Citrus Sinensis Peel Research Articles

Antibacterial Activity of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peel Tea against Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from a Water Depot

Most orange peels are not utilized and become useless waste that is thrown away. Orange peels contain many nutrients and compounds, such as flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and essential oils, which are secondary metabolites that act as antibacterial agents. This study intends to investigate the antibacterial activity of sweet orange peel tea against isolated Enterobacteriaceae from a random water depot sample around Universitas Prima Indonesia. This experiment used disc diffusion for antibacterial assay. Meanwhile, the sweet orange peel was brewed using two different methods, including infusion and decoction, in two different masses (3 grams and 5 grams). These sweet orange peel tea formulations were compared to standard (chloramphenicol) and control (distilled water). Enterobacteriaceae was isolated and identified from a random water depot sample around Universitas Prima Indonesia, which included colony identification in EMB agar and MacConkey agar, gram staining, and biochemical test. This study showed that a random water depot sample contaminated by Enterobacteriaceae had properties similar to Citrobacter sp. Sweet orange tea formulation inhibited this isolated Enterobacteriaceae growth (P-Value: 0.010). Antibacterial activity was observed in 3-gram infusion, 5-gram infusion, and 5-gram decoction. However, the antibacterial activity was not better than the standard (chloramphenicol). Overall, it can be concluded that the sweet orange peel tea as infusion or decoction has weak antibacterial activity against Enterobacteriaceae bacteria isolated from water depots, which had some properties similar to Citrobacter sp.

Sub-Acute Toxicity Assay of the smoke of Seeds of Azadirachta indica and Peels of Citrus sinensis used as natural insecticides on the Liver, Kidney, Lungs and Heart of Albino Rats

Abstract Natural plant parts such as seeds of Azadirachta indica (neem seeds) and peels of Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) have been used as house-hold remedies against various ailments and bio-pesticides for agricultural purpose due to their repellent, growth regulatory and anti-feedant properties against insects. Despite their beneficial role, these natural insecticides could also have toxic effects on some vital organs of human. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the sub-acute toxicity of smoke of the Seeds of Azadirachta indica and Peels of Citrus sinensis on the liver, kidney, lungs and heart of swiss albino rats. In this study, three groups of white swiss albino rats were exposed to the smoke of A indica seeds, peels of C sinensis and their combination at different duration of one hour and two hours respectively. The Control group were not exposed to any of the natural insecticides and were fed normal diet and water. After four weeks of the treatment, the animals were all sacrificed and their liver, kidneys, lung and heart were evaluated using standard biochemical and histopathological techniques. The levels of serum biochemical indices for liver (aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin and protein), kidneys (urea, creatinine and electrolytes), and heart (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase) were found to be significantly higher at (p<0.05) for all the groups treated with the two natural insecticides when compared to control group. Histopathological changes including fibrosis, hemorrhages, vascular congestion and necrosis were observed in the liver, kidneys and lungs tissues of the rats exposed to the smoke of the seeds of A indica. However, no histopathological changes were observed in all organs of rats exposed to the smoke of the peels of C sinensis compared to control group. Moreover, the severity of the effects of smoke of these natural insecticides on both biochemical and histopathological indices increases with increase in duration of exposure. The results of this study revealed that seeds of A indica have significant toxic effects on both the tissue and biochemical markers of all the major organs of the Swiss albino rats, while peels of C sinensis shows effect on only the biochemical indices at the specific duration of time studied.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of gold nanoparticles synthesized employing fruit peel extract of Citrus sinensis L.Osbeck

Abstract Nanoparticle biosynthesis has attained a lot of attention because of its cost-efficiency and eco-friendly process. Only limited studies are available which explain the interrelationship between physical parameters (pH, gold concentration, extract concentration, and temperature) and biological synthesis mechanism. The goal of this study was to predict the antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory activity of biosynthesized gold nanoparticles utilizing Citrus sinensis peel extract. The initial colour shift from yellow to ruby red served as proof that nanoparticles had been successfully synthesized. The nanoparticles that were synthesized underwent various characterization techniques such as AFM (Atomic Force Microscope), FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), FESEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), and UV–vis spectroscopy to examine their properties. Further, the synthesis method was optimized for different pH, various gold concentrations, extract concentrations, and temperatures. The nanoparticles displayed good activity as a powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Advanced studies are necessary to explore their therapeutic property.

In-silico analysis of ethanol peel extract of Citrus sinensis on mercury chloride-induced prefrontal cortex damage in Wistar rat

This study evaluated the effect of ethanolic extract of Citrus sinensis peel on mercury chloride-induced changes in the prefrontal cortex of adult Wistar rats. Twenty-five Wistar rats were purchased and divided into five groups containing five animals in each group. Group 1 was administered with distilled water, Group 2, Group 3, Group 4, and Group 5 were administered with 5 mg/kg of mercury chloride only, 5 mg/kg of mercury chloride and 140 mg/kg Silymarin, 5 mg/kg mercury chloride and 1000 mg/kg of ethanoic extract of orange peel, and 5 mg/kg mercury chloride and 1500 mg/kg of ethanoic extract of orange peel. All administration was done orally and the administration lasted for 14 days. The animals were sacrificed humanely using 75 mg/kg ketamine intraperitoneally and prefrontal was dissected out. Part was homogenized in 0.1M phosphate buffered saline for the estimation of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities, and Malondialdehyde (MDA) level and the other part was fixed by immersion in 10 neutral buffered formal-saline for histological evaluation. The chemical structure of sixteen compounds from Citrus sinensis peel obtained from GC-MS analysis reported in the literature were retrieved from the PubChem compound database and the crystal structure of human peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma (PPARγ; PDB:ID: 2P4Y) reported to increase the expression of catalase gene, human extracellular copper-zinc superoxide dismutase enzyme (PDB ID: 2JLP) and mammalian 15-lipoxygenase - 1 enzyme (PDB ID: 2P0M) responsible for the production of lipid peroxidation were retrieved from the PDB database. Ligands and protein preparation, docking and MM-GBSA relative binding free energy calculation were done in Maestro 2023.1. Data obtained was analyzed using the IBM SPSS (version 25) using one-way ANOVA and p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The results indicate that the MDA level in control Group(13.29±1.183 μmol) is statistically significantly lower compared to the Group 2 (21.88±1.96 μmol), group 3 (27.44±3.52 μmol), Group 4 (22.20±1.16 μmol) and Group 5 (25.40±3.13 μmol). No statistically significant difference was observed in SOD activity. The CAT activities in control group (53.51±6.83 nmol/ml) was statistically significantly lower compared to the group 2 (26.21±3.70 nmol/ml), Group 3 (27.17±5.32 nmol/ml), Group 4 (25.30±4.24 nmol/ml) and Group5 (26.59±4.22 nmol/ml).The present study suggests, ethanolic extract of Citrus sinensis peel have protective effects on mercury-induced changes in prelimbic part of the prefrontal cortex of adult Wistar rats.

Biochemical and histological analysis of ethanol peel extract of Citrus sinensis on mercury chloride-induced prefrontal cortex damage in Wistar rats

Mercury is one of the heavy metals which is found extensively in many environmental and certain occupational settings. It is the third most dangerous heavy metal and its toxicity causes serious risks to health through unfavorable pathological and biochemical effects. Sweet orange is the fruit of the citrus species (Citrus sinensis) in the family Rutaceae.. Over time there has been increasing interest in the utilization of these peels for both nutritional and medicinal purposes. Studies have reported the antioxidant potential of orange peel oil in laboratory rodents, indicating its protective effect against oxidative stress-mediated ailments. The study evaluated the effect of ethanolic extract of Citrus sinensis peel on mercury chloride-induced changes in the prefrontal cortex of adult Wistar rats. Twenty-five Wistar rats were purchased and divided into five groups containing five animals in each group. Group 1 was administered with distilled water, Group 2, Group 3, Group 4, and Group 5 were administered with 5 mg/kg of mercury chloride only, 5 mg/kg of mercury chloride and 140 mg/kg Silymarin, 5 mg/kg mercury chloride and 1000 mg/kg of ethanoic extract of orange peel, and 5 mg/kg mercury chloride and 1500 mg/kg of ethanoic extract of orange peel. All administration was done orally and the administration lasted for 14 days. The animals were sacrificed humanely using 75 mg/kg ketamine intraperitoneally and prefrontal was dissected out. Part was homogenized in 0.1M phosphate buffered saline for the estimation of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities, and Malondialdehyde (MDA) level and the other part was fixed by immersion in 10 neutral buffered formal-saline for histological evaluation. The results indicate that the MDA level in control Group(13.29±1.183 μmol) is statistically significantly lower compared to the Group 2 (21.88±1.96 μmol), group 3 (27.44±3.52 μmol), Group 4 (22.20±1.16 μmol) and Group 5 (25.40±3.13 μmol). No statistically significant different that was observed in SOD activity. It CAT activities in control group (53.51±6.83 nmol/ml) is statistically significantly lower compared to the group 2 (26.21±3.70 nmol/ml), Group 3 (27.17±5.32 nmol/ml), Group 4 (25.30±4.24 nmol/ml) and Group5 (26.59±4.22 nmol/ml). Protective role of the extract was observed from the histological evaluation. This study suggests that ethanolic extract of Citrus sinensis peel have protective effects on mercury-induced changes in prelimbic part of the prefrontal cortex of adult Wistar rats.

Assessment of Nutritional Profile, Phytochemical Screening, and Bioactivities of Citrus Sinensis Peel Extract

Assessment of Nutritional Profile, Phytochemical Screening, and Bioactivities of Citrus Sinensis Peel Extract

Evaluation of Polyphenol Profile from Citrus Peel Obtained by Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent/Ultrasound Extraction

Citrus fruits are widely consumed worldwide; however, one of their primary uses is juice production, resulting in over 40 million tons of agro-industrial waste. Citrus peel is the main agro-industrial by-product in citrus production. In recent years, secondary metabolites of interest, mainly polyphenols such as hesperidin, have been identified in citrus peels. Currently, green alternatives like natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) based on choline chloride and glucose (Glu), combined with ultrasound-assisted extraction, are studied to obtain polyphenol-rich extracts with potential health applications. This study aims to evaluate the effect of: (1) molar ratios (MR) of 1:0.5, 1:1 or 1:2 mol/mol of choline chloride (ChCl):glucose (Glu); (2) the percentage of added water (WA: 50, 60 or 70%) to NADES; and (3) different citrus peels of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange), Citrus sinensis (sweet orange), and Citrus limon (lemon) used for extraction, on polyphenol profiles, total polyphenol content (TPC), and antioxidant capacity (Ax) of the extracts. The extracts were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and evaluated using the Folin–Ciocalteu method for TPC and DPPH assay for quantifying AC. A factorial experimental design 33 was implemented. The extract obtained with an MR of 1:1 (ChCl:Glu) from Citrus aurantium peel exhibited the highest concentration of hesperidin (2003.37 ± 10.91 mg/100 g dry mass), whereas an MR of 1:2 (ChCl:Glu) exhibited the highest concentration of neohesperidin (1045.94 ± 1.27 mg/100 g dry mass), both using 60% WA. This extract also showed the highest antioxidant capacity, achieving 100% inhibition. On the other hand, the highest concentration of total phenolic content (TPC) (96.23 ± 0.83 mg GAE/100 g dry mass) was obtained using C. aurantium peel with an MR of 1:0.5 (ChCl:Glu) and 60% WA. The extracts also presented high concentrations of rutin and catechin. These findings highlight the potential of revalorizing citrus peels, particularly Citrus aurantium, and their extracts obtained with NADES for possible health applications.

Physicochemical Properties of Ethiopian Orange (Citrus Sinensis) Peels and Extracted Pectin by Varieties

Physicochemical Properties of Ethiopian Orange (Citrus Sinensis) Peels and Extracted Pectin by Varieties

Supercritical fluid extraction of coumarins and flavonoids from citrus peel

The production manufacture of juices generates a large amount of waste consisting mainly of fruit peels. The peels are source of molecules such as coumarins and flavonoids. In this study, the peels of Citrus limonia, Citrus deliciosa, Citrus latifolia and Citrus sinensis were the raw material for supercritical fluid extraction. The Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the global yield in function of process variables. The chemical analysis of the extract was carried out by LC-MS and GC-MS. CFD was applied to the mass and momentum conservation equations in the study of supercritical extraction using citrus peels, which allowed the determination of unknown parameters of the bidimensional mathematical model. The flavonoids, nobiletin, sinensetin and tangeretin, as well as the coumarin, citropten, were identified in all species investigated. The maximum global yield obtained were 3.93 % for Citrus limonia, 4.18 % for Citrus deliciosa, 3.48 % for Citrus latifolia and 5.32 % for Citrus sinensis.

Studies on sensory qualities of shrikhand incorporated with orange (Citrus sinensis) peel powder

Studies on sensory qualities of shrikhand incorporated with orange (Citrus sinensis) peel powder

Creation of Silver-Gold Alloy Nanoparticles Using Citrus sinensis Peel Extract and Their Antibacterial Efficacy

Creation of Silver-Gold Alloy Nanoparticles Using Citrus sinensis Peel Extract and Their Antibacterial Efficacy

Phytocure drug alternatives to manage antimicrobial resistance in poultry transmitted human pathogens

ABSTRACT This research aimed to explore natural, cost-effective alternatives to conventional antibiotics, focusing on Citrus sinensis peel and Moringa oleifera leaf extracts. The objectives were to extract, characterize, and evaluate the antimicrobial potential of these extracts against common poultry pathogens. The proximate analysis of M. oleifera leaf powder revealed 22% protein, 10% fat, 10% ash, and 10% fiber. Phytochemical screening of both aqueous and ethanol extracts of M. oleifera and orange peel indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and total phenolics. These extracts exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against bacterial strains like E. coli, S. gallinarum, P. aeruginosa, B. cereus, Campylobacter, S. aureus and M. gallisepticum. In a study involving 30 broilers, those treated with M. oleifera extract showed superior antibacterial effects compared to other treatment groups. These findings suggest that M. oleifera leaf extract could serve as an effective, affordable alternative to antibiotics in broiler diets, potentially improving disease management in the poultry industry.

Green Synthesis of Silver Oxide-Nickel Oxide Bimetallic Nanoparticles Using Peels of Citrus Sinensis and their Application

Green Synthesis of Silver Oxide-Nickel Oxide Bimetallic Nanoparticles Using Peels of Citrus Sinensis and their Application

Bio-efficacy of Essential Oil Extracted from Locally Available Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peels from Nepal

Essential oils from various plants are valued for their therapeutic, aromatic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. The majority of them are employed in cleaning procedures, aromatherapy, stress reduction, food flavouring and preservation, and beauty products. The present investigation focuses on elucidating the chemical composition along with the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of essential oil extracted from locally available orange (Citrus sinensis) peels, mainly exploring its bio-efficacy. The antibacterial property was studied against the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli and the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. The analysis results revealed significant antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition of 4 mm and 5.5 mm, respectively. The antifungal property was studied against the opportunistic pathogenic yeast Candida albicans, which showed positive activity, producing 4.5 mm of zone of inhibition. The antioxidant activity of the oil was determined using DPPH free radical scavenging assay, which showed an IC50 value of 1.3532 µL/mL. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the essential oil as determined using some standard colour-developing methods showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, cardiac glycosides, and saponins. The above results were validated by FT-IR and GC/MS analysis. The FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of nitrogen-containing and oxygen-containing functional groups. The GC/MS analysis showed the presence of limonene, d-limonene, 1S-α-Pinene, 1R-α-Pinene, β-myrcene, linalool, α-humulene, α-terpineol, etc. These findings demonstrated that orange peels from Nepal that are readily available locally could be a source of compounds with antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties.

GOLD RECOVERY USING CITRUS SINENSIS PEELS AS BIOADSORBENT

The recovery of gold from electronic waste using locally available and environmentally friendly materials were investigated. Bio-adsorbent for gold recovery was prepared from Citrus sinensis peels through mechanical processing and chemical modification. Some ceramic computer processor units were leached using aqua-regia as lixiviant. Gold was recovered from the solution using the prepared bio-adsorbent and Sodium Meta Bisulphite (SMB). The recovery efficiency of the bio-adsorbent was determined and results compared to that of SMB. The adsorption of gold at different contact times was determined and the concentration of gold in solution was found using Agilent 4100 Micro Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (MP-AES). The results obtained showed that the bio-adsorbent has an adsorption capacity of 98.4% for gold and an adsorption kinetics correlation coefficient of 0.99989. This is comparable with SMB which has 95.4%. adsorption capacity and an adsorption kinetics correlation coefficient of 0.98597. The higher adsorption capacity of the bio-adsorbent is attributed to the binding sites and the chemical modification which increases the reducing properties of the functional groups present in the Citrussinensis peels.

Silver nanoparticles from orange peel extract: Colorimetric detection of Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions with a chemometric approach

Green silver nanoparticles (AgNPs@OPE) were obtained by using orange (citrus sinensis) peel water extract (OPE) that acts as a reducing and capping agent. This procedure permits the valorisation of waste as orange peel, and lowers the environmental impact of the process, with respect to the conventional synthetic procedure. The OPE extract reduced Ag(I) to Ag(0) in alkaline conditions, and stabilised the produced nanoparticles as a capping agent. The AgNPs@OPE were deeply characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, SEM analysis and DLS analysis and successively used as colorimetric sensors for different metals in aqueous solution. The colourimetric assay showed that AgNPs@OPE were able to detect Pb2+ and Cd2+, as demonstrated by the splits of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band accompanied by the formation of a second new band; these spectral modification resulted in a colour change, from pristine nanoparticles’ yellow to brown, due to the aggregation process. For the quantification of each of the two target cations, a calibration was performed by using the univariate linear regression, within the linearity ranges, exploiting the absorbance ratio between the main SPR band and the new band relative to the aggregate formation. Then a multivariate approach was followed to perform both Cd2+ and Pb2+ quantification by means of Partial Least Square regression (PLS) and target cations distinction by Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) applied on Principal Components Analysis (PCA) outputs, in both cases using the entire UV–Vis spectra (350–800 nm) as input data. Finally, the ability to quantify and distinguish between Cd2+ and Pb2+ was tested in tap water samples spiked with the two cations in order to confirm the application of the AgNPs@OPE as selective sensor in real samples.

Green synthesis of magnetic silver nanocomposite: the photocatalytic performance of nanocomposite to decolorize organic dyes

ABSTRACT The magnetite-silver nanocomposites (Fe3O4-Ag NCs) were synthesized via a facile and green process by Citrus sinensis peel extract. The deposition of silver nanoparticles (NPs) was confirmed by observing an absorption peak at the maximum wavelength at 422 nm in the suspension solution of samples, which is related to silver surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The characteristic diffraction patterns of Fe3O4 and Ag phases were characterized utilizing the XRD patterns and the average size of the crystals was 21 nm. The photocatalytic behavior of Fe3O4-Ag NCs was studied for the destruction of three organic dyes methyl green (MG), methyl orange (MO), and methylene blue (MB) below UV radiation. The effect of the amount of photocatalyst and volume of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant in the process of dye degradation was also investigated. The complete degradation time of dyes MB, MG, and MO under UV irradiation in the presence of 0.002 g Fe3O4-Ag NCs were 57, 33, and 49 min, respectively. The time of degradation reactions showed the high photocatalytic performance of Fe3O4-Ag NCs. These results proved that the synergistic effect of magnetite in the role of supporting the silver NPs was a significant contribution to the excellent decolorization behavior of Fe3O4-Ag NCs.

MOLECULAR DETECTION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CITRUS SINENSIS PEEL EXTRACTS AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIA ISOLATED FROM WOUNDS

The global rise of resistant bacteria threatens the effectiveness of antibiotics, recommending that herbs' natural chemical constituents could provide alternative antimicrobial and insecticidal properties. The study evaluated Citrus sinensis peel extracts' impact on bacterial species isolated from wound samples collected from six hospitals. Quantitative Phytochemical analysis was conducted on the Citrus sinensis peel extracts, Isolates were tested biochemically and molecularly for detection and confirmation of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia. The study assessed the antibacterial activity of Citrus sinensis peel extracts using agar disc diffusion method, revealing significant bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, glycosides, and tannins. The extracts effectivity against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia comes from its bioactive phytochemical components. The result from the morphological and biochemical tests revealed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus epidermis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter spp but only Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia were confirmed by molecular method with a sequence identity of 99.35% and 97.41% respectively when analyzed using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) of the NCBI package. The study revealed that Citrus sinensis peel extracts showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia at different concentrations and Ciprofloxacin as a control. The ethanolic extract showed high activity, while the aqueous extracts showed significant activity. The study suggests Citrus sinensis peel has potential as an antibacterial agent for wound infection treatment, suggesting the need for its phytochemical composition quantification and purification.

Sustainable pectin-based film for carrying phenolic compounds and essential oil from Citrus sinensis peel waste

Currently, food science faces the challenge of finding methods to deliver functional and nutritional compounds in ready-to-eat products. Biopolymeric films enriched with essential oils are an emerging strategy for incorporating valuable components into edible carrier matrices. This study investigated the wastewater from orange peel hydrodistillation as a source of phenolic compounds and an innovative ingredient to develop bioactive limonene-loaded pectin-based films, addressing waste disposal challenges by developing a multi-functional packaging material. The objective was to evaluate the effects of formulation synergies, particularly pectin-phenolic interactions, on the physicochemical, rheological properties, and essential oil retention capacity of film-forming emulsions, and then assess the effects on the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the films. Films were analyzed for morphology, water vapor permeability, light transmittance, mechanical, chemical, and physical properties, and encapsulation efficiency. Three formulations were evaluated: pectin control (PC), pectin with Tween-80 surfactant (PT), and pectin with phenolic-rich wastewater (PPW). PPW emulsions displayed higher viscosity, consistency, kinetic stability, and essential oil retention compared to PC. The resulting environmentally-friendly films exhibited increased thickness, improved oil droplet distribution, a more crystalline structure, lower clarity, better flexibility, and increased water vapor permeability. Altered FTIR spectrum bands suggested potential pectin-phenolic interactions, influencing film physicochemical properties through mechanisms such as enhanced crosslinking. The PT film-forming emulsion demonstrated lower kinetic stability and less homogeneity than PC and PPW, showing that the use of the commercial surfactant (0.1g/100 g of film-forming emulsion) led to less favorable performance in terms of emulsion stability and film properties compared to PPW and PC. Conclusively, utilizing orange residue for bioactive pectin-based films offers valuable insights for promoting shelf life, reducing the need for formulation surfactants, and adding nutritional value in food applications, while simultaneously repurposing underutilized waste. This research also contributes to insights into the development of more stable emulsions for creating uniform films.

Biogenic silver nanoparticle synthesis using orange peel extract and its multifaceted biomedical application.

The aim of this study was to employ an agro-industrial byproduct, specifically Citrus sinensis peels, as a reservoir of polyphenols. The natural chemicals present in C. sinensis peels serve as reducing agents in an environmentally benign method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). This methodology not only provides a more environmentally friendly method for synthesizing nanoparticles but also enhances the value of agricultural waste, emphasizing the sustainable utilization of resources. In our study, AgNPs were successfully synthesized using peel aqueous exact of C. sinensis and then their various biological activity has been investigated. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. Furthermore, their effectiveness in inhibiting growth and biofilm formation of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans has been investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for E. coli and S. aureus were both 32μg/mL, and for C. albicans, it was 128µg/mL. At 250µg/mL of AgNPs, 94% and 92% biofilm inhibition were observed against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Furthermore, AgNPs demonstrated significant toxic effects against human prostate cancer cell line DU145 as investigated by anti-apoptotic, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) assays. We also conducted uptake analysis on these pathogens and cancer cell lines to preliminarily investigate the mechanisms underlying their toxic effects. These findings confirm that AgNPs can serve as a cost-effective, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly resource for green synthesis of medicinal AgNPs. Moreover, this approach offers an alternative recycling strategy that contributes to the sustainable use of biological by-products.