Pecan Shells Research Articles

Grape pomace and pecan shell fortified bread: The effect of dietary fiber-phenolic compounds interaction on the in vitro accessibility of phenolic compounds and in vitro glycemic index

Grape pomace (GP) and pecan shell (PS) are two by-products rich in phenolic compounds (PC), and dietary fiber (DF) that may be considered for the development of functional baked foods. In this study, four formulations with different GP:PS ratios (F1(8%:5%), F2(5%:5%), F3(5%:2%), F4(0%:5%), and control bread (CB)) were elaborated and characterized (physiochemical and phytochemical content). Also, their inner structure (SEM), changes in their FTIR functional group's vibrations, and the bioaccessibility of PC and sugars, including an in vitro glycemic index, were analyzed. Results showed that all GP:PS formulations had higher mineral, protein, DF (total, soluble, and insoluble), and PC content than CB. Additionally, PC and non-starch polysaccharides affected gluten and starch absorbance and pores distribution. In vitro digestion model showed a reduction in the glycemic index for all formulations, compared to CB. These findings highlight the possible health benefits of by-products and their interactions in baked goods.

Pecan Shell-Derived Activated Carbon for High-Electrochemical Performance Supercapacitor Electrode.

Carbon nanomaterials-based electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) are reliable and appealing energy-storage systems offering high power density and long cycling stability. However, these energy storage devices are plagued with critical shortcomings, such as low specific capacitance, inefficient physical/chemical activation process, and self-discharge of electrode materials, hindering their future application. In this work, we use a self-activation process, an environmentally benign and low-cost process, to produce high-performance activated carbon (AC). Novel activated carbon from pecan shells (PS) was successfully synthesized through a single-step self-activation process, which combines the carbonization and activation processes. The as-synthesized pecan shell-derived activated carbon (PSAC) provides a high-porosity, low-resistance, and ordered pore structure with a specific pore volume of 0.744 cm3/g and BET surface area of 1554 m2/g. The supercapacitors fabricated from PSAC demonstrate a specific capacitance of 269 F/g at 2 A/g, excellent cycling stability over 15,000 cycles, and energy and power density of 37.4 Wh/kg and of 2.1 kW/kg, respectively. It is believed that the high-efficiency PSAC synthesized from the novel self-activation method could provide a practical route to environmentally friendly and easily scalable supercapacitors.

Konsentrasiasap Cair Cangkang Kemiri Terhadap Fisikokimia dan Organoleptik Dendeng Sapi

The purpose of this study is to produce a concentration of hazelnut shell liquid smoke as a natural preservative by analyzing water content, Ph, and total phenol which affects organoleptic improvement which includes color, taste, texture, and preference. The method used in this study was a randomized design complete with 5 treatments and 4 repeats so that there were 20 sample units. The placement of the treatment is P0 = as a control for the use of hazelnut shells liquid smoke. P1=soaking meat concentration Liquid Smoke pecan shell 2%. P2=soaking meat concentrate Liquid Smoke pecan shell 4%. P3=soaking meat concentrate Liquid Smoke pecan shell 6%. P4= Soaking meat 8% hazelnut shell liquid smoke concentrate. The variables observed were water content, pH, organoleptic covers (color, taste, texture and preference), and the additional test was testing total phenol. And then Testing the moisture content, pH first tests the normality, if the distribution of normal data is analyzed with Anova at the level of 5%. If the effect is real in the treatment, proceed with the Duncan Double wilaya test. Organoleptic Testing (Color, Taste, Texture and Preference Level), if the distribution of data is abnormal, then nonparametric kruskall wallis tested using SPSS 21. If the results of the crucial walis test differ markedly, then proceed with the Mean Comparison Rank Test. Phenol testing is tested descriptively. The results of the analysis of various showed that. That the use of hazelnut shell smoke with different concentration levels has an effect in lowering water content and pH but can increase panelists' preference for organoleptic (color, taste, texture and preference) in beef jerky. Different levels of liquid smoke concentrations can also increase the total phenol activity.

Comparison of Marshall Quotient Value on Laston Ac-Wc with Additional Pecan Shell Charcoal Waste

Some factors that affect the durability of asphalt include the type of asphalt concrete mixture used, Mixed materials must have good mechanical properties and be able to support high traffic loads. This study aims to determine the characteristics of marshalls in the addition of asphalt coated concrete wear (laston AC-WC with a percentage of hazelnut shell charcoal mixture of 0%, 2%, 3%, and 5%, and determine the effect of the quality of stiffness of the hazelnut shell charcoal waste mixture. This study used the marshall test method. The results showed that wear-coated concrete asphalt (AC-WC) with the addition of 5% hazelnut shell charcoal met the specifications, as well as a mixture of asphalt concrete with a charcoal content of 0% hazelnut shells or pure test objects. The value of VIM, and VFA is not a percentage of 0%, 2%, 3%, and 5% that meet the predetermined specification so that the difference in pure Ac-Wc laston and Ac-Wc laston with coconut shell charcoal additives, can be proven by the Marshall quotient value in the absence of a mixture with an average Marshall Quotient value of 590.13 Kg, in a mixture of 2% with an average Marshall Quotient value of 1004.91 Kg, on a mixture of 3% with an average value of 1024.99 Kg, and on a mixture of 4% with an average value of Marshall Quotient of 681.93 Kg. Thus, it can contribute to the development of road construction technology and become a reference in the use of hazelnut shell charcoal in wear-coated concrete asphalt mixture (AC-WC) as an alternative to environmentally friendly and sustainable mixed materials

Antimicrobial screening of pecan shell extract and efficacy of pecan shell extract-pullulan coating against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus on blueberries

Pecan shell is considered an agricultural waste; however, it contains various bioactive compounds with potential inhibitory effect against microorganisms. This study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of pecan shell extract (PSE) in vitro using disc-diffusion method and in vivo on blueberries as an antimicrobial coating using pullulan. For in vitro study, 5 and 10 % of aqueous (A-PSE) or ethanol pecan shell extract (E-PSE) incorporated into pullulan film were tested against different bacterial and fungal strains. Pullulan film disc was used as control. The diameter of growth inhibition (mm) around discs was measured. For in vivo study, PSE-P (5 % w/v aqueous pecan shell extract+5 % w/v pullulan), P (5 % w/v pullulan) or control (water) were spray coated on blueberries inoculated (∼5 log CFU/g) with Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica or Staphylococcus aureus; and stored at 4 °C, 50 ± 10 % RH for 15 days. The effect of antimicrobial coating against pathogens and its impact on quality during storage were determined. A-PSE and E-PSE films were more effective against Gram-positive bacteria and showed no antifungal effect at tested concentrations when evaluated in vitro. Immediately after coating on blueberries, PSE-P significantly reduced Listeria monocytogenes by 2 log CFU/g and lowered survival until day 5 than control or P. Native aerobic microbial population was reduced (P < 0.05) by 0.7 log CFU/g immediately after coating. PSE-P coating or storage time had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the survival of S. enterica, S. aureus and native fungal population. PSE-P maintained the firmness of blueberry with no significant effect on its color, TSS, and pH during 15 days storage. PSE-P significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the spoilage rate by 21 % than control (28.5 %) and P (37 %); and minimized (P < 0.05) weight loss during storage. Pecan shell extracts show promise as a potential antimicrobial compound whose application on various food products or packaging material could be further explored.

Analysis of the Solar Pyrolysis of a Walnut Shell: Insights into the Thermal Behavior of Biomaterials

The state of Sonora, Mexico, stands as one of the leading producers of pecan nuts in the country, which are commercialized without shells, leaving behind this unused residue. Additionally, this region has abundant solar resources, as shown by its high levels of direct normal irradiance (DNI). This study contributes to research efforts aimed at achieving a synergy between concentrated solar energy technology and biomass pyrolysis processes, with the idea of using the advantages of organic waste to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and avoiding the combustion of conventional pyrolysis through the concentration of solar thermal energy. The objective of this study is to pioneer a new experimental analysis methodology in research on solar pyrolysis reactors. The two main features of this new methodology are, firstly, the comparison of temperature profiles during the heating of inert and reactive materials and, secondly, the analysis of heating rates. This facilitated a better interpretation of the observed phenomenon. The methodology encompasses two different thermal experiments: (A) the pyrolysis of pecan shells and (B) the heating–cooling process of the biochar produced in experiment (A). Additionally, an experiment involving the heating of volcanic stone is presented, which reveals the temperature profiles of an inert material and serves as a comparative reference with experiment (B). In this experimental study, 50 g of pecan shells were subjected to pyrolysis within a cylindrical stainless-steel reactor with a volume of 156 cm3, heated by concentrated radiation from a solar simulator. Three different heat fluxes were applied (234, 482, and 725 W), resulting in maximum reaction temperatures of 382, 498, and 674 °C, respectively. Pyrolysis gas analyses (H2, CO, CO2, and CH4) and characterization of the obtained biochar were conducted. The analysis of heating rates, both for biochar heating and biomass pyrolysis, facilitated the identification, differentiation, and interpretation of processes such as moisture evaporation, tar production endpoint, cellulosic material pyrolysis, and lignin degradation. This analysis proved to be a valuable tool as it revealed heating and cooling patterns that were not previously identified. The potential implications of this tool would be associated with improvements in the design and operation protocols of solar reactors.

Penggunaan Cangkang Kemiri Sebagai Subtitusi Agregat Kasar Dan Zat Tambah Terhadap Sifat Mekanis Beton

Indonesia is a developing country that is improving public infrastructure development, which serves to support the continuity of services to the community. Research that has often been carried out in general generally uses a simple technology by utilizing local resources including the use of waste as a building material, one of which is pecan shells. The purpose of this study was to obtain the effect of partial substitution of crushed stone with a kemeiri shell by 5% and the addition of various added substances by 0.6% of the weight of cement on the compressive and tensile strength of concrete. There were 47 samples made, including 23 samples of normal concrete and 24 samples of variation concrete. Concrete samples were soaked for 28 days before testing the compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete. The results of this test showed that pecan shell mixed concrete experienced a decrease in compressive and tensile strength values compared to normal concrete, while in pecan mixed concrete variations of various added substances experienced higher compressive and tensile strength values than pecan mixed concrete.

Pecan shells-based activated carbon for the removal of copper metal ions: optimization of the adsorption process using a full factorial design

ABSTRACT This work investigates the removal of copper ions (Cu2+) from an aqueous solution by adsorption onto the surface of activated carbon (AC) produced from pecan shells. The research aims to identify a feasible and effective route for cleaning the wastewater from Cu2+. Chemical activation was carried out using sodium hydroxide. The AC physicochemical properties were characterised by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller for measuring its specific surface area. To obtain a suitable removal of this metal ion, four physicochemical factors, including the contact time (120–360 min) the adsorbent dose (10–100 mg), initial concentration (10–50 mg/L), and pH (2–6) were optimised using the 24-full factorial design approach. A quadratic regression model representing the capacity of Cu2+ adsorption (Q e) was developed and validated by the analysis of variance. This approach was used to determine independent factors’ main and interaction effects on adsorption equilibrium capacity. The results consolidate similar studies showing that all the factors were significant, and the interactions among the factors were also significant. The optimum conditions for circumscribed fractional factorial design were adsorption time (120 min), adsorbent amount (10 mg), initial metal ions (50 mg/L), and pH 6. The pseudo-first-order model correctly describes the adsorption kinetics with Q e, reached 51.41 mg/g. Modeling adsorption isotherms showed that the Freundlich model adequately describes the adsorption process.

EFFECT OF ACTIVATED CHARCOAL PECAN SHELL (Aleurites moluccanus L. Willd) WITH VARIATIONS IN SULFURIC ACID CONCENTRATION ON DECREASED COD AND BOD LEVELS OF LAUNDRY LIQUID WASTE

Pecan shells are organic waste that can be decomposed but the texture is hard enough that it takes a long time to decompose it naturally. Various efforts to utilize pecan shell waste (Aleurites moluccanus L. Willd), one of which is as a raw material for making activated charcoal. This study aims to find out how the effect of pecan shell activated charcoal (Aleurites moluccanus L. Willd) with variations in the concentration of sulfuric acid against a decrease in Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) levels of laundry liquid waste, as well as the effectiveness of the concentration of sulfuric acid activators. The manufacture of pecan shell activated charcoal (Aleurites moluccanus L. Willd) as an adsorbent is carried out through two stages, namely the authoring stage and the activation stage. BOD testing is carried out by the Winkler titration method while COD is carried out by the closed reflux method. The concentration of sulfuric acid used is 0.5 N; 1.0 N; 1.5 N; 2.0 N; and 2.5 N with a soaking time of 2 hours. The results showed that the sulfuric acid activator that was most effective in reducing laundry liquid waste was at a concentration of 1.5 N with the largest decrease value for BOD, namely 955.56 mg/L (25.44 %) and for COD which was 1648.69 mg/L (18.56 %).

Purification of pecan shell liquid smoke using the distillation method to separate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) is one of the macadamia nuts that is used as a source of oil and spices. Its shell is an organic waste that is not utilized optimally. Pecan shells can be the raw material to produce liquid smoke to minimize waste. Liquid smoke obtained from the pyrolysis pecan shell contains antibacterial and antioxidant compounds. Liquid smoke purification is performed to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and tar to obtain clear yellow liquid smoke. The purification is carried out by a distillation process with temperature variations of 150 °C, 175 °C, and 200 °C. The distillation process time is varied by 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The phenol, acid, and carbonyl components determine the characteristics of pecan shell liquid smoke. At 175°C and 90 minutes, the best phenol content was 15.53%. Acid content of 7.65% was obtained at 175°C and 90 minutes. While the carbonyl content of 14.44% was obtained at 125°C for 60 minutes. Determination of liquid smoke quality by utilizing the distillation method produces grade 1 liquid smoke at 175°C for 90 minutes, grade 2 at 200°C for 30 minutes, and grade 3 at 200°C for 90 minutes.

Cytotoxicity of subcritical water extracts obtained from byproducts generated at commercial pecan shelling operations on cancer cells

This study examined potential of the extracts obtained from the byproducts generated at commercial pecan nut-shelling operations in cancer treatment. The subcritical water extracts obtained from two varieties, Native and Pawnee, were analyzed for their phenolic contents and compositions. Effects of the extracts on viability and IC50 of the human cell lines representing a broad range of cancer types, cervical, lung, skin, breast, colon and prostate cancers, were investigated. Although the effect of the temperature on the phenolic contents and compositions of the extracts was not statistically significant, the influence of the variety was extensive. The pecan shell extracts were not cytotoxic to the healthy cell line Vero in the concentration range examined. Some of the pecan shell extracts had greater efficay than Doxorubicin, a drug used in cancer chemotherapy, in reducing cancer cell viability. This study is novel and practical implications of the data generated in this study are noteworthy, because this is the first report on the beneficial effects of subcritical water extracts obtained from pecan shelling industry byproducts on a broad range of cancer cell lines. It is likely that the experimental data presented in this study will support and encourage future research on the biological pathways involved in the interactions of the cancer cells and the extracts. The findings of this study will facilitate research on downstream processing and purification of the crude extracts exhibiting high cancer cell cytotoxcity, potentially improving the final product efficacy and lead to commercial applications.Graphical

Synthesis of magnetic activated carbon-supported cobalt(II) chloride derived from pecan shell (Aleurites moluccana) with co-precipitation method as the electrode in supercapacitors

The synthesis of materials on magnetic activated carbon is of concern, with a simple and environmentally friendly. The research used pecan shell (Aleurites moluccana) as a carbon source. The breakthrough made in this research is to make magnetic activated carbon electrodes in supercapacitors. Obtained on the XRD diffractograms show the graphite lattice, respectively. Also, a sharp, narrow peak is seen at 2θ = 26° in the carbon samples spectrum, showing a highly graphitized fraction. FESEM-EDX showed AC20/80 that the shape of the particles was like plates indicating that the particles had been formed. AC80/20 is the surface morphology in which particles with irregular shapes indicate that particles have been formed, where the shape of the particles is irregular. The composition between C and O is also balanced. AC80/20 has lower Co content than AC20/80, AC40/60, AC60/40, and AC50/50 and it appears that AC80/20 is better than the others. The magnitude of the coercivity states that AC20/80, AC80/20, AC40/60, AC60/40, and AC50/50 are strong magnets. The lower the value of the open circuit potential, it will show electrochemical stability. The Nyquist plots of magnetic activated carbon show a straight vertical indicating the process of charge transfer resistance at the low electrode. Obtained specific capacitance AC80/20 at 150F/g.

Comparison of Proanthocyanidin- and Phenolic-Rich Extracts Derived from Pecan Shell and Husk as Elicitors of Induced Resistance Against Phytophthora capsici on Chile Pepper

The use of plant-derived secondary metabolites to induce disease resistance in plants has been well documented. In this study, total phenolics and total proanthocyanidins (PACs) were extracted from the shell and husk of pecan ( Carya illinoinensis) and quantified. Under greenhouse conditions, the extracts were foliarly applied to chile pepper ( Capsicum annuum, cultivar NM 6-4) to compare their ability to induce resistance in plants inoculated with a virulent isolate of Phytophthora capsici. Extractions yielded total phenolic contents of 673 ± 28 and 293 ± 24 mg/g dry weight (DW) for shell and husk and total PAC contents of 1,770.10 ± 158.62 and 901.30 ± 22.84 mg/g DW for shell and husk, respectively. Chile plants treated with total phenolic and PAC extracts from pecan husk or shell or 0.1% salicylic acid, a plant-defense hormone, remained asymptomatic throughout the study for 3 weeks, whereas plants treated with water, which served as a control, died. Both total phenolic and total PAC extracts derived from pecan byproducts can be used within a greenhouse setting as elicitors to induce resistance response in chile pepper against plant pathogens such as P. capsici.

Selecting non-linear mixed effect model for growth and development of pecan nut

Pecan is the only commercial tree nut native to the United States. The optimal times for orchard irrigation, pesticide sprays, and harvest are difficult to identify. Growth and development of the nut as a function of heat unit accumulation is a potential tool predicting different nut growth stages. Growth models utilizing heat unit accumulation are useful decision making tools for growers to fine tune inputs. The objective of this research was to compare different non-linear growth models and determine which best fits the growth and development of the pecan nut components i.e., embryo, shell, and shuck. The sampled nuts were collected in two different years (2019 and 2020). In 2019, three varieties of nuts were sampled from five different locations. In 2020, samples of two varieties were collected from one location. Separate models were fitted for (1) the 2019 data to capture the variation among different locations and varieties and (2) the 2019 and 2020 data within one location that also considered the random effect between years for the two cultivars. A comparison of the coefficient of determination (R2) and Akaike information criteria (AIC) among the fitted models, demonstrated the Gompertz model best fit the embryo development for both datasets. It also best described the shuck growth in the 2019 data. The Logistic model performed slightly better than Gompertz for modeling shell growth for both datasets and the shuck for the two-year data. In both years, slow initial growth of fruit was observed until the beginning of the water stage, followed by an increase in size until the gel stage through nut filling in the dough stage. Our findings suggest that irrigation is more crucial during the water stage of pecan, whereas thinning should be done at the late water stage prior to the nut filling stage. Similarly, pesticide use can be minimized by determining when the pecan shell lignifies and is not susceptible to piercing sucking insect mouthparts. These results can guide pecan growers in fine tuning irrigation, thinning, and pest management based on an integrated growth model of the three phenotypic traits, shuck, shell, and embryo, as a function of accumulated heat units.

Adsorption of Emerging Pollutant by Pecan Shell-Based Biosorbent

The insertion of antibiotics in water resources results from anthropogenic sources; however, at residual concentrations, they characterize potential risks to the ecosystem, such as the emergence of multi-resistant bacteria. It is necessary to develop technologies to provide sustainable solutions for low- and middle-income countries. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the ability to remove the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CPX) with a biosorbent produced with pecan shells (PSB). The PSB structure was determined by scanning electron microscopy and spectroscopy in the infrared region by Fourier Transform. For adsorption assays, solutions of 10 mg L−1 of CPX were used. The results show that the process reaches equilibrium at 240 min, and follows the pseudo-second order model kinetic and the Freundlich equilibrium model. The increase in temperature and the pH variation of the solution strongly influence the process. In general, the adsorption of CPX using PS is a potential method for treating water and contaminated effluents, as well as being a low-cost method; this is because it uses a byproduct from the agricultural industry that results in a reduction of approximately 60% of the antibiotic load contained in the liquid effluent.

Feeding Fiber-Bound Polyphenol Ingredients at Different Levels Modulates Colonic Postbiotics to Improve Gut Health in Cats

Simple SummaryFood eaten by humans or companion animals is broken down by enzymes produced by the host and also by bacteria present in the large intestine of the host. Many of the compounds produced can have beneficial effects on the host’s health. Previous studies in dogs evaluated changes after they ate food containing a fiber bundle made of pecan shells, flax seed, and powders from cranberry, citrus, and beet. These studies showed that bacteria in the large intestine switched from digesting mainly protein to digesting mainly carbohydrates resulting in production of compounds with beneficial properties. The study presented here tested this fiber bundle in cats to see which compounds and/or bacteria in the feces changed. After cats consumed food containing the fiber bundle, several compounds associated with beneficial health effects increased, and some compounds that indicate the breakdown of protein decreased. In contrast, little change in fecal bacteria was observed following consumption of food with the fiber bundle. Overall, these findings indicate that, similar to the dog studies, bacteria in the large intestine of cats were able to digest the fiber bundle to make compounds that may contribute to host health and also shifted to digestion of carbohydrates instead of protein.Consumption of fiber in its different forms can result in positive health effects. Prior studies in dogs found that addition of a fiber bundle (composed of pecan shells, flax seed, and powders of cranberry, citrus, and beet) to food resulted in a shift in fecal bacterial metabolism from proteolysis to saccharolysis. The present study evaluated the changes in fecal metabolites and microbiota in healthy cats following the consumption of this fiber bundle. Following a 28-day pre-feed period, 56 healthy adult cats received food with none or one of three concentrations (0%, 1%, 2%, and 4%) of the fiber bundle for a 31-day period. In cats that consumed the 4% fiber bundle, levels of ammonium and fecal branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) decreased from baseline and compared with the other groups. Addition of any level of the fiber bundle resulted in increases in beneficial metabolites: polyphenols hesperidin, hesperetin, ponciretin, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, secoisolariciresinol, and enterodiol. Little change in fecal microbiota was observed. Since higher levels of ammonia and BCFAs indicate putrefactive metabolism, the decreases in these with the 4% fiber bundle indicate a shift toward saccharolytic metabolism despite little change in the microbiota composition.

Influence of Cultivar on Nutritional Composition and Nutraceutical Potential of Pecan Growing in Uruguay.

Composition and antioxidant properties of sixteen pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh) K. Koch] cultivars grown simultaneously in a single experimental orchard in Uruguay were evaluated to characterize their nutritional properties and nutraceutical potential. The percentage of oil, moisture, ash, minerals, and proteins were determined and also the fatty acid profile. Total phenolic compounds [18–41 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAEs)/g], condensed tannin [2–12 mg catechin equivalents (CEs)/g], and tocopherols (110–163 μg/g) contents were estimated in nut kernels. Total phenolic compounds (32–117 mg GAE/g), condensed tannins (130–357 mg CE/g), and total anthocyanins (1–3 mg 3-glucoside cyanidin/g) were also determined for pecan shells. The antioxidant activity in shells [57.15–578.88 μmol Trolox equivalents (TEs)/g] was 5 times higher compared with the kernels (23.15–156.60 μmol TEs/g) measured with hydrophilic ORAC. Bioactive compounds concentrations present statistically significant genetic variability between cultivars studied (p < 0.05). The presence of phenolic compounds was related with high-antioxidant capacity in kernels and shells, and a strong correlation between content of total phenolic compounds and condensed tannins in pecan shells was found. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) show association between cultivars and the observed variables. The nutritional profile in the different cultivars showed the trends described in other countries, but this work shows some significant differences that could be attributed to the specific edaphoclimatic conditions of cultivation in Uruguay.

Analisis Nilai Nilai Kadar Air Optimum Dan Kepadatan Kering Pada Tanah Lempung Dengan Penambahan Abu Cangkang Kemiri

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding Candlenut Shell Ash to the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content in clay soil. Pecan shell ash as a clay soil density stabilization agent which was carried out by standard proctor testing. The research method used is Atterberg Limits testing, Moisture Content testing, Specific Gravity testing, Gradation testing (sieve analysis and hydrometer), and Compaction testing. From the characteristic tests it showed that the soil was classified as clay soil and the compaction test at point 1 and point 2 with mixed variations of 0%, 5%, 7%, 9% experienced an increase in the optimum water content. and maximum dry density. In the compaction test, 5 samples were carried out with the optimum moisture content value at point 1 of 0% variation, namely 22.855%, which continued to increase at the highest variation of 9%, namely 25.388 and at point 2, variation of 0%, namely 21.880%, continued to increase at variation of 9%, namely 24.217%, while the value of The maximum dry density at point 1 of 0% variation, which is 0.992, continues to increase at the highest variation of 9%, which is 1.058 and at point 2, variation of 0%, which is 0.957, also continues to increase at the highest variation of 9%, which is 1.047. From the results of the research conducted, it was found that Pecan Shell Ash increased the value of the optimum water content and the maximum dry density value so that it could be used to stabilize the soil.

Rancang Bangun Mesin Pemisah Kulit Kemiri Terintegrasi Komponen Pengering dan Penyaring

With the traditional method, 1 worker can only produce 1.5 kg/hour of candlenut. When it rains, the candlenut cannot be dried in the sun, so the production of candlenut stops. Candlenut which is not completely dried, cannot produce quality candlenuts when cracked. This study aims to increase the quantity and quality of the candlenut seed production through the design of an integrated drying and filter component of the pecan shell separator using the 3 variable machine capacity test method (drying temperature, drying time and motor rotation) needed to produce optimal conditions for production candlenut. Test This research succeeded in increasing the production of candlenut from 36 minutes/kg to 2.5 minutes/kg. However, this trial has not produced a better quality than the traditional method, where the results of the whole candlenut use 16 % machine, while the traditional method is 70 %. Until now, the best variables we have obtained for separating the candlenut shells on this machine are the drying temperature of 123.4 ⁰C, the drying duration is 60 minutes, and the rotating speed of the motor is 1800 RPM.

Combined ultrasonic/subcritical water hydrolysis pretreatments for agricultural biomass

ABSTRACT In response to the intensification of eco-friendly routes as a strategy to access compounds of interest, extraction based on hydrothermal technologies is an efficient method to obtain high yields of compounds present in lignocellulosic materials. Accordingly, this study investigated the effects of the combination of ultrasonic pretreatments (energy density, 1.23 × 103–37.6 × 103 J/cm3; reaction time, 15 and 60 min) and subcritical water hydrolysis (SWH) (temperature, 220°C; flow rate, 10–30 mL/min; and reaction time, 0.5–15 min) on sugar yield profile from residual biomass of rice, soybean, and pecan. A characterization of the sugars present in the hydrolyzed solutions by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and a physicochemical evaluation of biomasses by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was performed. The highest yield reported were 23.8/100 g biomass, 14.4/100 g biomass, and 6.0/100 g biomass for pecan shell, rice shell, and soybean straw, respectively. Cellobiose, glucose, xylose, and arabinose were quantified by the HPLC, as well as inhibitors and organic acids. FT-IR indicated the compositions of the fresh and pretreated samples. Appropriately, the combined application of ultrasonic and SWH methods supported the valorization and optimization of high potential materials generated in agricultural processing.