Planning Of Pedestrian Facilities Research Articles

Influencing Pedestrian Route Choice Through Environmental Stimuli: A Long-Term Ecological Experiment

Urban centers are getting crowded, public transportation is becoming congested, and mass events are attracting an increasing number of people. Crowd disasters are not rare, and to prevent them the careful planning of pedestrian facilities and collaboration among stakeholders in the organization of events are crucial. When communication and coordination among stakeholders are sufficient, safety can usually be achieved; however, even in such cases, unexpected situations may occur. Automated crowd-control methods are required to address such situations. However, little is known about how crowd behavior can be influenced without direct human intervention. In this study, we investigated the use of environmental stimuli to modify pedestrian behavior (more specifically, route choice) in an educational facility. Colors, lights, signs, and sounds were used to influence route selection. The results show that light and, in part, LED information displays are somehow effective and could be valid candidates to pave the way for automated crowd control systems (especially for night events). The experiment presented here considers low crowd density. However, we believe that this could help encourage the balanced use of space by pedestrians under normal conditions and establish good practices. In turn, this can delay the creation of high densities, which are often the cause of fatalities in crowd disasters, and provide staff with time for intervention.

Walking in Social Groups: Role of Intra-Group Interactions

Interestingly, the interactions between members of a social group and across people of different social groups often happen through mutual understanding and reciprocate behaviour by means of gestures or eye contact. A controlled laboratory experiment is used to test the effect of interactions between members of a social group and across social groups on the walk dynamics of people. This study tries to discover the trade-off made by people between the need to communicate/interact between group members and the need to avoid collision with opposing pedestrians in a bidirectional flow. Thirty adults participated in a series of controlled experiments. The individuals and group characteristics were compared to study the effect of social groups. Spatial patterns/group formations, average walking speeds, and deviation from the desired direction of motion were assessed. The analysis shows that time to cross the platform is the least when triads adopt the river and inverted V group formations. In contrast, V and line-abreast group formations require slightly more time and are better suited to promote interactions between the group members. Irrespective of the initial formation adopted by participants, there is a higher tendency for the groups to shift to river formation or inverted V formations. This may be a result of the higher group speeds observed in the Inverted V and river formations, which accelerates their progress in the direction of motion. The understanding of walking dynamics of social groups from this study can enable better planning of pedestrian facilities and crowded events.

KUANTITAS DAN DISTRIBUSI JALUR PEJALAN KAKI DI KAWASAN CAMPURAN ZAINAL ABIDIN PAGAR ALAM, KOTA BANDAR LAMPUNG

A mixed area is one area that requires pedestrian path due to the commercial and non-commercial functions that are close to each other. Traveling short distances on foot will be more effective than using a vehicle because it is impossible to always stop at the desired location. One of the mixed-use areas with high mobility in Bandar Lampung is the Zainal Abidin Pagar Alam Mixed Area, Bandar Lampung City. The Zainal Abidin Pagar Alam Mixed Area does not meet the standards in fulfilling pedestrian path facilities. This is indicated by the fact that there are still many roads in this area with no pedestrian path. The condition compels pedestrian to pass through the road, thus increasing the risk of accidents. This study aims to identify the need and availability of pedestrian path in the Zainal Abidin Pagar Alam Mixed Area, based on pedestrian path' quantity, and distribution. This research employs a quantitative deductive method by placing theoretical analysis as the determination of the variable, and the population of this region using a census, namely all road corridors in the Region A mixture of Zainal Abidin Pagar Alam The results show that the quantity, and distribution, have not met the availability of pedestrian path based on PUPR Guidelines Standard No. 02 of 2018 on pedestrian Facility Planning.

KONSEP WALKABILITY INDEX DAN PENANGANAN FASILITAS PEJALAN KAKI PADA KAWASAN JALAN PERKOTAAN DI INDONESIA

Walkability Index (WI) is a method to assess the walkability level on pedestrian facilities with the main components of: safety and security, convinience and attractiveness, as well as government policies. Generally, this method is utilized to review the pedestrian facilities walkability in urban areas, particularly in CBD (Central Business District) which is the hub for activities center, such as economic, business, education, healthcare, transit to tourism areas. The rapid development of activities leads to the increasing number of visitors in those areas, such as on Jalan Slamet Riyadi, Surakarta. This condition needs to be balanced with the availability of adequate facilities and infrastructure, one of them is the sidewalks to facilitate the pedestrian movement from one place to another. Indonesia did not have any assessment criteria for sidewalks in terms of scoring even though some variables on WI have already existed in the Circular Letter of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing 02/SE/M/2018 on the Guidelines for Pedestrian Facility Planning. This paper presents the recommendation of assesment and category based on the regulation in Indonesia. It is expected to benefit the determination of priority on pedestrian facility handling in the field. Literature study as the foundation of this paper attempts to accomodate the pedestrian facility variables contained in the regulation of Indonesia using the scoring method with several recommendations in the category of handling, with the basis of WI analysis method. The results of the analysis show that there are 3 variables that need to be considered more in the planning criteria for sidewalk in Indonesia that affect the determination of handling recommendation including the supporting and additional facilities, facilities for disabled pedestrians, and the needs of wide space for pedestrians.

KONSEP WALKABILITY INDEX DAN PENANGANAN FASILITAS PEJALAN KAKI PADA KAWASAN JALAN PERKOTAAN DI INDONESIA

<p>Walkability Index (WI) is a method to assess the walkability level on pedestrian facilities with the main components of: safety and security, convinience and attractiveness, as well as government policies. Generally, this method is utilized to review the pedestrian facilities walkability in urban areas, particularly in CBD (Central Business District) which is the hub for activities center, such as economic, business, education, healthcare, transit to tourism areas. The rapid development of activities leads to the increasing number of visitors in those areas, such as on Jalan Slamet Riyadi, Surakarta. This condition needs to be balanced with the availability of adequate facilities and infrastructure, one of them is the sidewalks to facilitate the pedestrian movement from one place to another. Indonesia did not have any assessment criteria for sidewalks in terms of scoring even though<em> </em>some variables on WI have already existed in the Circular Letter of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing 02/SE/M/2018 on the Guidelines for Pedestrian Facility Planning. This paper presents the recommendation of assesment and category based on the regulation in Indonesia. It is expected to benefit the determination of priority on pedestrian facility handling in the field. Literature study as the foundation of this paper attempts to accomodate the pedestrian facility variables contained in the regulation of Indonesia using the scoring method with several recommendations in the category of handling, with the basis of WI analysis method. The results of the analysis show that there are 3 variables that need to be considered more in the planning criteria for sidewalk in Indonesia that affect the determination of handling recommendation including the supporting and additional facilities, facilities for disabled pedestrians, and the needs of wide space for pedestrians.</p>

Development of systemwide pedestrian safety performance function using stratified random sampling and a proxy measure of pedestrian exposure

The lack of pedestrian counts at a systemwide level prompts the need to find other innovative ways of assessing pedestrian traffic crash risks using proxy measures of exposure. This study aims to formulate the methodology for developing pedestrian safety performance functions (SPF) using the proxy measure of pedestrian exposure and stratified random sampling. The case study was all urban intersections in Michigan State that comprise of collector and arterial roads. The stratified random sampling strategy was deployed to select the sample which is representative of all urban intersections in the state of Michigan. Factor analysis was used to develop a proxy measure of pedestrian exposure at urban intersections using a walkability measure (walk score), among other factors. The performances of various count models were compared using the goodness of fit measures based on the Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), and Vuong test. The final pedestrian SPFs was formulated using the Zero-Inflated Poisson (ZIP) model with AADT at a major approach, AADT at the minor approach, and a proxy measure of pedestrian exposure. The proposed methodology in this study can benefit transportation agencies that have embarked on systemwide planning of pedestrian facilities to improve the safety of pedestrians but lack systemwide analytical tools and pedestrian counts to make data-driven decisions.

Exploring walking gait features for the automated recognition of distracted pedestrians

The current study examines the possibility of automatically detecting distracted pedestrians on crosswalks using their gait parameters. The methodology utilises recent findings in health science concerning the relationship between walking gait behaviour and cognitive abilities. Walking speed and gait variability are shown to be affected by the complexity of tasks (e.g. texting) that are performed during walking. Experiments are performed on a video data set from Surrey, British Columbia. The analysis relies on automated video-based data collection using computer vision. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to assess the quality of the selected features in improving the accuracy of the classification. Classification results show that the proposed approach is promising with around 80% correct detection rate. This research can benefit applications in several transportation related fields such as pedestrian facility planning, pedestrian simulation models as well as road safety programmes and legislative studies.

Dynamic parameters cellular automaton model for passengers in subway

To simulate the passenger behavior in subway system, a Dynamic Parameters Cellular Automaton(DPCA) model is put forward in this paper. Pedestrian traffic flows during waiting, getting on or off, and traveling can be simulated. The typical scenario in Beijing Subway Line 13 is modeled to analyze the passenger behavior in subway system. By comparing simulation results with statistical ones, the correctness and practicality of the DPCA model are verified. At last, the additional results made by DPCA model can make contribution to passenger comfort analysis and pedestrian facility planning and guidance.

A CA Model for Bidirectional Pedestrian Streams

The modeling of pedestrian flows is of particular importance for the planning of pedestrian facilities and the preparation for emergency situations. Even though there is a wide variety of simulation models on the market, a simulation model that deals with bidirectional pedestrian flow adequately is still missing. This contribution proposes an event-based cellular automaton model that is capable of simulating bi- and unidirectional pedestrian streams. The model is built on a theoretically sound foundation. Its performance is demonstrated by a comparison to empirical data.

Analysis of Changes in Pedestrian Route Choice Priorities with Progress of Stage of Life

User focused pedestrian facility planning requires an understanding of pedestrian behavior and needs. Analysis presented here has considered user attributes primarily from the point of view of stage of life of the person. User needs have been measured through responses to ten opinion statements. The primary field survey was conducted in Japan, in five cities of different sizes. A secondary survey was performed in Sydney, Australia for comparison purposes. Analysis has shown the viability of using different indicators to designate the stage of life. It is also shown that a bipartition classification is suited to explain how pedestrian needs related to shortness of paths and pleasantness of walking space as individuals go through phases of their life.

Enhancing the Quality of Infrared-Based Automatic Pedestrian Sensor Data by Nonparametric Statistical Method

With the advent of intelligent transportation systems in the past several decades, sensors are being extensively used to detect and count vehicle movements. The use of similar sensing technologies to detect pedestrian movements, however, is relatively new. Pedestrian counts are essential for decision making in pedestrian facility planning, signal timing, and pedestrian safety modeling. Conventional methods such as manual counting and videotaping can hardly satisfy the requirements of programs for the long-term collection of pedestrian data. Advances in sensing technologies have increased the ability to automate pedestrian data collection with the use of infrared sensors. However, the quality of the data from infrared sensors is still a problem; several field studies have shown that these types of sensors do not always perform perfectly. Field tests conducted in this study and by other research teams showed that infrared sensors usually counted significantly fewer pedestrians than the actual number. Thus, the quality of the data from infrared sensors needs to be enhanced. This paper proposes a nonparametric statistical method to calibrate raw sensor data to achieve this goal. A bivariate bootstrap sampling procedure was used to obtain correction factors for new counts instead of the traditional regression-based approach. Two case studies were used to test the validation of the proposed calibration procedure. Test results showed that the proposed procedure could improve the quality of the sensor data by reducing the discrepancy between sensor counts and ground truth (true) data. The transferability of the calibration procedure was also verified through the case studies.

Theoretical Framework for Modeling Pedestrians’ Crossing Behavior along a Trip

Explaining pedestrians' crossing behavior along entire trips may contribute toward more efficient and targeted planning of pedestrian facilities in urban areas and more accurate consideration of pedestrian safety. Although existing research on pedestrians' crossing behavior is extensive, most related studies examine pedestrians' crossing decisions at local level and focus on a particular set of determinants (roadway environment, traffic conditions, or human factors). On the contrary, crossing behavior along entire trips is seldom explored. This paper presents a theoretical framework for modeling pedestrians' crossing behavior along a trip, addressing a large part of the difficulties involved in collecting the necessary data and setting up a modeling framework. First, a topological approach of pedestrian trip characteristics and crossing decisions is proposed, allowing consideration of distinct patterns of crossing behavior along a trip. Moreover, specific techniques from the family of discrete choice models are proposed for determining the number and location of pedestrians' crossings, accounting for the hierarchical and dynamic nature of pedestrians' decisions along a trip. Finally, a field survey method is presented, allowing collection of detailed information about pedestrians' crossing decisions along urban trips, including data on roadway, traffic, and individual characteristics, as well as the interactions between pedestrians and motorists. Preliminary results from a pilot implementation of the proposed framework are promising, and a full-scale application for testing and validation is in progress.

Pedestrian evacuation flow simulation based on cellular automata

Pedestrian facility planning and pedestrian flow management and control depend on the theory of pedestrian flow. Simulation of pedestrian evacuation flow is presented based on cellular automata （CA） in this paper. Two dynamic parameters are formulated to simplify tactically the decision-making process of pedestrians, which can reflect the pedestrian judgment on the surrounding conditions and decide the pedestrian’s choice of action. The relationships of evacuation time against pedestrian density and exit width for different sizes of systems are studied. Moreover, the effect of exits arrangement on evacuation time is analyzed. It is observed that there is a linear relationship between evacuation time and pedestrian density, however, there is a negative exponential one between evacuation time and exit width. And exits arrangement affects pedestrian evacuation time.