scoping review was conducted by searching five peer-reviewed databases for articles published on any date in English or Spanish. The methods of this review were guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews recommendations. Results: A total of 431 articles were identified, and 22 articles published between 1999 and 2022 were included in the final scoping review. Nineteen telenovela interventions were described in the literature. Most studies included telenovela interventions without other elements (n = 15; 68%), and 91% were conducted in the U.S. (n = 20). Studies were qualitative (n = 8; 36%), quantitative (n = 8; 36%), and mixed methods (n = 6; 27%), and most telenovela interventions were developed and/or tested in Spanish (n = 10; 53%). The most common topics for the telenovela interventions were substance use/risky sexual health behaviors, cardiovascular disease, and mental health. Conclusions: This scoping review may serve to continue empirical and theoretical work on telenovela-style entertainment interventions on Latino health and future implementation in real-life settings.

The experiences of people living with obesity and chronic pain: A Qualitative Evidence Synthesis (QES) protocol.

There is a substantial and progressive association between chronic pain (CP) and living with overweight or obesity. The relationship between obesity and CP is intricate and complex, with obesity being associated with increased pain-related disability, pain intensity, reduction in physical functioning and poorer psychological well-being. A Qualitative Evidence Synthesis (QES) provides an opportunity to better understand and reveal key areas within the patient experience of these complex interactions to inform best practice and future intervention design. The aim of this QES is to methodically and systematically review and synthesise the qualitative literature reporting on the personal experiences of people who are both living with obesity (PwO) and chronic pain. The phenomenon of interest of this QES is the lived experiences of PwO and CP. The following research question was developed using a modified Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome and Study type (PICOS) framework: "What are the lived experiences of people living with obesity and chronic pain?". One review author will conduct a systematic search based on keywords and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms for finding relevant articles in five peer-review databases, from inception to the date of searching. Two review authors will independently apply inclusion and exclusion criteria and screen articles in a two-stage process. The methodological quality of included studies will be assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool and data will be extracted using a customised template. We will undertake a thematic synthesis of qualitative data from included studies and report our findings narratively. Confidence in the findings will be assessed based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research (GRADE-CER-Qual) approach. This study will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA) and Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research (ENTREQ) guidelines. It is anticipated that the findings of the review will facilitate a deep and broad understanding of the complex interactions between CP and obesity and will help inform best practice and future intervention design. Findings will be disseminated through journals that undergo peer review, presentations at conferences, engagement with public and patient advocacy groups, and social media. Ethical approval is not required to conduct this review. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42023361391.

Facilitators and barriers to implementing complex community-based interventions for addressing acute malnutrition in low- and lower-middle income countries: A scoping review.

Background: Community-based nutrition interventions have been established as the standard of care for identifying and treating acute malnutrition among children 6-59 months in low- and lower-middle-income countries. However, limited research has examined the factors that influence the implementation of the community-based component of interventions that address severe acute malnutrition and moderate acute malnutrition among children. Aim: The objective of this review was to identify and describe the facilitators and barriers in implementing complex community-based nutrition interventions to address acute malnutrition among children in low- and lower-middle-income countries. Methods: This review used a systematic search strategy to identify existing peer-reviewed literature from three databases on complex community-based interventions (defined as including active surveillance, treatment, and education in community settings) to address severe acute malnutrition and moderate acute malnutrition in children. Results: In total, 1771 sources were retrieved from peer-reviewed databases, with 38 sources included in the review, covering 26 different interventions. Through an iterative deductive and inductive analysis approach, three main domains (household and interpersonal, sociocultural and geographical; operational and administrative) and eight mechanisms were classified, which were central to the successful implementation of complex community-based interventions to address acute child malnutrition. Conclusion: Overall, this review highlights the importance of addressing contextual and geographical challenges to support participant access and program operations. There is a need to critically examine program design and structure to promote intervention adherence and effectiveness. In addition, there is an opportunity to direct resources towards community health workers to facilitate long-term community trust and engagement.

Remimazolam for sedation and anesthesia in children: A scoping review.

Remimazolam, a novel intravenous benzodiazepine recently approved by both the European Medicines Agency and the Food and Drug Agency, shows considerable promise in clinical practice. Its pharmacodynamic profile closely resembles that of midazolam, while its pharmacokinetic properties are similar to those of remifentanil. While research in adult populations continues to accumulate, the pace of pediatric studies is not as significant. This scoping review aims to systematically examine published studies, clinical trials, observational research, case reports, and relevant literature to provide a comprehensive understanding of remimazolam in pediatric sedation and anesthesia. By synthesizing the gathered evidence, we aim to identify gaps in the literature, guide future research endeavors, and inform clinical practices. The review follows the guidelines outlined by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis for Scoping Review. A thorough search strategy was implemented across prominent peer-reviewed databases, with focused efforts to identify relevant grey literature. All primary studies involving the use of remimazolam in pediatric populations were included in this review. Eighteen studies were included in this analysis, comprising 2 randomized controlled trials, 4 prospective cohort trials, 12 case reports, and 692 children in total. This scoping review highlights the increasing interest in using remimazolam as a sedative or anesthetic for children. Although initial evidence indicates its effectiveness and safety, more research is necessary to fill knowledge gaps, establish standard protocols, and optimize its use in pediatric anesthesia and sedation. Addressing these challenges will enable clinicians to improve the quality of care and outcomes for pediatric patients undergoing sedation and anesthesia.

Pathway-based, reaction-specific annotation of disease variants for elucidation of molecular phenotypes.

Germline and somatic mutations can give rise to proteins with altered activity, including both gain and loss-of-function. The effects of these variants can be captured in disease-specific reactions and pathways that highlight the resulting changes to normal biology. A disease reaction is defined as an aberrant reaction in which a variant protein participates. A disease pathway is defined as a pathway that contains a disease reaction. Annotation of disease variants as participants of disease reactions and disease pathways can provide a standardized overview of molecular phenotypes of pathogenic variants that is amenable to computational mining and mathematical modeling. Reactome (https://reactome.org/), an open source, manually curated, peer-reviewed database of human biological pathways, in addition to providing annotations for >11 000 unique human proteins in the context of ∼15 000 wild-type reactions within more than 2000 wild-type pathways, also provides annotations for >4000 disease variants of close to 400 genes as participants of ∼800 disease reactions in the context of ∼400 disease pathways. Functional annotation of disease variants proceeds from normal gene functions, described in wild-type reactions and pathways, through disease variants whose divergence from normal molecular behaviors has been experimentally verified, to extrapolation from molecular phenotypes of characterized variants to variants of unknown significance using criteria of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Reactome's data model enables mapping of disease variant datasets to specific disease reactions within disease pathways, providing a platform to infer pathway output impacts of numerous human disease variants and model organism orthologs, complementing computational predictions of variant pathogenicity. Database URL: https://reactome.org/.

Mapping the evidence of novel plant-based foods: a systematic review of nutritional, health, and environmental impacts in high-income countries.

Shifting from current dietary patterns to diets rich in plant-based (PB) foods and lower in animal-based foods (ABFs) is generally regarded as a suitable strategy to improve nutritional health and reduce environmental impacts. Despite the recent growth in supply of and demand for novel plant-based foods (NPBFs), a comprehensive overview is lacking. This review provides a synthesis of available evidence, highlights challenges, and informs public health and environmental strategiesfor purposeful political decision-making by systematically searching, analyzing, and summarizing the available literature. Five peer-reviewed databases and grey literature sources were rigorously searched for publications. Study characteristics meeting the inclusion criteria regarding NPBF nutrient composition and health and environmental outcomes in high-income countries were extracted. Fifty-seven peer-reviewed and 36 grey literature sources were identified; these were published in 2016-2022. NPBFs typically have substantially lower environmental impacts than ABFs, but the nutritional contents are complex and vary considerably across brands, product type, and main primary ingredient. In the limited evidence on the health impacts, shifts from ABFs to PB meats were associated with positive health outcomes. However, results were mixed for PB drinks, with links to micronutrient deficiencies. If carefully selected, certain NPBFs have the potential to be healthier and nutrient-rich alternatives to ABFs and typically have smaller environmental footprints. More disaggregated categorization of various types of NPBFs would be a helpful step in guiding consumers and key stakeholders to make informed decisions. To enable informed policymaking on the inclusion of NPBFs in dietary transitions as part of a wider net-zero and health strategy, future priorities should include nutritional food standards, labelling, and subdivisions or categorizations of NPBFs, as well as short- and long-term health studies evaluating dietary shifts from ABFs to NPBFs and standardized environmental impact assessments, ideally from independent funders.

Harnessing AI for Education 4.0: Drivers of Personalized Learning

Personalized learning, a pedagogical approach tailored to individual needs and capacities, has garnered considerable attention in the era of artificial intelligence (AI) and the fourth industrial revolution. This systematic literature review aims to identify key drivers of personalized learning and critically assess the role of AI in reinforcing these drivers. Following PRISMA guidelines, a thorough search was conducted across major peer-reviewed journal databases, resulting in the inclusion of 102 relevant studies published between 2013 and 2022. A combination of qualitative and quantitative analyses, employing categorization and frequency analysis techniques, was performed to discern patterns and insights from the literature. The findings of this review highlight several critical drivers that contribute to the effectiveness of personalized learning, both from a broad view of education and in the specific context of e-learning. Firstly, recognizing and accounting for individual student characteristics is foundational to tailoring educational experiences. Secondly, personalizing content delivery and instructional methods ensures that learning materials resonate with learners' preferences and aptitudes. Thirdly, customizing assessment and feedback mechanisms enables educators to provide timely and relevant guidance to learners. Additionally, tailoring user interfaces and learning environments fosters engagement and accessibility, catering to diverse learning styles and needs. Moreover, the integration of AI presents significant opportunities to enhance personalized learning. AI-driven solutions offer capabilities such as automated learner profiling, adaptive content recommendation, real-time assessment, and the development of intelligent user interfaces, thereby augmenting the personalization of learning experiences. However, the successful adoption of AI in personalized learning requires addressing various challenges, including the need to develop educators' competencies, refine theoretical frameworks, and navigate ethical considerations surrounding data privacy and bias. By providing a comprehensive understanding of the drivers and implications of AI-driven personalized learning, this review offers valuable insights for educators, researchers, and policymakers in the Education 4.0 era. Leveraging the transformative potential of AI while upholding robust pedagogical principles, personalized learning holds the promise of unlocking tailored educational experiences that maximize individual potential and relevance in the digital economy.