Pedestrian Accidents Research Articles

Investigating Information: A Qualitative Analysis of Expert Designers’ Information Representation and Structuring Behaviors

Abstract Information organization and utilization are integral to the design and development of creative ideas. However, navigating this often complex information space can be challenging, even for experienced designers. Therefore, a deep analysis of how expert software designers utilize and organize information is needed to provide qualitative insights into their information organization strategies. To address this, four professionals in the software design and development field were recruited for individual 3-hour design sessions. They were asked to generate ideas for a design challenge (reducing distraction-based pedestrian accidents) using information sheets specifically developed to contain different types of information, as identified by prior work. Results reveal individual differences in information approach and categorization, although these were motivated by similar underlying patterns of evaluating the relevance of the information for its ability to inform the project constraints, resources, or (user) requirements. Designer experience and use of design processes and knowledge transfer tools enhanced their ability to turn information into insights.

Driving with hemianopia VIII: Effects of a vibro-tactile assistance system on safety and gaze behavior in pedestrian crossing situations.

People with homonymous visual field defects (HVFDs), the loss of vision in the same half of the visual field in both eyes, are permitted to drive in some jurisdictions. However, the HVFD may cause difficulties in detecting hazards approaching on the side of the field loss (the blind side). An advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) could assist with hazard detection, but little research has been conducted to evaluate the potential benefits of an ADAS for visually impaired drivers. We developed a prototype vibro-tactile assistance system for drivers with HVFDs and conducted a proof-of-concept driving simulation study to evaluate the system. Given that pedestrian accidents are the second most frequent cause of death in road traffic and most of those accidents occur in urban scenarios, we evaluated the potential of the assistance system to improve responses to pedestrian hazards in a city environment. Sixteen participants, of which eight had HVFDs and eight had normal vision, took part. Our analyses evaluated the effects of the driver assistance system, crossing direction and pedestrian behavior on the safety of pedestrian events and the participant's gaze behavior at each of the 256 crossing situations. Generalized linear mixed effects models were used to assess binomial outcome variables. Despite the limited sample size, the results suggest that the vibro-tactile directional warnings were effective in directing the drivers' gaze so that they were looking in the necessary direction before a potential hazard occurred. More time was spent fixating pedestrians on the blind side when the ADAS was engaged and as a result, the safety of street crossings from the blind side improved. The effect of the ADAS was greater on responses to pedestrians from the blind than the seeing side. With an activated ADAS, crossings from the participants' blind sides were as safe as from their seeing sides, and as safe as the crossings when normally-sighted participants were driving. The results suggest that the vibro-tactile ADAS is a promising approach to improve the safety of drivers with HVFD and surrounding traffic.

Pedestrian and light transit accidents: An examination of street redesigns in Atlanta and their safety outcomes

Atlanta, like other cities in the United States, has recently experienced a rise in accidents involving pedestrians, bicyclists, and users of other light individual transport, collectively referred to as LIT+. Efforts are made to redesign streets for improved LIT+ safety, but few studies have examined the effectiveness of these measures. This work contributes towards a better understanding of the relationship between street redesigns and safety outcomes. We first provide an overview of street redesign options and their implementations in Atlanta. Next, we examine citywide statistics for LIT+ accidents. We analyze safety outcomes pre- and post-renovation on three select streets and quantify the extent to which these projects have been effective at improving LIT+ safety relative to several control streets. We found in assessing accident rates that the situation has distinctly not improved, and in some cases has worsened post-renovation for LIT+ users. We conduct field observations and provide a detailed examination of the effectiveness of the renovations and the remaining accident patterns. Two renovated streets were found to be particularly hazardous, and we urge city planners to address their conspicuous accident pathogens. We provide recommendations based on our observations for city planners to consider in future street redesigns intended to improve LIT+ safety. We emphasize the importance of establishing evaluation and feedback mechanisms on the effectiveness of street renovations to help decision makers to improve their subsequent approach to LIT+safety.

PERSONALIZED CUSTOMIZATION METHOD OF HYBRID HUMAN MODEL FOR PEDESTRIAN-VEHICLE ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION

Traffic accident reconstruction is a reverse dynamic problem, which requires hundreds of iterations to reconstruct the whole process of accident. However, in current pedestrian-vehicle accident reconstructions, it is difficult to quickly establish a pedestrian model based on specific cases, and it is hard to solve the contradiction between calculation accuracy and calculation time. In this paper, a personalized pedestrian customization method is proposed. First, the pedestrian structure is divided into independent modules according to obvious bony markers. For each independent module, multi-body (MB) model and finite element (FE) model are established, respectively. Then the appropriate modules are selected to form the whole hybrid pedestrian model. This method can customize the structure of pedestrian model according to the injury characteristics of pedestrians in specific accidents, and customize the parameters of pedestrian model according to the height and weight of pedestrians. The impact simulation tests are carried out on hybrid pedestrian models to verify the reliability of the models. The proposed method can effectively improve the modeling efficiency of pedestrian models and the reconstruction quality of pedestrian traffic accidents.

Pedestrian detection: A comparative study using HOG and CoHOG

Pedestrian accidents still represent the second largest source of traffic related injuries and fatalities after accidents involving passenger cars. Pedestrian detection is a key problem in computer vision, with several applications that have the potential to positively impact quality of life. In recent years, many pedestrian classification approaches have been proposed. The pedestrian classification consists of two stages: feature extraction and feature classification. Recently several robust feature extracting methods have been proposed in literature like Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT), Histogram of Gradients (HOG), Co-occurrence of Histogram of Gradients (CoHOG). Also several classifiers exists like Hidden Markov Model (HMM), Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Neural Network. In this paper, we examine the two feature extraction method and we use neural network as classifier instead of SVM. An extensive evaluation and comparison of these methods are presented. The advantages and shortcomings of the underlying design mechanisms in these methods are discussed and analyzed through analytical evaluation and empirical evaluation.

Where to Ride? An Explorative Study to Investigate Potential Risk Factors of Personal Mobility Accidents

As a mobility of future, the popularity of personal mobility vehicles (PMs) is rapidly increasing worldwide. However, this boom in the use of PMs has resulted in a substantial number of accidents involving not only PM users but also other road users including pedestrians, bicyclists, and motor vehicle drivers. This study aims to explore the potential risk factors for the occurrence of PM-related accidents and the resulting injury severity using the Traffic Accident Analysis System (TAAS) of South Korea between 2017 and 2019. We found that PM–pedestrian accidents tend to occur on roads with wider sidewalks and bike lanes, possibly because the pedestrian–PM conflict increases in this road condition. There is still ongoing debate on whether it is appropriate for PMs to share the sidewalk with pedestrians. Some countries, including Korea, prohibit the use of PMs on sidewalks; however, in reality, this regulation is not well-observed because using PMs on roadways involves higher crash risk with motor vehicles. This study suggests one potential solution to ensure safety of PM users: expansion of bike lane infrastructure having physically separated bike lanes and sidewalks/motorways in addition to the formation and strict enforcement of appropriate safety rules for PM users.

Facial Fractures and Mixed Dentition – What Are the Implications of Dentition Status in Pediatric Facial Fracture Management?

The stage of maturation of the pediatric facial skeleton at the time of injury has a significant impact on both facial fracture patterns and management strategies. For instance, the relative prominence of the pediatric cranium during the early years of life affords protection to the structures of the midface, whereas delayed aeration of the frontal sinuses may predispose younger patients to frontal bone fractures. The dentition status of a pediatric patient may have similar implications in the setting of facial fracture. In this study, the authors examine the effect of dentition status on facial fracture patterns and management strategies at an urban, level 1 trauma center. A retrospective chart review was performed for all cases of facial fracture occurring in the pediatric patient population at a level 1 trauma center (University Hospital in Newark, NJ) between 2002 and 2014. A database including patient demographics, facial fracture, and concomitant injury patterns, and operative management data was constructed and analyzed. A total of 72 patients with mixed dentition met inclusion criteria for our study and were compared against patients with primary (n = 35) and permanent (n = 349) dentition. The mean age at presentation was 9.2 years, with a male predominance of 68%. The most common fracture etiology was pedestrian struck accident (n = 23), fall (n = 21), motor vehicle collision (n = 12), and assault (n = 9). The most frequently identified facial fractures were that of the orbit (n = 31), mandible (n = 21), nasal bone (n = 19), and frontal sinus (n = 14). Additionally, 8 Le Fort and 4 nasoorbitoethmoid fractures were identified. Twenty-one patients (29%) required operative management for 1 or more facial fractures. Operative intervention was required in 38% of mandibular fractures, with 6 patients requiring only maxillomandibular fixation and 2 requiring open reduction and internal fixation with titanium plating. Nine cases of orbital fracture (29%) were managed operatively - 4 with absorbable plates, 3 with Medpor implants, and 8 with titanium plating. Management of all nasal fractures requiring operative intervention was accomplished through closed reduction. Concomitant injuries included traumatic brain injury (TBI) (n = 35), skull fracture (n = 24), intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) (n = 20), and long bone fracture (n = 12). Seventeen patients required admission to the intensive care unit. Patients with mixed dentition were significantly more likely to sustain frontal sinus and Le Fort fractures (P < 0.01), as well as skull fracture, ICH, and TBI (P < 0.01) as compared to those with permanent dentition. The dentition status of a pediatric patient may have significant implications in both patterns of injury and operative management strategies in the setting of acute facial trauma. Our study finds that Le Fort and frontal sinus fractures were significantly more common in patients with mixed dentition. Severe concomitant injuries such as ICH and TBI were also significantly more likely in this cohort. A patient's dentition status may also play a role in the decision for ridged fixation of mandibular and orbital fractures, as well as the method of maxillomandibular fixation in maxillary and mandibular alveolar fracture.

Prediction and Analysis of the Severity and Number of Suburban Accidents Using Logit Model, Factor Analysis and Machine Learning: A case study in a developing country

The purpose of this study is to investigate and determine the factors affecting vehicle and pedestrian accidents taking place in the busiest suburban highway of Guilan Province located in the north of Iran and provide the most accurate prediction model. Therefore, the effective principal variables and the probability of occurrence of each category of crashes are analyzed and computed utilizing the factor analysis, logit, and Machine Learning approaches simultaneously. This method not only could contribute to achieving the most comprehensive and efficient model to specify the major contributing factor, but also it can provide officials with suggestions to take effective measures with higher precision to lessen accident impacts and improve road safety. Both the factor analysis and logit model show the significant roles of exceeding lawful speed, rainy weather and driver age (30–50) variables in the severity of vehicle accidents. On the other hand, the rainy weather and lighting condition variables as the most contributing factors in pedestrian accidents severity, underline the dominant role of environmental factors in the severity of all vehicle-pedestrian accidents. Moreover, considering both utilized methods, the machine-learning model has higher predictive power in all cases, especially in pedestrian accidents, with 41.6% increase in the predictive power of fatal accidents and 12.4% in whole accidents. Thus, the Artificial Neural Network model is chosen as the superior approach in predicting the number and severity of crashes. Besides, the good performance and validation of the machine learning is proved through performance and sensitivity analysis.

VIPA を用いたミシガン州（米国）における歩行者事故実態の把握

VIPA を用いたミシガン州（米国）における歩行者事故実態の把握

ANALIZA WYPADKÓW Z UDZIAŁEM PIESZYCH W POLSCE

Pedestrian crossings today are an indispensable element of the road infrastructure. There are more and more of them. The reason for this state of affairs is the constantly constant level of pedestrian intensity and the need to change the path of the footpath. Pedestrian accidents occur as a result of many factors related to weather conditions or the technical condition of the vehicle. However, in Poland, most often the event happens due to human error, then the driver of a car or a pedestrian. In addition, the high accident rate depends on poor road infrastructure. Unfortunately, a pedestrian is the victim of every third accident in our country. Pedestrians are among the group of vulnerable road users in which participation in an accident has very serious consequences. The importance of this problem can be demonstrated by the fact that 270,000 pedestrians are killed on the world's roads every year. Globally, almost 22% of all fatalities are from pedestrian accidents, and this is an average value, as there are countries where this percentage exceeds 66%. Pedestrian safety is a serious problem on Polish roads. In Poland, most pedestrian accidents occur at pedestrian crossings. This is where pedestrians and vehicles cross, creating a risk of collisions between these road users. These accidents are caused by insufficient visibility of the driver and pedestrians. The analysis of police statistics made it possible to assess the effectiveness of factors aimed at improving road safety at pedestrian crossings. The main one is traffic light. Thanks to him, pedestrian crossings are safer. A big problem, which is still significant, is the concentration of pedestrian’s attention on phone screens. To prevent collisions with pedestrians, they do not monitor their safety when crossing the road, there are special programs for phones, the use of advertising campaigns, the installation of LED strips or the use of 3D strips. KEYWORDS: PEDESTRIAN, PEDESTRIAN CROSSING, ROAD SAFETY, ROAD ACCIDENTS, CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS WITH PEDESTRIANS.

Epidemiology and Clinical Patterns of Ocular Trauma at a Level 1 Trauma Center in Korea.

BackgroundTo evaluate the patterns of distribution and clinical manifestations of ocular injuries referred to the level 1 trauma center of Pusan National University Hospital (PNUH) in Korea.MethodsWe analyzed 254 of 4,287 patients who were referred to the Department of Ophthalmology at the level 1 trauma center of the PNUH, from January 2016 through December 2018. Data on the incidence of ocular injuries, sex, age, monthly and seasonal distribution, day and time of injury, side of injury, cause, residence of patients, referral time to an ophthalmologist and subsequent examination time, final visual acuity (VA), and complications were obtained from medical records and retrospectively reviewed. The patients were grouped according to their main diagnosis using the Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology System (BETTS) and Ocular Trauma Score (OTS).ResultsThe incidence of ocular injuries with major trauma was higher in men (n = 207, 81.5%), the median age at time of injury was 54 years, and Pusan recorded the most cases. The incidences of ocular injury were 1.47/100,000, 1.57/100,000, 1.48/100,000 in 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. The most common cause was by a motorbike accident, followed by a pedestrian traffic accident and falls. According to the BETTS classification, open-globe injuries represented 4% of cases, closed-globe injuries represented 12.6%, and other injuries represented 83.1%. Open-globe injuries were significantly associated with low final VA (P = 0.01). In the OTS, 79.4% of patients received 4 or 5 points and 13.7% of patients received 1 or 2 points. The patients who received 1 or 2 points in the OTS score showed final VA below hand movement (P < 0.001), except for two patients. Lid laceration and low initial VA were highly correlated with poor final VA (P < 0.001).ConclusionThis is the first study on the epidemiology and clinical manifestations in trauma patients with ocular injuries at a level 1 trauma center. The incidences of ocular injuries with major trauma were about 1.47–1.57/100,000. BETTS, OTS, lid laceration and initial VA were associated with final VA. We expect our study to provide a basis of data for the evaluation, prevention, and management of ocular injuries in patients with systemic trauma.

A reactive system for pedestrian mobility simulation

Abstract Handling the microscopic level of Vehicle-Pedestrian interactions is highly useful for analyzing patterns-based pedestrian accident exposure. Recently proposed systems are based on vehicle-to-pedestrian communication to analyze real-time situations and thus warning both sides of potential crashes. Two parts are composing those systems. The first concerns network technologies ensuring direct communication between vehicles and pedestrians and the second is related to information processing analyzing and predicting trajectories and dangers. One of the most challenges facing the last systems category is to provide them with precise and sufficient data to test and improve them. Precisely, to analyze vehicle-pedestrian interactions, we suggest detecting pedestrian behavior with respect to its surrounding vehicles as well as detecting vehicle behavior with respect to its surrounding pedestrians. In this work, we consider generating pedestrians and vehicles’ data using SUMO. Moreover, we design a handler for preparing Vehicle-Pedestrian interactions data for upper layers for deep analytic and patterns finding purposes. Mixed realistic traffic simulation is performed in Mohammedia city and the first results are shown.

Reduction of Pedestrian Accidents – Automated Road Vehicles

The number of traffic accidents is decreasing thanks to measures taken by the government and also by car manufacturers. However, despite the measures, thousands of people die on the roads every year. The most vulnerable group of road users are pedestrians. In this article we will deal with the measures and ways of reducing the occurrence of traffic accidents by pedestrian-vehicle, or at least reducing the consequences of a traffic accident. It is important to point out the development of traffic accidents not only in Slovakia but also in the EU and to point out the possibilities of elimination or improvement in this area. One of the innovative ways to reduce the number of accidents, in general, is automated road vehicles. Technologies and procedures used in automated road vehicles can significantly reduce accidents. For this reason, the basic technological systems are being developed, which contribute to the reduction of the accidents. The hardware and software equipment of automated road vehicles will be described in this article. It is also necessary to focus on the detection of pedestrians by an automated road vehicle, where machine learning and algorithms are used to calculate an estimate the direction of pedestrians and their movement in the traffic.

Pedestrian Safety and Travel Behavior

Due to urbanization, increased automobile growth, and lack of attention by drivers as well as pedestrians to the traffic regulations, traffic collisions affecting pedestrians, which have now become a serious safety issue in many developed nations such as India. The established road design does not have sufficient pedestrian facilities and thus there is a constant dispute between automobiles and pedestrians over sharing the limited space on a road. This often contributes to a dangerous situation and overcrowded traffic conditions for the slow speed vehicles and pedestrians. Although adequate control systems including signals are given at unregulated crossings, but still most of the pedestrians do not use the signals and tend to avoid pedestrian crossing areas that adversely impact the characteristics of the flow of traffic and the movement of road users. The objective of this research is to bring out the factors related to pedestrian accidents, characteristics of pedestrian behaviors, their crossing patterns, and also focusing on pedestrian safety with the use of infrastructure and vehicle technologies.

Road safety of elderly pedestrians in the urban context: an approach based on infrastructure and socioeconomic variables

The world generalized phenomenon of population ageing, caused by an increase in life expectancy, has led to a more elderly being actively part of mobility and road traffic. In developed countries, like Spain, fatalities and severe injuries among elderly pedestrians in the urban context are a matter of concern since, in the last decades, the fatal accident risk for elderly pedestrians is rising. Although there is an extensive literature on the decline of driving and pedestrian skills in the elderly, few research has been devoted to the impact of the street type and socioeconomic factors per urban district on this type of collisions.The road safety analysis of pedestrians´ collisions is complex due to the diversity of the features, the dispersion of the data and the lack of infrastructure information associated to the accident location at official databases. The main target of this paper is the identification of the basic socioeconomic and infrastructure factors that contribute to elder pedestrian accident at urban level, taking the administrative units (districts) as territorial accident location. Madrid is the capital of one of the most rapidly ageing nations in the world, and was selected as case study because it also has a high proportion of elderly residents (19%). The Spanish General Directorate of Traffic (DGT) provided for this study the database (2006-2018) on accident statistics. The crashes involving an elderly person in Madrid were filtered to elaborate an ad-hoc data base. The study methodology was based on a negative binomial model to test the accident occurrence at district level. Results revealed the clear influence of the district population variables (density and total inhabitants) together with the activity centres associated to the elderly mobility, followed by the ageing rate and the road length per district.

Safety Analysis of Pedestrians As Users of Road Traffic in the Slovak Republic

ABSTRACT: The paper deals with the analysis of traffic accidents involving pedestrians in the Slovak Republic. The development of traffic accidents involving pedestrians is processed through statistical data for the period 2011 - 2019. The paper defines the risk groups of road users, identified areas with the highest traffic accidents, evaluated the negative consequences of traffic accidents and identified their possible causes. A separate chapter is a case study consisting of an analysis of a vehicle - pedestrian accident. Based on the performed analysis of traffic accidents involving pedestrians, safety measures are set to minimize the number of traffic accidents involving pedestrians and their negative consequences. The study is one of the outputs of the APVV-17-0217 project "Staffing of police officers and application of the principle of proportionality in criminal and administrative law.

Towards Safe Streets: The relationships between Physical Attributes of Streets and Perceptions of Pedestrian Safety in Kandy, Sri Lanka

Each year, over 1,000 pedestrians on Sri Lankan streets and more than 270,000 on world’s streets lose their lives and some are left with permanent disabilities. Compared to other road traffic fatalities and injuries, pedestrian accidents are seen as significantly high. Therefore, the pedestrian safety is a major issue on streets, and it has to be addressed in a serious manner. Safety being a basic need of every human being, it is essential that the built environment facilitates the safety needs. In here, Architecture and Urban Design would play a vital role in ensuring both physical as well as psychological safety of users. Cities, being the containers of large populations, naturally involve with the gathering of large numbers of people on streets, hence it is crucial to guarantee the safety of the pedestrians in cities. This paper explores the links between perception of safety and physical attributes of pedestrian spaces. It identifies the legitimate physical attribute combinations that help to ensure the safety within pedestrian space with the aim of mitigating and preventing the pedestrian accidents. This reviews the significant theories related to the field of architecture and urban design and the key attributes such as built form, planning and layout, ambience and functions used to facilitate the safety. The study engages with examining of variables of perceived safety and physical attributes of pedestrian areas, by appropriately using qualitative and quantitative research methods and, studying the city of Kandy as a case. The study concludes that the perception of safety of a pedestrian depends not merely on the physical aspects of pedestrian space, but also on the positive combinations of physical and psychological attributes.

Injury of Corticostriatal Tract between the Striatum and the Premotor Area in a Patient with Traumatic Brain Injury

Objectives: We investigated injury of corticostriatal (CStr) tract in patient with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), which was demonstrated by DTT. Method: A 44-year-old female with no previous history of neurological, physical, or psychiatric illness had suffered from head trauma resulting from a pedestrian car accident. She complained that could not quickly move the left hand with her intension. After three month’s administration, her slowness movement of left hand recovered rapidly to the point that she was able to extend all fingers quickly. Results: On DTT configuration, the integrity of the left CStr tract was well-preserved, however the right CStr tract showed narrowing and partial tearing in the subcortical white matter on a DTT at 25 months after onset. Conclusion: Injury of the right CStr tract was demonstrated in a patient who developed mild motor control problems following mild TBI. We believe that the evaluation of the CStr tract from the secondary motor area for patients who showed unexplained motor control problem is necessary.

Performance of ground-level signal detection when using a phone while walking

Ground-level traffic lights or safety signs have been introduced recently as a prevention measure for smartphone-related pedestrian accidents. However, quantitative evaluation of smartphone users' detection performance during distracted walking has been scarce. A laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of detecting ground-level visual cues during the concurrent use of a smartphone while walking. Thirty-eight young smartphone users performed ground-level visual cue detection trials, 1) while walking upright on a treadmill without using a smartphone; 2) when conducting one-handed browsing while walking; and, 3) when conducting two-handed texting while walking. Visual cues were presented on the ground at 24 locations by a ceiling-mounted projector, and participants were asked to respond verbally when they perceived the appearance of each cue. Study results show that the concurrent use of a smartphone decreased the detection rate significantly (p < 0.05) from 93.5 % to 76.3∼74.1 %, and increased the reaction time from 0.90 s to 1.04∼1.15 s. Among the 24 cue locations, cues that were presented closer to participants were detected significantly (p < 0.05) more often and faster than cues that were shown at further locations. The results of this laboratory-based study imply that the ground-level signals might not be detected well by smartphone users, specifically when they were conducting more demanding tasks such as texting while walking. However, the laboratory conditions were confined to a specific usage environment; therefore, future research should be focused on the situation awareness of smartphone users under various usage scenarios and more realistic environments.

Analyzing Pedestrian Perceptions towards Traffic Safety Using Discrete Choice Models

Policymakers and national, regional, and local authorities will require to cater to growing demands for public services and facilities, including the implementation of better and safer infrastructure. This should be conducted focusing on the urban poor and other vulnerable groups for their basic needs for transportation, housing, education, health care, and, more importantly, a safe and liveable urban environment. Meanwhile, pedestrians are often the most vulnerable road users in society, so investigating pedestrian accidents' causes and consequences is essential. Like neighboring countries in Asia, Indonesia experiences a high pedestrian fatality rate. This study investigates pedestrian perceptions toward traffic safety and identifies novel measures to improve pedestrian safety, with a particular focus on developing cities. Data collection involved self-reporting using questionnaires by respondents based in Denpasar, the capital city of Bali Province. Binary and multinomial logit models were estimated using pedestrian perception data to identify the factors that influence pedestrian accidents. This study found that reckless or careless driving/riding contributed significantly to pedestrian accidents at both night and day times. Besides, junctions and pedestrian crossings were perceived to be dangerous for pedestrians compared to other road infrastructure such as footpaths. The outcome of the study also reveals that motorcycles will be more influential for pedestrian accidents than cars. To reflect upon the findings, some countermeasures for enhancing pedestrian safety in Denpasar were discussed with attention to engineering, policy, enforcement, and education perspectives.