Peer Contact Research Articles

The development of depression and social anxiety symptoms in adolescents and the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and desire for peer contact.

Adolescence is a dynamic developmental phase in which contact with peers is crucial for socio-emotional development and wellbeing. Depression and social anxiety show patterns of high onset during this period, and more for girls than boys. Here we examine this development among Dutch adolescents, as well as how desire for more peer contact as a result of social distancing measures during the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to this increase. We used a longitudinal three-wave design to examine 406 typically developing Dutch adolescents across two consecutive cohorts; Cohort 1: 2016-2019 (N = 138, 53.6% girls, age at T0 M = 13.00, SD = 0.42), Cohort 2: 2017-2020 (N = 268, 63.1% girls, age at T0 M = 13.05, SD = 0.39), final wave during spring 2020 during the first COVID-19 lockdown. Self-report questionnaires were used to measure depression and social anxiety symptoms, desire for change in the amount of peer contact during lockdowns, and emotion regulation. Parallel process dual latent growth models and autoregressive cross-lagged models were used to test the hypotheses. Results showed that symptoms of both depression and social anxiety increase during adolescence. Gender analysis reveal a higher initial level and increase in depression symptoms for girls, while levels for boys decreased. Adolescents exposed to the pandemic showed a steeper increase in depression but not in social anxiety. Desire for more peer contact was related to an increase in depression and social anxiety, though only in girls. No evidence was found for moderation of emotion regulation skills concerning COVID evoked emotions on the association between desire for peer contact and anxiety and depression symptom development. Symptoms of social anxiety increased during adolescence in boys and girls. Symptoms of depression increased for girls, but decreased for boys. The increase in depression was greater in a cohort who experienced the COVID-19 pandemic. For girls, a desire for more peer contact was associated with an increase of depression and social anxiety symptoms in times of social restrictions.

Harm Reduction in Peer-Assisted Telemedicine for Hepatitis C: Secondary Outcomes of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Hepatitis C (HCV) treatment for people who use drugs (PWUD) decreases injection drug use and injection equipment sharing. We examined changes in injection drug use and injection equipment sharing following HCV treatment in a randomized trial comparing peer-assisted telemedicine for HCV treatment (TeleHCV) versus peer-assisted usual care in rural PWUD. We hypothesize that TeleHCV reduces risky behaviors and peers facilitate this change. We used mixed-effects logistic regression to describe participant-level (n = 203) associations between both injection drug use and injection equipment sharing and randomized groups, frequency of peer contact, HCV treatment initiation, HCV cure, and time. Risky behaviors were surveyed at baseline and 12 and 36 weeks after HCV treatment completion. Injection drug use declined more over time in TeleHCV participants vs. control at 12 weeks (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.42, 95% CI 0.20-0.87, p = 0.02) and 36 weeks (aOR = 0.48, 95% CI 0.21-1.08, p = 0.076). Injection drug use decreased more with a greater number of peer interactions, with reductions among participants in the 3rd quartile exceeding those in the 1st quartile of peer interactions at 12 weeks (aOR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.57-0.99, p = 0.04). Similarly, injection equipment sharing decreased over time, with reductions among participants in the 3rd quartile exceeding those in the 1st quartile of peer interactions at 36 weeks (aOR = 0.08, 95% CI 0.01-0.97, p = 0.047). Peer-assisted telemedicine for HCV treatment decreases injection drug use and injection equipment sharing; peers contribute to this effect.

A review of peer influence and teenagers’ antisocial behaviours in Africa

The psychosocial determinants and processes that influence and underscore teenagers’ risk taking and antisocial behaviours and the role peer influence plays as a contributive factor are well documented. Behaviourists, social-psychologists, and other scholars have posited competing perspectives on the subject and agreed that peer influence, often negative, occurs in natural settings among teenagers. None of these studies have properly synthesized the results of available literature in the subject area. This study synthesizes and interprets peer influence and how it occurs and leads to behaviour challenges for teenagers in Africa. A behavioural framework is proposed. The framework (first of its kind) took into consideration behavioural variables that potentially account for the onset and continuation of peer influence. Literature over the past 25 years until March 31, 2022, were searched. The search included studies of teenagers 10 to 19 years of age. Thirty-one out of 49 independent studies were selected. Eleven of the studies were exclude because the majority of their participants were children, less than 10 years of age. The twenty remaining relevant independent studies are this review’s sample. The article focuses mainly on teenagers in Africa but draws a few studies from other countries. It concluded that given that prevention of peer contact, communication and subsequent influences are impossible, the challenge becomes one of promoting the social-structural predictors of positive peer influences while impeding the social-structural predictors of negative peer influences. HOW TO REFERENCE USING ASWDNET STYLE Gershon, O. K. (2024). A review of peer influence and teenagers’ antisocial behaviours in Africa. African Journal of Social Work, 14(4), 194-206. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajsw.v14i4.3 Visit journal website: https://ajsw.africasocialwork.net

Recommendations for the Development of Psychological Smartphone Applications in the Context of Bariatric Surgery: Focus Groups with Professionals and Patients.

To explore the experiences and preferences of patients and healthcare professionals regarding the development of an app to provide psychological intervention to improve emotion regulation in the context of bariatric surgery (BS). Sixteen people (6 patients who underwent BS and 10 professionals) participated in two separate focus group sessions. We performed a content analysis of transcribed focus group discussions to extract and organize categories, subcategories and areas. Both sets of stakeholders provided information about how to develop and implement an app. According to participants' comment, content should include information (i.e., nutrition, exercise) and emotional regulation skills. Patients and professionals mentioned that the app should include visual information, continuous emotional assessments and peer contact. It was also mentioned that the app should be used before and after BS and its contents should be developed by a multidisciplinary team (i.e., collaboration of endocrinologist, nutritionists and psychologists). Participants in both focus groups considered technology to be useful in the context of BS, especially as part of blended interventions (combining face-to-face and online sessions). Patients and professionals seem to be receptive towards the use of technology in a BS context. Specific recommendations are identified for designing and implementing app solutions for BS. More efforts should be made in the future to develop and implement evidence-based apps according to patients and professionals' needs.

Optimizing support before and after Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy implantation in co-creation with patients with heart failure, informal caregivers and healthcare professionals.

To optimize support by healthcare professionals to enhance physical activity, HF-related symptom monitoring and management in patients with heart failure before and after cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) implantation in co-creation with patients, informal caregivers, and healthcare professionals. A qualitative and co-design approach was used to develop support strategies collaboratively with end-users. Seventeen semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore patients' expectations and factors influencing physical activity and symptom management. The qualitatively obtained insights informed the development of support strategies using an ideas group with patients, informal caregivers, and healthcare professionals.Four themes emerged from the interviews: 1. Expecting and hoping to regain energy and fitness; 2. Difficulties and opportunities to become more active; 3. Impact of CRT on sense of safety; and 4. Dealing with continuing bothersome symptoms. Several strategies were brainstormed, prioritized and prototyped, including optimization of CRT information, a peer contact list, expansion of the post-CRT implantation consultation to ask questions and share concerns, and a group meeting with peer patients, partners, and healthcare professionals. Patients expected and hoped to have positive effects from CRT, but not all patients experienced improvement after CRT. To improve patients' physical activity, feelings of insecurity, symptom monitoring, and thoughtful response to symptoms, support must include providing information and support to increase their knowledge and discuss experiences and physical and mental concerns.

Supporting stoma patients’ self-efficacy with a mobile application - a focus group interview study

Background Being able to care for and cope with one’s stoma adequately may significantly impact patient’s wellbeing. A well-designed mobile application (app) may improve and solve some of the difficulties patients encounter. This study aims to gain a better understanding of the problems patients face in ostomy care and to determine how to improve these problems by an app. Method A qualitative study using six focus group interviews was conducted between March and April 2020. Patients with a stoma, representatives of patient associations and stoma-related healthcare providers participated to provide insights. A thematic content analysis method was used to analyse the transcripts. Results Participants indicated that perioperative information could be improved, information should be applicable for all patients and the amount of stoma materials to be overwhelming. Moreover, the contact with fellow peers could be utilised more and it was unclear which healthcare provider should be contacted. All participants expected an app would be beneficial. The app should provide reliable and up-to-date information which is presented in a visually attractive manner, and facilitate peer contact in which patients can support each other. Conclusion Adequate self-care and coping is essential for patients’ quality of life. A personalised, mobile app may be promising to overcome some of the problems related to adequate self-provision of stoma care at home, improving self-efficacy and overall well-being.

The implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on eating disorder features and comorbid psychopathology among adolescents with anorexia nervosa and matched controls: a comparative cohort design study

PurposeTo examine implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on eating disorder (ED) features and psychopathology in female adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN).MethodIn total 79 females with first-onset AN (aged 12–22 years) were included and were followed up across a period of 1 year. We assessed AN participants recruited pre-pandemic (n = 49) to those recruited peri-pandemic (n = 30). Pre- (n = 37) and peri-pandemic (n = 38) age-, and education-matched typically developing (TD) girls (n = 75) were used as a reference cohort. ED features and psychopathology were assessed at baseline. After 1 year of follow-up the association between pandemic timing and clinical course was assessed. Analyses of covariance were used to examine differences in ED features and psychopathology.ResultsPeri-pandemic AN participants experienced less ED symptoms at baseline compared to pre-pandemic AN participants. In particular, they were less dissatisfied with their body shape, and experienced less interpersonal insecurity. In addition, the peri-pandemic AN group met fewer DSM-IV criteria for comorbid disorders, especially anxiety disorders. In contrast, peri-pandemic AN participants had a smaller BMI increase over time. In TD girls, there were no differences at baseline in ED features and psychopathology between the pre- and peri-pandemic group.ConclusionOverall, peri-pandemic AN participants were less severely ill, compared to pre-pandemic AN participants, which may be explained by less social pressure and peer contact, and a more protective parenting style during the pandemic. Conversely, peri-pandemic AN participants had a less favorable clinical course, which may be explained by reduced access to health care facilities during the pandemic.Level of evidenceLevel III: Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies.

Better stoma care using the Stoma App: does it help? A first randomized double-blind clinical trial on the effect of mobile healthcare on quality of life in stoma patients

BackgroundReceiving a stoma significantly impacts patients’ quality of life. Coping with this new situation can be difficult, which may result in a variety of physical and psychosocial problems. It is essential to provide adequate guidance to help patients cope with their stoma, as this positively influences self-efficacy in return. Higher self-efficacy reduces psychosocial problems increasing patient’s quality of life. This study investigates whether a new mobile application, the Stoma App, improves quality of life. And if personalized guidance, timed support, and peer contact offered as an in-app surplus makes a difference.MethodsA double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted between March 2021 and April 2023. Patients aged > 18 years undergoing ileostomy or colostomy surgery, in possession of a compatible smartphone were included. The intervention group received the full version of the app containing personalized and time guidance, peer support, and generic (non-personalized) stoma-related information. The control group received a restricted version with only generic information. Primary outcome was stoma quality of life. Secondary outcomes included psychological adaption, complications, re-admittance, reoperations, and length of hospital stay.ResultsThe intervention version of the app was used by 96 patients and the control version by 112 patients. After correction for confounding, the intervention group reported a significant 3.1-point improvement in stoma-related quality of life one month postoperatively (p = 0.038). On secondary outcomes, no significant improvements could be retrieved of the intervention group.ConclusionThe Stoma App improves the quality of life of stoma patients. Peer support and personalized guidance are of significant importance in building self-efficacy. It is to be recommended to implement Stoma app—freely available software qualifying as a medical device—in standard stoma care pathways for the benefits of both patients and healthcare providers.

A blended module (STAIRS) to promote functional and personal recovery in patients with a major depressive disorder in remission: study protocol of a concurrent mixed methods randomized controlled trial

BackgroundDespite the availability of a wide variety of evidence-based treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD), many patients still experience impairments in their lives after remission. Programs are needed that effectively support patients in coping with these impairments. The program Storytelling and Training to Advance Individual Recovery Skills (STAIRS) was developed to address this need and combines the use of peer contact, expert-by-experience guidance, family support and professional blended care. The aim of the planned study is (1) to assess the efficacy of the STAIRS program in patients with remitted MDD, (2) to investigate patients’ subjective experiences with STAIRS, and (3) to evaluate the program’s cost-effectiveness.MethodsA concurrent mixed-methods randomized controlled trial design will be used. Patients aged between 18 and 65 years with remitted MDD (N = 140) will be randomized to either a group receiving care as usual (CAU) + the STAIRS-program or a control group receiving CAU + some basic psychoeducation. Quantitative efficacy data on functional and personal recovery and associated aspects will be collected using self-report questionnaires at the start of the intervention, immediately following the intervention, and at the six-month follow-up. Insights into patients’ experiences on perceived effects and the way in which different program elements contribute to this effect, as well as the usability and acceptability of the program, will be gained by conducting qualitative interviews with patients from the experimental group, who are selected using maximum variation sampling. Finally, data on healthcare resource use, productivity loss and quality of life will be collected and analysed to assess the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of the STAIRS-program.DiscussionWell-designed recovery-oriented programs for patients suffering from MDD are scarce. If efficacy and cost-effectiveness are demonstrated with this study and patients experience the STAIRS program as usable and acceptable, this program can be a valuable addition to CAU. The qualitative interviews may give insights into what works for whom, which can be used to promote implementation.Trial registrationThis trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov on 1 July 2021, registration number NCT05440812.

A personalized app to improve quality of life of patients with a stoma: A protocol for a multicentre randomized controlled trial.

Proper education, guidance and support is crucial before and following creation of a stoma. Patients with a stoma and their close relatives need to adapt to and cope with this new - and sometimes unforeseen - situation, which may result in insecurities and a variety of psychosocial problems. Self-efficacy is associated both with a reduction in psychosocial problems and with improved quality of life. The main objective of this study was to investigate whether self-reported quality of life of patients with a stoma can be enhanced by offering personalized and timed guidance, as well as peer contact, in a patient-centred mobile application. A multicentre, double-blind, randomized controlled trial will be conducted. Consented adults >18 years of age who will receive an ileostomy or colostomy and possess an eligible smartphone will be included. The intervention group will be given the full version of the application (containing personalized and timed guidance, such as operation-specific information and information on the associated care pathway) to install on their smartphone. In addition, the intervention group has access to a protected peer-support platform within the app. The control group will receive a restricted version of the application that contains only generic (non-personalized) stoma-related information. The primary outcome is quality of life, 3 months postoperatively. Secondary outcomes are Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs), such as psychological adaption, as well as number of complications, re-admission and re-operation rates and the length of hospital stay. Patient enrolment began in March 2021. Data collection was not complete when this protocol was submitted. We hypothesize that patients with a stoma who are supported by the intervention version of the app will report a significantly higher quality of life than patients with a stoma who are supported by the control version of the app (ie, are not offered personalized and timed guidance and information and do not have access to peer support in the app).

Preferences of young adults on the development of a new digital add-on alcohol intervention for depression treatment: A qualitative study

AimTo explore the preferences of young adults with regard to the development of a new digital add-on alcohol intervention to complement depression treatment. MethodsThis qualitative study included young adults (18–35 years) with experience of either problematic alcohol use or depression or both (n = 29). Two rounds of focus groups were conducted, with two focus groups in each round. All focus groups were recorded, transcribed and analysed deductively and inductively on the basis of qualitative content analysis of the intervention type, features and design. ResultsYoung adults preferred a mobile health application with a clear and simple objective and navigation which was also accessible on a computer. With regard to intervention features, participants indicated a preference for in-depth, gain-framed information on alcohol use and a main feature enabling them to record their alcohol use and mood, which would be rewarded. Other preferences included personal goal-setting and monitoring, an activity list, experience stories, peer contact, guidance from experts by experience or volunteers and receiving notifications from the application. In terms of design, participants preferred short, animated videos and animation figure illustrations to complement written text. Moreover, participants rated the design of the intervention as highly important, yet very personal. Generally, participants preferred a light pastel colour scheme. Once again, participants indicated a need for a clear dashboard using pictograms to reduce the amount of text and fast, easy-to-use navigation. ConclusionThe preferences indicated by young adults with regard to the intervention type, features and design may enhance the development of a new digital add-on alcohol intervention to complement depression treatment.

The development of adolescents' loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of peer status and contact with friends.

The COVID-19 measures raised societal concerns about increases in adolescents' loneliness. This study examined trajectories of adolescents' loneliness during the pandemic, and whether trajectories varied across students with different types of peer status and contact with friends. We followed 512 Dutch students (Mage = 11.26, SD = 0.53; 53.1% girls) from before the pandemic (Jan/Feb 2020), over the first lockdown (March-May 2020, measured retrospectively), until the relaxation of measures (Oct/Nov 2020). Latent Growth Curve Analyses (LGCA) showed that average levels of loneliness declined. Multi-group LGCA showed that loneliness declined mostly for students with a victimized or rejected peer status, which suggests that students with a low peer status prior to the lockdown may have found temporary relief from negative peer experiences at school. Students who kept all-round contact with friends during the lockdown declined in loneliness, whereas students who had little contact or who did not (video) call friends did not.

FACTORS INFLUENCING PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS' SELF-CONFIDENCE IN TEACHING DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Purpose – Pre-service teachers, who are practising teachers are exposed to numerous technical skills at university. Studies on the use of technology on pre-service teachers’ self-confidence are still in their infancy, despite the abundance of studies addressing pre-service teachers’ intention to utilise technology in online learning. Therefore, this study seeks to investigate pre-service teachers’ use of technology and their confidence in handling online classes effectively. Methodology – A survey was conducted on 93 teachers at two randomly selected universities in Malaysia during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic (March-May 2020) through online data collection. A five-point Likert scale-adapted questionnaire on preservice teachers’ perceptions of technology use, effort, and confidence was administered to the respondents. The questionnaire was validated by three experts and data were analysed empirically using structural equation modelling-partial least-squares analysis. Findings – According to the study’s findings, pre-service teachers held that technology was a great tool for online instruction and that peer contact helped them broaden their understanding about teaching. Despite this, there was no significant correlation between the use of technology and pre-service teachers’ self-confidence. Nevertheless, the effort factor was found to mediate between pre-service teachers’ confidence and technology. Significance – The results of this study provide important findings; that pre-service teachers could train their minds to put forth specific effort, such as increasing their interpersonal experience to support and enhance their online teaching. This in turn could help pre-service teachers in preparing to embark on technology-related activities to enable them to work with students more frequently and to support and enhance online education.

Fatores associados à retenção de travestis e mulheres trans vivendo com HIV em uma intervenção com navegação de pares em São Paulo, Brasil

Travestis and transgender women (TrTGW) constitute the groups with the highest HIV prevalence in the world, with higher probability of infection compared with the general population and lower adherence to prevention and treatment strategies than other vulnerable groups. Considering these challenges, this study describes the factors associated with the retention of TrTGW with HIV to the TransAmigas project. Participants were recruited from April 2018 to September 2019 in a public health service in São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 113 TrTGW were randomly assigned to either a peer navigation intervention (75) or a control group (38) and followed up for nine months. To analyze the association between the selected variables and the outcome (“retention at nine months”, regardless of contact at three months, defined by the “full completion of the final questionnaire”), bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used. Peer contact forms were qualitatively assessed to validate and complement the previous selection of quantitative component variables. Of the 113 participants, 79 (69.9%) participated in the interview after nine months, of which 54 (72%) were from the intervention group and 25 (66%) from the control group. In the final multivariate model, contact at three months (adjusted odds ratio - aOR = 6.15; 95% confidence interval - 95%CI: 2.16-17.51) and higher schooling level (≥ 12 years) (aOR = 3.26; 95%CI: 1.02-10.42) remained associated with the outcome, adjusted by race/skin color, age ≤ 35 years, and HIV serostatus disclosure. Future studies with TrTGW should include contact at regular intervals, with additional efforts aimed at participants with lower schooling level.

Factors associated with the retention of travestis and transgender women living with HIV in a peer navigation intervention in São Paulo, Brazil.

Travestis and transgender women (TrTGW) constitute the groups with the highest HIV prevalence in the world, with higher probability of infection compared with the general population and lower adherence to prevention and treatment strategies than other vulnerable groups. Considering these challenges, this study describes the factors associated with the retention of TrTGW with HIV to the TransAmigas project. Participants were recruited from April 2018 to September 2019 in a public health service in São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 113 TrTGW were randomly assigned to either a peer navigation intervention (75) or a control group (38) and followed up for nine months. To analyze the association between the selected variables and the outcome ("retention at nine months", regardless of contact at three months, defined by the "full completion of the final questionnaire"), bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used. Peer contact forms were qualitatively assessed to validate and complement the previous selection of quantitative component variables. Of the 113 participants, 79 (69.9%) participated in the interview after nine months, of which 54 (72%) were from the intervention group and 25 (66%) from the control group. In the final multivariate model, contact at three months (adjusted odds ratio - aOR = 6.15; 95% confidence interval - 95%CI: 2.16-17.51) and higher schooling level (≥ 12 years) (aOR = 3.26; 95%CI: 1.02-10.42) remained associated with the outcome, adjusted by race/skin color, age ≤ 35 years, and HIV serostatus disclosure. Future studies with TrTGW should include contact at regular intervals, with additional efforts aimed at participants with lower schooling level.

Peer Interaction in Language Learning at SMAN 1 Galis Pamekasan

This study is to finding out the ways teachers creating the peer interaction of students and the effect of the peer interaction of students on language learning at SMAN 1 Galis Pamekasan. This study facilitates the students having interaction and sharing their thought in English as well as it becomes beneficial input in language learning. This study is a qualitative research by using descriptive case study approach. This study describes in details the methods of the teachers promote student peer contact as well as the impact of student peer interaction on language acquisition. The participants of this study are the students and the teachers. Observation and interview are conducted to get the data of peer interaction and the influences of it in language learning. The results show that the way the teacher creates peer interacts with restricted English interaction and full English interaction. Peer Interaction in learning acts as an input in learning English and as a stimulus that can increase students' motivation to interact using English.

Strengthening Peer Mentoring Relationships for New Mothers: A Qualitative Analysis.

(1) Background: The transition to motherhood can be challenging, especially for first-time mothers, and can accompany maternal distress. Social support—such as that offered by peers—can be important in assisting mothers to manage such distress. Although primiparous mothers often seek out and value peer support programs, few researchers have investigated factors that may influence the strength of relationships in non-professional maternal peer support programs. Insight into these factors can be key to enhancing the success of future peer support interventions. (2) Methods: Reflexive thematic analysis was applied to data gathered from 36 semi-structured interviews conducted with 14 primiparous mothers and 17 peer mentors in a peer support program. (3) Results: Four themes related to successful mentorship were identified: expectations of peer relationship, independence of peer mentor, contact, and similarities. (4) Conclusions: For primiparous mothers who are developing their support network, these factors appear important for promoting close and effective peer support relationships. Interventions that harness the dynamics between these factors may contribute to more successful peer support relationships and mental health outcomes for participants.

Current systematic reviews of the burden of COVID-19 pandemic in children and adolescents

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is profoundly affecting life of the children and adolescents around the globe. The authors present a synthesis of the characteristics of SARS CoV-2 infection in the pediatric population. The role played by children in the transmission of infection as well as the changes related to the clinical picture and the severity of symptoms that changed during the 5 pandemic waves. Another objectives of this review was to describe the diverse facets of the burden of COVID-19 in children and adolescents. The authors presented the direct effects of hospitalization during the acute phase of the disease, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, long COVID and the sequelae after infection with the new coronavirus. In addition, the indirect effects of social isolation and interruption in education are discussed. Isolation, contact restrictions and economic shutdown impose a complete change to the psychosocial environment in affected countries. Mental health problems among children and adolescents are increasingly reported amidst the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Anxiety, lack of peer contact and reduced opportunities for stress regulation are main concerns. Another main threat is an increased risk for parental mental illness, domestic violence and child maltreatment. The burden of the COVID-19 pandemic manifested in various ways: there was an increase in poverty, a major crisis arose in education, and new threats concerning children’s health and even survival emerged.

Understanding the stress and coping experiences of undergraduate university students in the COVID-19 context: A qualitative study

Background: The various psychological challenges experienced by university students have been well- characterised. The university experience can be stressful, which can negatively impact on mental health. Student stress was further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic due to the lack of on-campus learning and peer contact. This study aims to understand the stress experiences and coping strategies of undergraduate university students in Ireland during the COVID-19 pandemic and to explore the differences between first-year and returning students’ experiences. Methods: Undergraduate students at the National University of Ireland, Galway, took part in online semi-structured interviews via Microsoft Teams. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using inductive reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Nineteen students were interviewed (10 first-years and 9 returning students). Three themes were developed in relation to perceived stressors: (1) ‘The unknown. The dragon. The fear of getting sick’ with sub-themes, ‘Fear of COVID-19’ and ‘Chronic uncertainty and negative media messages’; (2) ‘Online learning is overwhelming’ with sub-themes ‘Difficulties with university workload’ and ‘One place, same screen, same things’; (3) ‘Social isolation’ with sub-themes ‘Lack of peer contact’ and ‘Fear of missing out’. Two themes in relation to coping were also developed: (1) ‘Help each other, keep each other afloat’ and (2) ‘Focusing on the positives in a shared storm.’ First-year students described additional stressors not experienced by returning students such as navigating university for the first time remotely and making friends virtually. Conclusion: All students struggled with various additional stressors due to the COVID-19 situation, particularly first-year students who experienced additional stressors while adjusting to university in a pandemic context. All students described coping strategies to help manage stress, which may be useful in developing future interventions and mental health supports for university students.

Gloomy and out of control? Consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on momentary optimism in daily lives of adolescents

In the global COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents are regarded as especially burdened due to school closures and leisure activities being banned, often reducing peer contacts to zero. Experiencing restrictions while being uninvolved in decision-making processes left them with little control over their daily lives. Meanwhile, research highlights that optimism can act as a buffer against the impact of daily hassles and is considered an important resource for mental health. To understand the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for adolescents' lives, this study examined how momentary perceived control and perceived personal and societal consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic relate to momentary optimism. Using experience-sampling data from N = 242 (Mage = 15.89; 86% female) adolescents assessed during the second pandemic wave in Germany, multilevel modeling revealed positive associations between adolescents’ momentary perceived control and their momentary optimism at both the within- and between-person level. Additionally, perceived consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic showed specific associations with momentary optimism: Whereas perceived societal consequences were directly related to lower momentary optimism, perceived personal consequences strengthened the relationship between momentary perceived control and optimism. These findings highlight the role of perceived control as an important resource for optimism both as a general tendency and within specific situations in daily life. This way, our results may shed light on how to support adolescent optimism during states of emergency, such as a worldwide pandemic.