Peel Starch Research Articles

A closed-loop sustainable method for the fabrication of electrospun nanofiber using food waste for filtration of particulate matters (PMs) and volatile organic matter (VOCs) from air

Indoor air pollution significantly impacts human health and the environment. Humans suffer the greatest health burden due to inefficient combustion technologies and polluted fuels. Therefore, air filtration is essential for a healthy and prosperous household. This study aims to develop a sustainable approach for the fabrication of biodegradable electrospun nanofibers (ENs) as air filters from food waste materials and offer a closed-loop circular solution and potential replacement for non-biodegradable HEPA air filters. We have tested banana peel extract (BPE), eggshell membrane, chitosan, and starch blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for fabricating ENs. Among the nanofibers investigated for air filtration application, BPE/PVA nanofiber shows the best performance in terms of maximum particulate matter (PM) removal efficiency and minimum pressure drop while incorporating > 50 % of the food waste into the electrospinning solution. Adding BPE into a 10 % PVA solution leads to a reduction in the hydrophilic behavior of the BPE/PVA nanofiber as compared to neat 10 % PVA ENs. The BPE/PVA nanofiber shows minimum pressure drop (156–160 Pa) and highest quality factor (Qf) in comparison with other waste-derived nanofibers with > 98 % filtration efficiency of PM2.5. Further, BPE/PVA nanofiber shows the highest adsorption of xylene vapor among other food waste derived nanofibers studied. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that BPE based nanofiber shows the best performance as air filter media among all other food waste-based ENs. The study demonstrates a successful regeneration and reuse of the BPE/PVA filter up to 3 cycles. The leftover material from banana peels after BPE extraction was utilized as a soil ameliorant. It showed 55 % soil water retention (SWR) capacity, making it possible to apply in arid regions or crops with high water requirements.

Синтез биоразлагаемого пластика из банановой кожуры с глицерином в качестве пластификатора

Biodegradable plastic from banana peel is durable and transparent. It breaks down naturally in the environment and can substitute traditional petroleum plastic, which is a source of pollution due to its slow degradation. This research is intended to improve the physical properties of biodegradable film obtained by the casting solution method from an Aceh variety of wak banana peel starch with glycerol as a plasticizer. The authors relied on a factorial completely randomized design with two replications. The variables included the concentrations of wak banana peel starch (6, 8, and 10%) and glycerol (2, 5, and 8%). The data were subjected to the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The physical tests covered tensile strength, elongation, water absorption, and biodegradation. The functional groups of biodegradable films were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The morphological structure was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The biodegradation test lasted for two and four days. The sample with less banana peel starch (6–8%) degraded faster. Higher glycerol concentrations (5–15%) affected the weight of the samples. The plastic samples with 15% glycerol degraded faster than the samples with minimal glycerol amount. A greater concentration of wak banana peel starch significantly affected tensile strength and elongation while the effect on water content and water absorption capacity was insignificant. Glycerol concentration affected water content and tensile strength, but had no significant effect on water absorption capacity and elongation. The ratio between the concentrations of wak banana peel starch and glycerol had a significant effect on tensile strength and water absorption capacity. The best results belonged to the sample with 8% wak banana peel starch and 2% glycerol. The research provided new options for utilizing banana peels as biodegradable packaging and an alternative to traditional plastic. The commercialization and scalability of this ecologically friendly plastic require furth er research.

Synthesis and characterization of etherified cationic starch flocculant derived from Manihot esculenta peel with varying degrees of substitution

Cationic Manihot esculenta (ME) peel starch was synthesized through etherification method using 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC) as cationizing monomer. The optimization of the main factors influencing the degree of substitution (DS) was conducted using central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM). The factors assessed include CHPTAC concentration, catalyst sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration, and reaction time. The DS values of the cationic starches were obtained between 0.39 and 0.99. The maximum DS value was up to 0.99 at 0.615 mol/L of CHPTAC, 30 % (w/v) NaOH, and a reaction time of 5 h. The finding based on the optimization using RSM reflected that CHPTAC and NaOH concentrations are the key variables determining the DS value, while reaction time has a negligible impact on the etherification process. Furthermore, the chemical composition, morphology, and structure of the cationic ME peel starch were characterized by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR). It was confirmed that the modifying monomers penetrated the surface layer of the starch granules and attached to the starch backbone.

Dielectric barrier discharge plasma: A green and novel method to change the structure of taro peel starch and improve the physicochemical properties of taro peel starch films

AbstractThe present study examined the impact of dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma treatment on the physicochemical characteristics of taro peel starch (TPS) and its films. This work reports for the first time on using native and modified TPS in the casting procedure to develop packaging films. The results showed that, as plasma exposure voltage and treatment time prolonged, the pH, 955 cm−1/1022 cm−1, % crystallinity, and turbidity of TPS significantly decreased, while amylose content, solubility, and 1047 cm−1/1022 cm−1 of TPS increased considerably. Despite this, modified TPS‐based films have comparatively smooth and homogeneous surfaces. Moreover, the modified starch‐based film exhibited the lowest water vapor permeability, elongation at break, and solubility, while highest opacity and tensile strength.

Production of Glucose Syrup Derived from Cassava Peel Starch Using Amylase Enzyme from Green Bean Seed Sprout Extract (Phaseolus radiatus L.)

The production of glucose syrup derived from cassava peels starch using amylase enzyme from green bean seed sprout extract (Phaseolus radiatus L.) has been carried out by isolating the enzyme from the green bean seed sprouts extract then purified by precipitation using ammonium sulphate with the saturation of 60% (w/v). Amylase enzyme activity was determined using the Nelson Somogyi method. The research results obtained the activity of the amylase enzyme in the deposition of 60% ammonium sulphate at 12.22 U/mL. Amylase enzyme was applied as a hydrolyzed starch from cassava peels with a weight ratio of raw material with water 10% (w / v) to produce glucose syrup with the addition of 0.25% enzyme; 0.5%; 0.75%; 1% (v / v). The glucose syrup obtained was then tested for viscosity, reducing sugars, water content, ash content, and organoleptics. The best glucose syrup analysis results from adding 1% amylase enzyme with a viscosity value of 238.71cP, water content of 12.45%, reduction sugar content of 33.81%, ash content of 0.49%, and dextrose equivalent value of 50.16%.

Incorporating Graphene Nanofiller for the Improvement of Hydrophobic Properties of Cassava Peel Starch Bioplastic

Cassava starch bioplastics have been known well as an alternative plastic replacing conventional petrochemical plastics, which have difficulty degrading rapidly in the environment. Cassava peels as waste is a potential eco-friendly starch source for biodegradable plastic. This study investigated the effect of graphene as a nanofiller on the hydrophobic properties of cassava peel starch film. Bioplastic was synthesized using the melt blending method by adding graphene in various amounts, which were 3 wt%, 5 wt%, and 7 wt%. Graphene was found to be able to increase the contact angle of the films up to 93° with the addition of 5 wt%. Graphene also affects water absorption properties. These results indicate that the hydrophobic properties of cassava peel starch films could be modified by adding graphene nanofiller.

Characterization of a bioplastic spoon based on kepok banana (Musa acuminata balbisiana C.) starch with the addition of areca nut shells (Areca catechu L.) and glycerol

Bioplastic spoon is one of the complementary packaging for food products, especially instant food, its massive use makes plastic spoon waste contribute to reduce the plastic waste that is dumped into the environment. This study aims to produce and characterize bioplastic spoons made from kepok banana peel starch with areca nut shells as fillers and glycerol as plasticizer which is environmentally friendly. This study consisted of four stages, such as the stage of making Kepok Banana Peel starch, the stage of extracting cellulose rind of Areca Nut, the stage of making bioplastic spoons and the stage of testing parameters. Various concentration of the cellulose (0%; 5%; 15%; and 20% w/w) and glycerol (0 mL; 2 mL; 3 mL and 5 mL) was added to the mixture that contain 8 g of kepok banana peel starch and 150 mL of aquadest. Then, the mixture was moulded to spoon mold that made from flexi glass material and dried in an oven at a temperature of 60 0C for 5 hours and stored in the desiccator. The results showed that the properties of the bioplastic spoon such as tensile strength were decreased while more concentration of the areca nut shells and Glycerol was added. For the elongation of the bioplastic spoon, the addition of areca nut shells and glycerol can increased the elongation of bioplastic spoon. The SEM results show that the bioplastic spoon have a rough or unsmooth surface due to undissolved starch and cellulose fibers. Meanwhile for the biodegradation of the bioplastic spoon, the addition of areca nut shells and glycerol can increased the biodegradation of bioplastic spoon. In conclusion, these results indicate that the addition of areca nut shells and glycerol affects the properties of bioplastic spoon.

Comparative Analysis of Natural and Artificial Coagulants

Abstract: Turbidity is the measure of relative clarity of a liquid. It is an optical characteristic of water and is a measurement of the amount of light that is scattered by material in the water when a lightis shined through the water sample. The higher the intensity of scattered light, the higher the turbidity Turbidity in the water creates both aesthetic and health issues. Surface water treatment plants remove particles because they can cause objectionable appearances, tastes, and odour and can interfere with disinfection. A wide range of natural coagulants, such as moringa seeds, banana peel, jatropha curcas, cassava peel starch, watermelon, pawpaw, beans, nirmali seeds, papaya seeds, organic dry hibiscus and okra have been studied previously. Natural coagulants in powder forms are usually added directly to wastewater. The most commonly used inorganic chemical coagulants in water treatment. Aluminium sulfate Al2(SO4)3 is the most commonly used chemical for coagulation in wastewater treatment. Additional commonly used coagulants include sodium aluminate NaAIO₂, ferric sulphate Fe2(SO4)3 and ferric chloride FeCl3.

Development of food packaging bioplastic from potato peel starch incorporated with rice husk silica using response surface methodology comprehending central composite design

Rice husk and sweet potato peel are agricultural waste with high potential and economic interest. The utilization of these materials in product development will provide substantial improvement toward waste reduction. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a food packaging bioplastic using potato peel and rice husk. The optimization of three parameters (ratio of silica, the volume of glycerol and volume poured) was set in Design Expert Software version 13 to find the best formulation. The software set eighteen formulations to measure advanced bioplastic thickness, density, and moisture content. The optimum formulation exhibits thickness, density and moisture content with the value of 1.87 mm, 0.196 g/mL and 31.224%, respectively. In response surface methodology, bioplastic formulation was optimized using central composite design (CCD). The statistical model displayed an excellent fit with standard deviation, R2 data. The R2 for thickness was 0.8946, while 0.9516 for density and 0.96 for moisture content. These values were close to 1, indicating the significant effect on the tested conditions to get the optimum formulation.

Modification of Cassava Peel Starch, Substituting Chitosan and Seaweed: Production of High Quality Edible Film

Biodegradable packaging materials from biomass have been proven to be effective and efficient in improving the quality of materials food because it has the advantages of long shelf life, biodegradable, safe for health and cheap easy to use. The aim of the research is to determine the best formulation and water vapor rate properties as well as the mechanical properties of edible film based on cassava peel starch with the addition of palm oil and chitosan. The method used to determine the best formulation of edible film by making cassava peel starch, mixing raw materials and printing edibles film. Next, the water vapor rate and mechanical properties tests were carried out which included tensile strength tests, elongation tests and biodegradation tests. Results What was obtained from this research was the optimum concentration, namely 5 gr of cassava starch, 2 ml glycerol, 2 grams chitosan and 1 ml Palm oil with edible film characteristics was obtained respectively for the water vapor transmission rate test of 15.37 gr/hour.m2, tensile strength test of 0.66 MPa, elongation test of 4.05%, thickness test of 0.17 mm, and biodegrability test for 2 Sunday.

Keunggulan pati kulit singkong (Manihot esculenta) sebagai bahan pembuatan edible film ramah lingkungan

The use of plastic packaging is difficult to decompose by microbes, this raises the idea of making edible films in food packaging. Cassava peel starch can be the main component material in making this edible film, because its content can be used as an edible film making material and can reduce cassava peel waste. The aim is to understand and recognize the effectiveness of making edible film from cassava peel starch because the utilization of cassava peel as agroindustrial waste of cassava processing can be useful to reduce the amount of cassava peel waste and the use of plastic. The research method used is the literature study method. Cassava peel is the most effective material for making edible film. Researchers should conduct further research related to the use of natural materials that can make edible films more durable than before.

In vitro gastric digestion of polysaccharides in mixed dispersions: Evaluating the contribution of human salivary α-amylase on starch molecular breakdown

The aim of this work was to investigate the impact of the addition of salivary α-amylase on starch hydrolysis in protein-containing dispersions during an in vitro digestion process. In vitro digestion provides useful insights on the fate of nutrients during gastro-intestinal transit in complex food matrices, an important aspect to consider when developing highly nutritious foods. Many foods contain polysaccharides, and as their disruption in the gastric stage is limited, salivary α-amylase is often neglected in in vitro studies. A reference study on the effect of salivary α-amylase using one of the most advanced and complex in vitro digestion models (INFOGEST) is, however, not available. Hence, this work reports the gastrointestinal breakdown of three mixed dispersions containing whey protein isolate with different polysaccharides: potato starch, pectin from citrus peel and maize starch. The latter was also studied after heating. No polysaccharide or salivary α-amylase-dependent effect on protein digestion was found, based on the free NH2 and SDS-PAGE. However, in the heat-treated samples, the addition of salivary α-amylase showed a significantly higher starch hydrolysis compared to the sample without α-amylase, due to the gelatinization of the starch granules, which improved the accessibility of the starch molecules to the enzyme. This work demonstrated that the presence of different types of polysaccharides does not affect protein digestion, but also it emphasizes the importance of considering the influence of processing on food structure and its digestibility, even in the simplest model systems.

Prebiotic Activity of Ambon Banana (Musa acuminata (AAA Group) ‘Ambon’) Peel Starch Against Lactobacillus. acidophilus and Escherichia coli In Vitro

Prebiotics are compounds with the ability to specifically enhance the population of advantageous bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. Starch is a polysaccharide which has prebiotic activity. Agricultural waste like banana peel contains prebiotic polysaccharides including starch. The prebiotic effect of starch from many varieties of banana peel has been explored by researchers. Although Ambon banana is a variety that is commonly consumed in Indonesia, the prebiotic activity of its peel, particularly the peel starch, has not been studied yet. Thus, this study aims to research the prebiotic activity of Ambon banana peel starch against probiotic bacteria of the Lactobacillus acidophilus and the opportunistic pathogen bacteria of Eschericia coli. In this research, starch was extracted from banana peel (var. pisang Ambon) and prebiotic activity of the starch was tested on L. acidophilus and E. coli. The number of bacteria was calculated at 0 and 24 hours of incubation using plate count methods.The result showed that at the concentration of 1% w/v, Ambon banana peel starch increases the number of L. acidophilus while inhibiting the growth of E. coli. The L. acidophilus culture in the starch-containing media had SCFAs (acetic, butyric and propionic acid) that were known to have good impact to human health.

Practicum design for making bioplastics from uli banana peel (Musa paradisiaca S.) to grow the character of the pancasila student profile in polymer chapter

The change from the 2013 curriculum to the Merdeka curriculum emphasizes the importance of experiential learning and the Pancasila student profile. However, polymers, a crucial macromolecular sub-material, often lack experimental support in education. This study focuses on selecting polymer materials through practical activities, specifically the creation of bioplastics from uli banana peels (Musa paradisiaca S), to foster the development of Pancasila Student Profile characteristics: collaborative teamwork, critical thinking, and innovation. Using a qualitative descriptive method, the study involves curriculum analysis, practical design, and feasibility assessment. The research revealed that the practical design aligns with the characteristics of high school experiments and produces high-quality bioplastics in terms of absorbency, tensile strength, elongation percentage, and biodegradability. Teacher and student interviews further confirmed the alignment with the Pancasila phase F student profile (class XII), emphasizing cooperation, objective-oriented learning, critical thinking, and innovation. This study establishes a strong connection between curriculum, learning outcomes, and experimental design in uli banana peel starch bioplastics production. Not only does it promote the development of Pancasila student profiles, but it also yields high-quality bioplastics.

Synthesis of Biofoam from Cassava Peel Starch, Banana Peel Starch and Chitosan as Additives

Biodegradable Foam (Biofoam) material has been made for application of styrofoam substitute food packaging material from a mixture of starch with chitosan as an additive. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of molding temperature on biofoam products and to determine the effect of chitosan addition on the physical, mechanical, and biodegrability properties of biofoam made from cassava peel starch (a) and banana peel starch (b) which is close to commercial biofoam standards. The production of biofoam uses variations in molding temperature of 125, 150 and 175 °C and variations in chitosan weight with variations of 0, 1, 2 and 3 grams. The resulting biofoam product was then tested for density, water absorption, compressive strength, biodegradation and functional groups with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Based on the results of the study, it is known that biofoam that is close to commercial standards is found in the addition of 3 gr chitosan weight with a molding temperature of 125 °C with a density value of 0.423gr/cm3, water absorption of 42.54% and compressive strength of 0.0045 Mpa. As for biodegradation, biofoam products will decompose 55.17% for 55 days in 0 g chitosan weight with a thermopressing temperature of 175 °C. The spectrum results obtained on biofoam have C-H, C-O, C-N, N-H, C=O and O-H functional groups.

Synthesis, Characterization and Biocompatibility of Cross-linked Dicarboxylic Acids from Waste Potato Peel Starch

Synthesis, Characterization and Biocompatibility of Cross-linked Dicarboxylic Acids from Waste Potato Peel Starch

Application of in-situ casted ZnO-starch nanocomposite for packaging of strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa)

Nanomaterials have recently been used in packaging as antibacterial coatings because of their desirable antibacterial and antifungal properties. In this study, we describe the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and evaluate potato peel starch based ZnO NPs nanocomposite paper (ZnO-starch NC paper) on microbiological activity, storage, and properties of strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa). The ZnO-starch NC paper was used to package the strawberries and then stored at 4 °C and 27 °C for 10 days, respectively, controls were incubated without the ZnO-starch NC paper. The ZnO NPs were synthesized and characterized, the formation of sizes ranging from 35 to 40 nm were confirmed by SEM and XRD. The SEM showed that the ZnO NPs were successfully embedded in the starch forming the ZnO-starch NC. The antimicrobial and antifungal analysis showed that the ZnO-starch NC paper was effective against the fungi, B. cinerea, gram positive bacteria, B. subtilis and S. aureus but not against the gram negative bacteria, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Total phenolic compounds and Vitamin C content of both the ZnO-starch NC packaged and controls were found to be in the normal range of recommended quality parameters of strawberries as there was no change in intrinsic factors of the fruits during incubation. Application of the ZnO-starch NC in packaged strawberries resulted in the reduction of weight loss and microbial growth compared to the controls. The overall weight loss showed that the loss of moisture and nutrients was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). We conclude that the ZnO-starch NC packaging is a promising safe alternative to extend storage period and increase the shelf-life of strawberries.

The Potential of Cassava Peel Waste as a Material of Biodegradable Plastic using Calcium Silicate Filler

Biodegradable plastics are plastics that can be degraded and decomposed quickly by microorganisms in the soil. In this study, biodegradable plastic was made with starch from cassava peel waste, sorbitol as a plasticizer, and calcium silicate as a filler. This research was conducted to determine the effect of the amount of filler and the amount of plasticizer on biodegradation properties, tensile and elongation strength, and water absorption properties. The variables used in the plasticizer are 30%, 40%, and 50% (w/w) of the weight of cassava peel starch. While the variables used for filler are 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7% (w/w) of the weight of cassava peel starch. The results of the study showed that the highest biodegradation test results were 81.7% with 7% calcium silicate filler variables and 50% plasticizer sorbitol, tensile strength test obtained the highest value of 0.767 MPa on 3% calcium silicate filler variables and 30% sorbitol, elongation test with the highest value on the filler variable calcium silicate 7% and sorbitol 30% that is equal to 5.20% and the water adsorption test obtained the smallest value is 10.33% on the filler variable calcium silicate 1% and sorbitol 30%. The biodegradable plastic as a result of this research has met the standards for degradation ability based on the ASTM 6400 standard but has not met the standards for tensile strength, elongation, and water adsorption.

Effect of using cassava and glycerol as food storage on the quality of bioplastic packaged food

Food packaging today often involves the migration of monomer substances from petroleum-based plastics into the food. This study aimed to determine the effects of storing food in bioplastic on moisture content and peroxide levels. The study design employed a post-test experimental design with a control group. Dodol samples were selected for this study using a simple random sampling method. The bioplastics used were made from cassava peel starch, and the food storage conditions included temperature-humidity variations of 10-15°C and 85.3-90.8% relative humidity and 25-29°C and 46.5%-80.4% relative humidity. Data were collected through laboratory tests and analyzed using the SPSS program. The study found a significant effect of glycerol dosage on the thickness of the bioplastic (p-value < 0.001). There was a significant influence of temperature-humidity storage on moisture content with glycerol dosages of 3 ml (p-value = 0.002), 4 ml (p-value < 0.023), and 5 ml (p-value = 0.007), as well as on the peroxide content of dodol. This effect was particularly pronounced with glycerol dosages of 3 ml (p-value = 0.001), 4 ml (p-value < 0.001), and 5 ml (p-value = 0.008). The results indicate that cassava peel starch bioplastic can serve as a viable alternative for food packaging, provided that temperature and humidity conditions during food storage are carefully controlled.

The assessment of coagulation and flocculation performance and interpretation of mechanistic behavior of suspended particles aggregation by alum assisted by tapioca peel starch

The current study describes the synergistic action of a green starch flocculant extracted from agricultural waste coupled with aluminium sulphate to enhance coagulation and flocculation for surface water treatment. The coagulants and the flocs characteristics were analyzed to better understand the physicochemical properties and the underlying mechanisms of the treatment process. Several elements, including Cl and Ca were observed on the surface of the starch, and the presence of essential functional groups such as hydroxyl and carboxyl that help to promote flocculation function was detected. Superior performance was observed in the treatment using alum+TPS compared to the treatment using alum as a sole coagulant. Maximum turbidity and TSS removals of 90.32% and 88.89%, respectively, were attained within 10 min of settling time using the recommended alum-TPS dosage of 7.5–50 mg/L at pH 7. The flocs generated by the alum+TPS treatment exhibited distinguishable characteristics with bigger and highly compacted flocs matrix in which colloidal particles enmeshed within the flocs clusters. The combination use of alum+TPS showed the microflocs were initially formed by alum through the charge neutralization mechanism. The later addition of the starch into the suspension revealed that the bridging and sweep flocculation mechanism governs the flocculation process reflected through the shifting of FTIR bands that marked the formation of hydrogen bonding between the starch, alum and the suspended particles. Adding starch into the suspension undoubtedly provided effective entrapment and adsorption by larger-sized polymer, which promotes inter-colloidal particle bridging and subsequently improves the water clarity.