Peer Models Research Articles

Disjunctures in Experiences of Support During the Transition to Fatherhood of Men Who Have Used Intimate Partner Violence.

The transition to fatherhood has been shown to be a stressful time for men, and their experiences of identifying and accessing formal and informal support are mixed. However, research on the experience of men who use intimate partner violence (IPV) during the transition to fatherhood is limited. The evidence documenting the prevalence and short- and long-term impact of violence perpetrated by men against women during pregnancy and postpartum demonstrates the seriousness of this public health issue. To understand the mechanisms of interrupting IPV by engaging men, the gap between what is known about experiences of identifying the need for and access to support during the transition to fatherhood of men with past and current histories of using IPV must be bridged. The study described explores experiences of support during the transition to fatherhood of men who have used IPV. Descriptive findings revealed that men had a range of types of supports from multiple sources; however, most also identified crucial unmet instrumental and socioemotional needs. Four themes surfaced disjunctures in how participants described resources they needed, accessed, and desired. Specifically, these disjunctures were related to men's adherence to a self-reliant identity, a lack of male-specific peer or role model support, the tendency for childbirth classes to be geared toward mothers and not seen by fathers as sources of support, and a gap between men's goals for themselves as fathers, and the actual tools, resources, and modeling that were accessible and "acceptable." The implications include suggestions for group-based programmatic efforts, and three initial steps for organizations to assess and build current capacity to engage-with safety and accountability at the forefront-fathers who use IPV.

Development Model of Household Contacts as a Peer Support to Decrease the Prevalence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is a global threat, caused mortality of 15 million people in 2014. Drug supervisor is the main strategy in patient adherence. Hence, the need for strengthening the strategy testing and counseling patients by a household contact as a peer support in overcoming the disease. Non randomized one-group pretest-posttest design was used. The identification of the characteristics of the household contact person who will be peer support was done through focus group discussions. Seventeen household contacts became a model of peer support that accompanied each individual patient. Differences in results were used the Wilcoxon test. There was a significant increase of knowledge (p value = 0.03), adherence (p value = 0.02), prevention practice of transmission by patients (p value = 0.03), and the prevalence of pulmonary TB was decreased by 41% after peer support intervention. Peer support model can be used as an alternative to increase the role of drug supervisor.

The relation of modelling and the perception of parental care with adolescent smoking: a cross-sectional study

The smoking of tobacco among adolescents is due to several influential factors, both individual and social. The present study aimed at comparing the effects of different variables on adolescent cigarette smoking, specifically, peer and parent modelling, self-regulatory efficacy, and parental degree of care as perceived by the adolescent. Data were collected by means of a self-report questionnaire administered to a sample of 229 secondary school students aged between 15 and 20 years (mean = 16.69, SD = 1.14). To test the influence of different variables, we performed a binary logistic regression analysis. Results indicated that the father is a key figure in that his care and affection can prevent adolescents from becoming a smoker and his modelling is a risk factor. The significant influence of friends was also confirmed and indicated that peer modelling is a strong predictor of adolescent cigarette smoking. Finally, the results revealed that self-regulatory efficacy is a relevant psychological variable capable of preventing smoking initiation during adolescence.

The relationship between social support and posttraumatic stress symptoms among youth exposed to a natural disaster

ABSTRACTBackground: Children are a vulnerable population following a natural disaster, due to their age and dependence on adults. The primary presenting problem children report after disasters is posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Prior research suggests that PTSS is inversely related to social support, which is often disrupted after a disaster.Objective: This study examined the relationship between social support (from parents, teachers, and peers) and PTSS in children affected by Hurricane Katrina. The research contributes to the literature by examining the mechanisms that drive this relationship over time.Methods: In this study, 426 children were followed over four timepoints, beginning 3–7 months after Hurricane Katrina and concluding 25–27 months post-hurricane. Three path models analysed the relationship between social support (from parents, teachers, and peers, measured by the Social Support Scale for Children) and PTSS (measured by the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index). Covariates included child age, minority status, gender, perceived life threat, and actual life threat. Nonsignificant paths were trimmed from the final models. Global fit indices were examined to determine model fit.Results: In the parent and peer social support models, PTSS exhibited statistically significant effects on social support from one wave to the next. In the teacher model, this was only true between Waves 2 and 3. Social support showed a statistically significant effect on PTSS between Wave 2 and Wave 3 in the peer model (standardized estimate = −0.26, p < .0001). No paths from social support to PTSS were significant in the parent and teacher models.Conclusion: Findings support a social selection model in which PTSS undermine social support, particularly in the first two years post-disaster. If these findings are replicated, this suggests that, in cases of limited funding, PTSS should be prioritized, given their cascading effects on social support.

Partnering with insiders: A review of peer models across community-engaged research, education and social care.

Within community-engaged research, education and social care, peer models that partner with local "insiders" are increasingly common. Peer models are composed of insider "lay" community members who often share similarities or background with a project's target population. Peers are not academically trained, but work alongside researchers and professionals to carry out specific tasks within a project, or in the truest sense of partnership, peers collaborate throughout the project from start to finish as an equal member of the team. Although peer models are used widely, the literature lacks consistency and clarity. This systematic review of literature used a qualitative thematic synthesis to examine and report how, where and why peer models have been used in research, education and social care. We examined the language and titles used to describe the peers, details of their involvement in community-engaged projects, the setting, content/topic of study, level of engagement and related benefits/outcomes of such models. Focusing on the last 10years, we conducted a comprehensive literature search twice between September 2016 and June 2017. The search resulted in 814 articles which were assessed for eligibility. Overall, 251 articles met our inclusion criteria and were categorised into three categories: empirical (n=115); process/descriptive (n=93); and "about" peers (n=43). Findings suggest that there is a wide variety of peers, titles and terminology associated with peer models. There is inconsistency in how these models are used and implemented in research studies and projects. The majority of articles used an employment peer model, while only a handful involved peers in all phases of the project. The results of this literature review contribute to understanding the use, development and evolution of peer models. We highlight potential benefits of peer models for peers, their communities and community-engaged work, and we offer recommendations for future implementation of peer models.

In-depth statistical analysis of the use of a website providing patients’ narratives on lifestyle change when living with chronic back pain or coronary heart disease

ObjectiveTo investigate the use of lebensstil-aendern.de (“lifestyle change”), a website providing peer narratives of experiences with successful lifestyle change, and to analyze whether peer model characteristics, clip content, and media type have an influence on the number of visitors, dwell time, and exit rates. MethodsAn in-depth statistical analysis of website use with multilevel regression analyses. ResultsIn two years, lebensstil-aendern.de attracted 12,844 visitors. The in-depth statistical analysis of usage rates demonstrated that audio clips were less popular than video or text-only clips, longer clips attracted more visitors, and clips by younger and female interviewees were preferred. User preferences for clip content categories differed between heart and back pain patients. Clips about stress management drew the smallest numbers of visitors in both indication modules. ConclusionsPatients are interested in the experiences of others. Because the quality of information for user-generated content is generally low, healthcare providers should include quality-assured patient narratives in their interventions. User preferences for content, medium, and peer characteristics need to be taken into account. Practice implicationsIf healthcare providers decide to include patient experiences in their websites, they should plan their intervention according to the different needs and preferences of users.

Engaging Young Minority Fathers in Research: Basic Needs, Psychological Needs, Culture, and Therapeutic Alliance.

The authors discuss the need to provide services for minority teenage fathers. They mention the importance of cultural and social awareness, the use of engagement through the use of peer models, and the attention paid to basic needs,

An Empirical Examination of Effective Practices for Teaching Board Game Play to Young Children

We examined an intervention package using peer modeling, systematic prompting, and contingent reinforcement to increase the frequency and complexity of board game play and social behaviors in young children with disabilities. Four children with or at risk for disabilities participated with their typically developing peers. Results indicated a strong functional relation given the magnitude of change across conditions and participants and robust study rigor. Minor individual adaptations were used for two of the four participants. Overall, the study extends the research on board game play interventions with young children by demonstrating the effectiveness of an intervention that was successful for a diverse sample of preschool children with or at risk for disabilities and their peers.

Alcohol use among Arab Muslim adolescents: A mediation-moderation model of family, peer, and community factors.

Alcohol use among Muslims has received scant research attention, and little is known about the factors that underlie Arab Muslim adolescents' use of alcohol. The data used in this study is based on a large and representative sample of 2,948 Arab Muslim students from Israel, aged 11-18. The results showed that almost 10% of the adolescents reported using alcohol. The findings indicated that greater exposure to community violence victimization increases the risk for adolescent affiliation with delinquent peers, which in turn increases the use of alcohol. Furthermore, it was found that positive parent-child communication serves as a protective factor that mitigates the negative impact of association with delinquent peers. Our study indicates that adolescent alcohol use might most effectively be addressed with a holistic approach. The study emphasizes the critical need to reduce violence in Arab neighborhoods and highlights the central role parenting plays in protecting children from involvement in alcohol use. (PsycINFO Database Record

Effect of Motivation on Cooperative Learning Activities in Elementary School Children

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of motivation on the cooperative learning activities of elementary school children. Fourth to sixth-grade children (N=498) participated in a longitudinal study with two time points. A path analysis revealed that children's autonomous motivation was related to later amount of peer modeling, academic help-seeking, and reciprocal learning. The importance of motivation in cooperative learning activities is discussed.

Forecasting private sector bank deposits in Greece: determinants for trend and shock effects

In this work, we employ a Markov regime switching autoregressive model (MS-AR) to project private sector bank deposits in Greece, where low uncertainty regimes are followed by high uncertainty regimes or vice versa. MS-AR models are a well-established method for modelling effectively nonlinear financial time series, which entail non-homogeneous observed data and where the patterns of the entailed temporal dynamics may change over time. Our empirical evidence suggests that such a model has a superior out of sample predictive performance compared to a broadly used time series model. Essentially, our model outperforms in forecasting both the evolution of outflow rates and the absolute level of customer deposit balances over time, while its superiority relative to peer models is even more pronounced during periods of systemic shock in a country. Our model specification can be employed not only in performing baseline forecasting of the deposit growth rate, but also in modelling volatility shocks in the deposit time series. Essentially, our model can be used as an integrated part of a capital or liquidity stress testing framework by supervisory, macroprudential or monetary policy authorities, in assessing the resilience of a certain bank or of the whole banking sector.

Surviving and flourishing: A study of two counsellor educators' experiences of a year of peer supervision.

Increased economic pressure, reduced resources, new technologies and results-driven educational contexts place continual demands on counsellor educators. In the face of these, peer supervision has the potential to support and develop counsellor educators in their roles. This autobiographical study presents two senior counsellor educators' experiences of peer supervision. The year of peer supervision was recorded by one peer colleague in a reflective journal. Analysis of written conversations and goals concluded that the peer supervision relationship and reflective process were valuable in providing support, managing role demands, enhancing confidence, preserving wellbeing, offering peer modelling, promoting professional development, and supporting teaching performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of New Zealand Journal of Counselling is the property of New Zealand Association of Counsellors and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Analyzing Predictors of Drinking and Driving among Gender Cohorts within a College Sample

The current study focuses on predominant predictors associated with men’s and women’s engagement in driving under the influence (DUI) in an attempt to determine whether gender-specific interventions would be more affective at reducing impaired vehicle operation. A male-only subsample (n = 863) and a female-only subsample (n = 975) from a survey administered at a large Southeastern university containing self-reported measures of DUI were used to evaluate gender differences in motivations and correlates of DUI behavior. A series of logistic regressions containing indicators drawn from theories of deviant behavior (e.g., Akers’ social learning theory (SLT) and Gottfredson and Hirshi’s low self-control (LSC) theory) yield results indicating that differential association and imitation, both factors associated with SLT, are significant predictors for both gender cohorts’ DUI behavior. Low self- control was a significant predictor within female-only models, but not the final male-only models. This suggests that peer associations and modeling may be targets of intervention generally, but that, as it relates to DUIs, women may particularly benefit from programs focused at limiting impulsivity and risk-taking behavior as these are components of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s LSC construct.

Physics teaching methods: an analysis on peer instruction and modeling instruction

&lt;p&gt;There is a well known phenomenon related to physics students that concerns the difficulty that these have to understand conceptually what is being taught, since, not infrequently, these show bad results and learning difficulties. Based on this, the present article aim a literature review on different learning methods of physics teaching, among them, two in particular, the Peer Instruction and the Modeling Instruction. While in Peer Instruction the students meet with colleagues and discuss a certain theme among them, in most cases with conceptual testes, the Modeling Instruction is based on the use of interactive whiteboards and exposition of content through the student itself, as well as recommends experiments and other sources of pedagogical support. Many authors advocate that the student, even those with low performance in his classes, can learn better when they work in a interactive way or when they work with their peers. It is starting on this premise that studies in these subjects are based. &lt;/p&gt;

Evaluation of a Train-The-Trainers Model for Family Peer Advocates in Children\u2019s Mental Health

Standardized training and credentialing is increasingly important to states and healthcare systems. Workforce shortages in children's mental health can be addressed through training and credentialing of professional peer parents (called family peer advocates or FPAs), who deliver a range of services to caregivers. A theory-based training program for FPAs targeting skills and knowledge about childhood mental health services (Parent Empowerment Program, or PEP) was developed through a partnership among a statewide family-run organization, state policy leaders, and academic researchers. Prior studies by this team using highly-experienced family peer advocates (who were also co-developers of the training program) as trainers found improvements in knowledge about mental health services and self-efficacy. In 2010, to meet demands and scale the model, a training of trainers (TOT) model was developed to build a cohort of locally-trained FPAs to deliver PEP training. A pre/post design was used to evaluate the impact of TOT model on knowledge and self-efficacy among 318 FPAs across the state. Participants showed significant pre-post (6 month) changes in knowledge about mental health services and self-efficacy. There were no significant associations between any FPA demographic characteristics and their knowledge or self-efficacy scores. A theory-based training model for professional peer parents working in the children's mental health system can be taught to local FPAs, and it improves knowledge about the mental health system and self-efficacy. Studies that evaluate the effectiveness of different training modalities are critical to ensure that high-quality trainings are maintained.

Teaching college students to pour accurately using behavioral skills training: Evaluation of the effects of peer modeling

Excessive alcohol consumption among college students is a serious problem. Alcohol education courses, during which students are taught to free‐pour accurate servings of alcohol, have been proposed as one strategy to reduce this problem. However, few studies have evaluated the effects of peer models on free‐pour skill maintenance. We used a nonconcurrent multiple‐baseline across subjects design to assess the effects of peer modeling on maintenance of college students' (N = 19) pouring skills of a standard serving of beer immediately following Behavioral Skills Training (BST). Results indicated participants who inaccurately poured a standard serving of beer at baseline (n = 17) accurately poured following receipt of BST, and all participants (N = 19) maintained accurate pouring in the presence of peer confederate models who poured inaccurately or accurately. Results suggest BST is an efficient (i.e., low to no‐cost, requires no sophisticated laboratory space or software, and makes use of available and affordable materials) and effective tool for teaching college students to pour standard servings of beer and that the immediate introduction of inaccurately pouring peer models has little or no effect on skill maintenance.

Modeling Technique: The Effect on Rugby Sport Performance

This study was conducted to see the effectiveness of modeling video intervention on conversion kick skills in rugby sports. It observed the difference between the control group, (the group that only performed physical training) and intervention group, (the group that received peer modeling video intervention). The target group was a school rugby club with intervention frequency of three times per week. A total of 30 club members agreed to be the participants. T-test was used to find the difference between the two groups. The results showed significant differences in performance achievement on intervention group. The results were discussed in terms of sports achievement and future research recommendations.

Model form uncertainty quantification in turbulent combustion simulations: Peer models

Turbulent combustion simulations invoke a number of component models for chemical kinetics, turbulence, flame structure, etc., each of which has an error associated with its structural form and contributes to overall uncertainties in simulation results. These model form errors arise from the necessity of making assumptions in deriving a model. Conventional approaches to estimating model form errors rely on an ad hoc additive error that is then calibrated against experimental or computational data. These approaches inherently neglect any a priori knowledge of physics in developing the model error estimate. Instead, in this work, an inherently physics-based approach to estimating model form error is developed based on the notion of “peer” models. In the generic approach, the error in a candidate model is determined by taking the difference between it and an equally plausible alternative “peer” model with a different set of assumptions. The generic approach is applied in this work to the modeling of the subfilter mixture fraction dissipation rate, which is typically modeled as the ratio of the subfilter mixture fraction variance and a time scale. The typical time scale approximation invokes a turbulent time scale, and a “peer” model is proposed in which a chemical time scale is invoked to estimate the model form error. Using stochastic collocation, the subfilter mixture fraction dissipation rate model form error as well as the uncertainty in a model parameter are propagated through LES calculations of the Sandia D Flame utilizing the steady flamelet model. The results indicate that the mixture fraction, temperature, and carbon monoxide uncertainties increase with downstream distance due to an increase in the relative subfilter mixture fraction variance and increased sensitivity to the time scale approximations, which diverge in magnitude with downstream distance. Uncertainties in these quantities arising from the model form error are shown to be more significant than uncertainties arising from the model constant uncertainty. For the temperature, uncertainties due to chemical kinetic rate uncertainty are shown to be slightly smaller than uncertainties due to the subfilter mixture fraction dissipation rate model error; for the carbon monoxide mass fraction, uncertainties due to chemical kinetic rate uncertainty are twice as large as uncertainties due to the subfilter mixture fraction dissipation rate error since carbon monoxide is more kinetically-controlled than the temperature.

Exposure to Parent and Peer Alcohol Use and the Risk of Drinking Onset and Escalation Among Adolescents

Although the rate of alcohol use among adolescents has declined, it remains their drug of choice. Parent and peer alcohol use are powerful risk factors for youth alcohol use. However, questions remain about how these factors influence underage drinking. The present study investigates the relationship between exposure to parent or peer alcohol use and two stages of adolescent drinking—onset and escalation—overall and at five age points during adolescence. Participants were 9348 adolescents in Waves I (WI) and II (WII) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, whose parents completed interviews at WI, and who identified themselves as either non-drinkers or experimental drinkers at WI. Reports of WII alcohol use were used to measure onset among WI non-drinkers and escalation among WI experimenters. Risk ratios were calculated to assess the overall impact of exposure to parent or peer alcohol use on onset and escalation, and at five age points (i.e., ≤ 13, 14, 15, 16, and ≥ 17). Findings show that exposure to either parent or friend alcohol use increased the risk of onset and escalation. Age-based analyses reveal a more nuanced relationship, showing variability in the nature and strength of influence by stage of drinking and by age. This study highlights the relevance of both parent and peer modeling on youth drinking throughout adolescence. Implications in advancing prevention and treatment include parental education about the impact of their own behaviors and the importance of monitoring teens’ friendships.

Training Peer Models to Promote Social Skills: Considerations for Practice

Social skills training programs have increasingly enlisted same-age typical peers as instructors in the teaching of social skills to children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The inclusion of peers in the teaching process has been found to be a critical component in these programs. Despite strong support for incorporating peers in social skills programs, there are few guidelines for training peers. The present study examined a treatment package to teach typical school-aged children skills to become peer models. A multiple baseline across behaviors research design was implemented using components of behavioral skills training to teach (a) initiating verbal interactions, (b) prompting for targeted skills, and (c) delivery of praise. The peer models quickly acquired the skill of initiating verbal interactions; however, posting of data, prompting, and additional contingencies were needed to maintain and generalize prompting for targeted skills and delivery of praise with novel children.