Pearson Product Moment Correlation Research Articles

Effect of integrated pest management practices on the occurrence of pesticide residue in okra cultivated by farmers in Kwara state.

Integrated pest management (IPM) is a sustainable approach for minimizing the negative impacts of pests on crops while reducing reliance on synthetic pesticides. This study was conducted in Kwara State Nigeria in 2023, to investigate the effects of implementation of IPM practices on the occurrence of pesticide residues in okra cultivated by the farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria, and identify the factors affecting the use of IPM practices for pest control in okra production. A sample of 245 okra farmers was selected across 4 agricultural zones of Kwara State using a multistage sampling technique. Additionally, okra samples were collected from the farmers of each community of the local government areas. The data collected from the farmers were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics including frequency count, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Pearson product moment correlation (PPMC). The collected okra samples were taken to the laboratory for pesticide residue extraction and analysis was performed using gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometer (MS). The results showed that most okra producers in Kwara State were smallholder farmers who, despite practicing IPM, had limited knowledge of the technology. Some pesticide residues were detected in okra, out of which two were present in quantities above the maximum residue limit, while others were below the maximum residue limit. Therefore, this study recommends that the government should improve extension services in the State by providing adequate funds and training extension agents who can provide comprehensive training to farmers on the types and application of IPM as an eco-friendly technology for preventing pesticide residue in okra.

Determinants of Nyumba Kumi Community Policing Initiative on Maintenance of Law and Order in Migori County, Kenya

Purpose: The study sought to determine the key factors influencing the success or failure of the Nyumba Kumi initiative in maintaining law and order within Suna West Sub-County, Migori County, Kenya. More specifically, it set out to explore how community awareness, collaboration with law enforcers, technology in use, and information sharing influence the success of this community policing endeavor. The study further points out difficulties inhibiting the success of this initiative, such as frayed relations between the community and police force, mistrust, and issues related to personal vendettas, which have undermined the initiative's goal of reducing insecurity. Methodology: This study utilized a descriptive cross-sectional research type to investigate the extent to which selected associated factors affected the implementation of the Nyumba Kumi initiative in Suna West Sub-County. Local community members, Nyumba Kumi leaders, and local administration officials were interviewed using structured questionnaires. A total sample of 210 respondents was represented from all key stakeholder groups using a stratified random sampling technique. Statistical analyses were performed to summarize variables of interest with the help of descriptive statistics like means, and standard deviations (SD) using SPSS version 26. The study also used inferential statistics (Pearson product-moment correlation) to examine the relationships between variables. Findings were tabulated and graphically displayed for trends and comparisons between indicators. Findings: The study achieved a high response rate, highlighting strong positive relationships between the maintenance of law and order and several key factors. Significant associations were found with community awareness (r = 0.759, p < 0.001), collaboration with law enforcement (r = 0.793, p < 0.001), technology use (r = 0.450, p < 0.001), and information sharing (r = 0.673, p < 0.001), all of which contributed to enhanced security in Suna West sub-county, Migori County. These findings indicate that the Nyumba Kumi initiative thrives on increased community awareness, effective collaboration with security agencies, and the integration of technology. Despite challenges such as strained relationships between community members and law enforcement, the initiative has led to reduced crime rates, quicker emergency response times, and more peaceful conflict resolution in the area. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study reinforces key theories related to community policing. It supports Collective Efficacy Theory by demonstrating how communities contribute to law and order through informal support and social control. It also bolsters Social Cohesion Theory, emphasizing the significance of strong social bonds for effective community policing. Furthermore, it validates social cognitive theory by illustrating how observational learning and social interactions influence community behavior in security initiatives. From a practical standpoint, the study recommends enhancing community training, fostering collaboration with law enforcement, integrating technologies such as mobile applications and GIS, and improving information sharing. These strategies serve as a practical framework for strengthening grassroots security efforts and enhancing the effectiveness of community policing within the Nyumba Kumi initiatives. Additionally, the study offers valuable policy recommendations that advocate for supporting community training, encouraging collaboration with law enforcement, promoting technology use, and enhancing information sharing. Implementing these policies would significantly improve community policing outcomes by facilitating better cooperation between communities and law enforcement agencies.

The Role of Staffing and Safety in Improving Teachers’ Job Satisfaction in Nsukka Education Zone Enugu State

This study was conducted on the role of staffing and safety in improving teachers’ job satisfaction. The study was guided by three research questions and three hypotheses. The study was carried out in Nsukka Education Zone of Enugu State. A correlation research design was adopted for the study. The population of the study comprised of 193 (6 principals and 187 teachers) the population served as sample because the population is manageable and accessible. The study adopted three instruments for data collection which include staffing questionnaire (SFQ), safety Questionnaire (STQ) and teachers’ job satisfaction questionnaire (TJSQ). The internal consistency reliability indices of SFQ, STQ and TJSQ were determined to be 0.72, 0.76 using Cronbach alpha. Pearson product moment correlation and multiple regression were adopted to answer the research questions and test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The result shows that task persistence and students’ engagement significantly predict students’ academic achievement in Economics. From these findings, it was recommended among others that, Teachers should make sure that students are actively involved in teaching and learning process by so doing, the academic achievement of the students will be improved.

Examining the impact of organizational and management variables on sport service delivery in Ethiopia

There is an observed general low performance of Ethiopian Sport Governing Bodies (SGBs) in service delivery. Evidence shows that the trend can be corrected with proper understanding and insight into the process of organizational and management factors of these SGBs. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of organizational and management factors as determinants in effective service delivery in SGBs. For this study, a cross-sectional research design was employed. Purposive sampling was used to choose 350 samples from 154 internal and 196 external stakeholders. The instruments used for the study were the key informant interview and the questionnaire. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and multiple regression were used to analyze the data at the 0.05 significant level while qualitative data were content analyzed. The findings confirmed that organizational and management factor variables had a significant positive relationship with sport service delivery (organizational structure (r=0.515), organizational capabilities (r=0.701), communication (r=0.549), management practice (r=0.571), materials & resources (r=0.527) and stakeholders satisfaction (r=0.742). Management factors jointly predicted effective sport service delivery (F (3, 329)= 165.868, R2= 0.612); organizational factors had a joint significant contribution to effective sport service delivery (F(3, 329) = 148.743, R2= 0.576). Further, organizational and management factor variables had a joint relative significant influence on effective sport service delivery in Ethiopian SGBs (F (6, 326) =130.81, R2= 0.707). Interviews revealed that there are weak relations with stakeholders, an unaligned structure of regional sport bodies with federal bodies, and managers with improper experience and knowledge in sport which influences effective sport service delivery in Ethiopian SGBs. Therefore, working together with stakeholders, structural advancement, designing rules and regulations that can serve a longer time, taking correction based on feedback from stakeholders, networked structures and collaborations with local sports organizations as means of improving service delivery employing shared burden and coordinated effort are recommended. Keywords: Management, Organization, Service delivery, Sport governing bodies

Investigating Socio-Economic and Academic Consequences of Insecurity and Kidnapping in Senior Secondary Schools in Anambra State

The study investigates the socio-economic and academic consequences of kidnapping in senior secondary schools in Anambra State. Two research questions and two research hypotheses were formulated for the study. The scope was restricted to the extent to which kidnapping influence academic performance and socio-economic development of students. Relevant literatures were reviewed on conceptual framework, theoretical framework, empirical studies and summary of reviewed literature. The design of the study was a descriptive survey design. The study was carried out in Anambra State. The study population was public SS 2 students in Anambra State. The sample of the study consisted of 400 SS2 students. The instrument for the study was a questionnaire consisting of 10 items. The instrument was validated by 3 experts – two experts in measurement and evaluation and one expert in administration. The reliability of the instrument was done using Pearson Product Moment Correlation (r) yielding a value of 0.86. Data analysis was conducted using mean and standard deviation for research question and t-test statistic was used to test the research hypotheses. The results of the study were as follows: there is a significant difference between the mean ratings to which kidnapping influence academic performance of SS2 students in senior secondary schools and there is a significant difference between the mean ratings to which kidnapping influence socio-economic development of SS2 students in senior secondary schools. The study recommended among others that government and traditional rulers should encourage dialogue and conflict resolution mechanisms at the community level to address underlying grievances and prevent conflicts from escalating into violence.

Hubungan Motivasi Belajar dengan Prokrastinasi Akademik Siswa di Sekolah Menengah Pertama

This research is motivated by the phenomenon of many students engaging in academic procrastination at school. Forms of academic procrastination include students making assignments in class while the teacher is explaining the subject matter, copying friends' assignments, not completing assignments, and submitting assignments beyond the time limit. Students also stated that their reasons for carrying out academic procrastination were that the large number of assignment demands given by teachers in each subject with a deadline of only a few days meant that students were unable to do their assignments well. This research aims to (1) describe the picture of students' learning motivation. SMPN 26 Padang, (2) describe the picture of academic procrastination of SMPN 26 Padang students, and (3) examine the relationship between learning motivation and academic procrastination of SMPN 26 Padang students. This research uses quantitative methods with a correlational research type. The sample in this study was 167 students selected using the Proportional Random Sampling technique. The data was processed using descriptive analysis and Pearson product moment correlation analysis using the SPSS version 20 for Windows program. The results of this study show that (1) students' learning motivation is in the medium category with a percentage of (35.9%), (2) students' academic procrastination is in the high category with a percentage of (56.9%), (3) there is a significant relationship and has a negative direction between learning motivation and academic procrastination with a calculated r correlation value of -0.312 with a significance level of 0.000 at the weak relationship level.

The Turkish Version of the Sexual Interest and Desire Inventory-Female (SIDI-F): Examination of the Validity, Reliability and Factorial Structure

The aim of this study is to investigate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Sexual Interest and Desire Inventory-Female (SIDI-F). This methodological study was conducted with 268 women who met the sampling criteria between January and February 2024. Validity analysis was performed using the content validity index, convergent and divergent validity, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. Pearson product-moment correlation and Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficients were used for reliability analysis. To evaluate invariance of the inventory over time, test-retest measurements were conducted three weeks apart and showed no difference in mean scores (p > .05). Corrected item-total score correlations ranged from 0.303 to 0.846 in the positive direction and were statistically highly significant. Adjusted goodness-of-fit index > 0.85 and comparative fit index > 0.90 confirmed the construct validity of the Turkish SIDI-F. The Cronbach Alpha was found to be .88, indicating high internal consistency. The Turkish version of SIDI-F can be used as a measurement tool to determine the level of sexual interest and arousal.

Role of Emotional Intelligence on Employee Performance in Selected Public Sector Banks in Madhya Pradesh State (Jabalpur Region)

In the wake of a seemingly rigorous recruitment process in the banking industry, where candidates' intelligence level appears to be more important than their emotional state, this study investigated how employees' emotional intelligence is related with job performance in selected banks in Madhya Pradesh state. Emotional intelligence was categorized by empathy, while employee performance was categorized by employee turnover. This study used a correlational research design. Three banks from the state of Madhya Pradesh have been selected for coverage. Pearson's Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used for data analysis. The results revealed that empathy has a strong negative relationship with employee turnover. It is recommended that management implement policies that both ensure the employment of emotionally intelligent employees and create opportunities within the organization that improve employee relations and employee performance to reduce employee turnover.

Remedial Levies & Academic Achievements

In its initial research, this article investigated the effect of remedial levies on academic achievement in public day primary schools in Nyamira County, Kenya. The theory that guided the research was Education Production Function. The study used an ex – post facto research design with questionnaire and documentary analysis guide as the tools for research. Target population of this study comprised 392 public day primary school. Slovin’s sample size formula was used to calculate the sample size of the public day primary schools in Nyamira County. Stratified random sampling was used to ensure all Sub- Counties are proportionately represented and simple random sampling techniques were used to select the sample respondents. Copies of questionnaire were used to collect data from the public day primary schools. Documentary analysis guide was therefore, administered to a sample size of 198 public day primary schools. Research tools were validated through a pilot study. Test re–test method was used to test reliability and a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.70 was obtained. Descriptive statistics (mean, frequencies and percentages) and inferential statistics using Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient and Multiple Linear Regression were used for data analysis. The findings of multiple linear regression showed that B coefficient for evening remedial levies (b=0.0006, t=293, p=0.004) and morning remedial levies (b=0.0007, t=3.37, p=0.001) were statistically significant.

Consumer Buying Behaviour Towards Life Insurance Post-COVID-19 in Ghana

The current study explores consumer buying behaviour towards life insurance among private basic school teachers in the Cape Coast Metropolis of Ghana, focusing on the post-COVID-19 landscape. Utilizing a descriptive survey design, data were gathered through a five-point Likert-type scale questionnaire and analyzed using various statistical methods, including frequencies, percentages, mean, standard deviation, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation. Using a population of 224 private school teachers, the results indicated that teachers primarily opt for life, hospital, and education support plans, signifying an aspiration to secure their future and further their education. The study underscores the imperative for financial resilience post-COVID-19 to protect the emerging middle class from reverting to poverty. Although teachers employ strategic coping mechanisms during the pandemic, they expressed concerns over delayed life policy settlements, which have compounded their challenges. Recommendations include targeted engagement by insurance companies at private basic schools to elucidate the benefits of life policies, as well as the formulation of insurance packages that offer effective risk coverage and promote long-term investment, rather than merely focusing on tax benefits.

The Mediator Role of Cognitive Flexibility Levels in the Relationship Between Authenticity Levels and Multicultural Counseling Competence Perceptions of Psychological Counselors

This study examines the mediating role of cognitive flexibility levels in the relationship between counselors' authenticity levels and their perceptions of multicultural counseling competence. In the study, a relational survey model was employed. The study group consisted of 617 counselors, 493 female and 124 male, living in various cities in Turkey. "Personal Information Form", "Authenticity Scale", "Multicultural Counseling Competencies Scale" and "Cognitive Flexibility Inventory" were used for data collection. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to analyze the data. As a result of the study, it was determined that there were significant positive correlations between counselors' authenticity levels, cognitive flexibility levels, and their perceptions of multicultural counseling competencies. While the direct effect of authenticity levels on multicultural counseling competence perceptions was insignificant, the total and indirect effects were found to be significant. In this context, it was found that the cognitive flexibility levels of the counselors play a full mediating role in the relationship between their authenticity levels and their perceptions of multicultural counseling competence. The results were discussed and evaluated within the framework of the relevant literature. Finally, based on the findings of the study, suggestions were made for researchers and practitioners.

Examining Teacher Retention through the Lens of Job Satisfaction and Commitment in a Philippine Private School

This research explored the relationship between teachers’ school commitment, job satisfaction, and their retention in a private school in Cebu, Philippines during the school year 2023–2024. One hundred and seventeen (117) teachers were selected using random sampling and completed a four-part survey questionnaire assessing their profile, school commitment, job satisfaction, and retention. The statistical measurements used to analyze the data were frequency count, percentage, weighted mean, standard deviation, and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. Data reveal that the respondents had a very high degree of school commitment and job satisfaction. Moreover, working conditions had a very high degree of influence on respondents’ retention, while compensation, administrative support, and professional growth had a high degree of influence. Furthermore, school commitment is significantly related to teacher job satisfaction and retention, while job satisfaction is significantly related to teacher retention. These findings suggest that enhancing teachers’ commitment and job satisfaction may be strategic in improving their retention. Therefore, school administrators must promote a positive working environment to foster school commitment, job satisfaction, and retention.

Federalism and National Integration in Nigeria: A Study of Selected States in South-South, Nigeria

Abstract : Nigeria as a multi ethnic nationalities country is faced with tremendous task of integrating a country that is deeply depleted by mirage of problems, including among others ethno-religious and cultural crises and the constitutional imperfection. Regrettably, the manner the country practices federalism has resulted to the country's inability to foster or promote national integration, and unity in diversity. The main objective of the study was to investigate the role of federalism in promoting national integration in Nigeria. Four states comprising of AkwaIbom, Bayelsa, Delta and Rivers in south south, Nigeria were selected for the study. To achieve this objective, survey correlation/research design was adopted for the study and a sample size of 384 was drawn from the population of 20,787,224, using purposive and systematic sampling techniques respectively. Data were selected using researchers developed questionnaire titled Federalism and National Integration Questionnaire (FNIQ) the instrument was administered and retrieved by the researchers with the help of two research assistants. Three research questions and three hypotheses were formulated for the study. Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) was used in testing the hypotheses at 0.5 level of significance. Three null hypotheses of the study were rejected leading to the decision to accept the alternative hypotheses. It was concluded that there was significant relationship between ethnicity, supremacy of power of having, and the Federal Constitution and the national integration in south south Nigeria. It was recommended among others, that, to foster possible breakup by the ethnic nationalities in Nigeria, government should device a federal principle through accommodation, consultation, negotiation and inclusion, instead of exclusion and denial of their rights. The sharing of political offices and opportunities should be equitable and based on the spirit of federal character principle and true federalism.

The Influence of Debt to Equity Ratio and Return on Equity on Company Value in Food and Beverage Subsector Manufacturing Companies Listed on the BEI in 2020-2022

The purpose of this study is to analyse the relationship between Y, debt-to-equity ratio, and return on equity for food and beverage manufacturing companies listed on the BEI in 2020 and 2022. Panel data regression analysis is the research tool of choice for this associative descriptive study. This study's population consists of 2020–2022 financial reports from BEI-listed food and beverage subsector manufacturing enterprises. Nonprobability sampling with a purposive sampling approach was used to collect the samples. Various statistical methods were employed to assess the impact of the study, including panel data regression analysis, t test and F test hypothesis testing, and Pearson product moment correlation and coefficient of determination analyses. There is a very strong correlation between return on equity (ROE) and Y (0.824) and a sufficient correlation (0.535) between debt to equity ratio and Y (0.535), according to the results of the analysis. The results of the determination analysis reveal that the debt-to-equity ratio and return on equity account for 99.2% of the variance in firm value, with the remaining 0.8% explained by factors that were not part of the study

Assessing diastolic function using CMR as an alternative to echocardiography: age- and gender-related normal reference values.

Impaired diastolic function is associated with a variety of diseases such as myocarditis or dilated cardiomyopathy. Currently, echocardiography is the standard method for assessing diastolic function. Recently, it has been postulated that cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is an at least equivalent or superior alternative to echocardiography. To assess CMR-based age- and gender-dependent diastolic functional normal reference values, pulmonary venous and transmitral blood-flow parameters were examined in heart-healthy test persons. Flow-sensitive phase-contrast CMR imaging was performed in the right upper pulmonary vein (RUPV) and at the level of the mitral valve (MV) in 183 healthy subjects (age 10-70years; 97 women, 86 men). The data wasdistributed as evenly as possible across all groups. Strong age-dependence was observed for PV S/D; r = 0.718, p < 0.001 (Pearson product-moment correlation) and for transmitral MV E/A; ρ = -0.736, p < 0.001 (Spearman's Rho correlation). Moderate age-dependence was found for PV slope D-wave; r = 0.394, p < 0.001. Except for MV slope E-wave (male -292cm/s2 interquartile range (IQR) {-338; -243} vs. female -319 ± 82cm/s2; p = 0.047), no gender-related differences were observed. In a subgroup (N = 100), CMR data were compared with echocardiographic data. Strong correlation was found between CMR and echocardiography for PV S/D; r = 0.545, p < 0.001 and MV E/A; ρ = 0.692, p < 0.001. Diastolic functional parameters change with age, while gender-differences are small. CMR and echocardiography showed similar PV S/D and MV E/A ratios, making CMR a promising alternative for assessing diastolic function.

Linear Monotonic Inter-electrode Associations as Quantitative EEG for Alcoholism Diagnosis

Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are associated with alterations in EEG patterns that reflect underlying neural dysfunctions, such as impaired cognitive processing, reduced neural connectivity, and disrupted brain rhythms. These EEG alterations can be indicative of several brain disorders, including cognitive deficits, mood disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases, which are often exacerbated by chronic alcohol abuse. Cognitive impairment in alcoholic subjects is caused due to altered functional connectivity between brain regions that can be quantified using statistical measures such as correlation. This paper proposes novel Quantitative EEG (QEEG) features comprising the band-wise absolute value of inter-electrode correlations as a measure of brain functional connectivity to classify alcoholic and non-alcoholic EEG. The EEG signal is first decomposed into five frequency sub-bands. In each sub-band, the absolute value of the linear Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient is computed between time-series EEG recorded by electrode pairs placed over different brain regions. To reduce the dimensionality of the feature vector, an ensemble feature selection approach is adopted, utilizing ANOVA and Chi-square, in conjunction with greedy forward feature selection wrapper algorithm. Four classifiers, namely SVM, KNN, ANN and RF are utilized for the classification. Among them, the SVM classifier achieves the best classification accuracies of 100% on validation with test data and 99.58% on cross-validation with train data, respectively.

EFFECT OF HAPPINESS ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS IN SOUTH KOREA

While academic success is undoubtedly the most important criterion for evaluating an educational structure, consideration should also be given to those aspects that can contribute to the structure's objectives. As a result, the emphasis should be on understanding the foundations upon which the best academic success can be attained. This means that factors that promote students' mental and emotional well-being are crucial to their academic success. Hence, the main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of happiness on the academic performance of international students in South Korea. Three happiness variables were retained: social relationships, educational environments, and financial support. A descriptive survey research design was adopted as the research design. The data used was collected through questionnaires from 281 international students in South Korea using a purposive sampling technique. Data was analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis, and Multiple Linear regression analysis was done with the help of coefficients, R2, adjusted R2, and P-values as validation techniques in SPSS. The findings conclude that social relationships and educational environments significantly affect academic performance, while financial support is insignificant. The study therefore recommended that the school administration focus more on enhancing social relationships and creating safe and welcoming environments for all, since they were found to positively influence the performance of foreign students.

The Effect of Total Asset Turnover (TATO) and Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) on Return on Assets (ROA) at PT Indosat Tbk in 2013-2023 (Case Study on a Company Listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange)

This study aims to analyze the effect of Total Asset Turnover (TATO) and Debt To Equity Ratio (DER) on Return On Assets (ROA) at PT. Indosat Tbk from 2013 to 2023. This research method is quantitative using secondary data from PT Indosat's financial statements. The sampling technique was carried out by purposive sampling with specific criteria, namely the quarterly financial statements of PT. Indosat Tbk during the period 2013-2023. The Classical Assumption Test was used to test the research instrument, as well as Pearson Product Moment correlation analysis, coefficient of determination, t-test, f-test, and multiple linear regression to measure the influence of variables. The findings show that the relationship between TATO and ROA is very low with a correlation value of 0.146, while the relationship between DER and ROA is also very low with a correlation value of 0.115. Based on the determination analysis, the contribution of TATO and DER to ROA is only 3.2%, with 96.8% influenced by other factors outside the scope of this study

The Effect of Working Capital Turnover and Current Ratio (CR) on Return On Investment (ROI) at PT Harum Energy, Tbk (A Company Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange Period 2015-2022)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of working capital turnover and current ratio (cr) on return on investment (roi) at PT Harum Energy, Tbk for the period 2015-2022. The research method used is a descriptive associative method. The population consists of secondary data from the financial statements of PT Harum Energy, Tbk. The sample taken used non-probability sampling with purpose sampling method with specific criteria, see the quarterly financial reports of PT Harum Energy, Tbk for the period 2015-2022. To test the influence analysis, Pearson product moment correlation analysis, coefficient of determination analysis, multiple linear regression analysis and t-test and F-test hypothesis testing were applied. The results of the investigation demonstrate that the value of the correlation between working capital turnover and (roi) is -0,193 the correlation value of this falls into the extremely low group, current ratio to return on investment is 0,251 It falls under the low group. The outcomes of the determination analysis show that the quantity of the independent variables influence and contribution (working capital turnover and current ratio) to the dependent variable (return on investment) is 25% and the remainder 75% is affected by additional factors that the author did not look into

MEGA GASTROPODA ASSOCIATION IN THE MONOSPECIFIC SEAGRASS MEADOWS OF BADAK BADAK ISLAND, BONTANG CITY

Mega Gastropods play an important role in the food chain in bottom waters. Mega Gastropods are associated with seagrass beds which have sand and sandy mud bottom substrates. The aim of the research is to determine the association of Mega Gastropods in monospecific seagrass beds as their habitat. This research was carried out from October 2023 - February 2024 in the seagrass beds of Badak Badak Island. The station is divided into 3 stations and each station is divided into 3 zones. Seagrass and Mega Gastropod samples were taken using a 50x50cm quadrant frame. The relationship between seagrass density and Mega Gastropod density was used by the Pearson's Product Moment correlation test and the distribution of basic substrate fractions and the distribution of Mega Gastropod species was used by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Corespondence Analysis (CA). The Mega Gastropods found consisted of L. turturella, C. tigris, P aluco, and T. telescopium. The relationship between Mega Gastropod density and E. acoroides density was not positively correlated and the presence of Mega Gastropod species was associated with the characteristics of the basic substrate fraction.