Peak Consumption Research Articles

Crosstalk noise analysis in ternary logic multilayer graphene nanoribbon interconnects using shielding techniques

SummaryThis paper presents an accurate structure for multilayer graphene nanoribbon (MLGNR) bundled interconnects to reduce the effects of crosstalk in ternary logic circuits. In the proposed structures, the signal line is surrounded by the shielding lines to reduce the crosstalk effects. The crosstalk effects such as noise peak, noise area, delay, and power consumptions are compared to effects produced by conventional methods. The impacts of process variation in the proposed structures are also presented. Additionally, the proposed MLGNR interconnect results are compared with the carbon nanotube interconnections. All the proposed circuits are implemented and simulated using HSPICE tool. The simulation results indicated that the passively shielded MLGNR interconnects provide lower crosstalk effects up to 47.7% and 69.4%, respectively, over the active and without shielded interconnects.

Circadian regulation of diel vertical migration (DVM) and metabolism in Antarctic krill Euphausia superba

Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) are high latitude pelagic organisms which play a key ecological role in the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean. To synchronize their daily and seasonal life-traits with their highly rhythmic environment, krill rely on the implementation of rhythmic strategies which might be regulated by a circadian clock. A recent analysis of krill circadian transcriptome revealed that their clock might be characterized by an endogenous free-running period of about 12–15 h. Using krill exposed to simulated light/dark cycles (LD) and constant darkness (DD), we investigated the circadian regulation of krill diel vertical migration (DVM) and oxygen consumption, together with daily patterns of clock gene expression in brain and eyestalk tissue. In LD, we found clear 24 h rhythms of DVM and oxygen consumption, suggesting a synchronization with photoperiod. In DD, the DVM rhythm shifted to a 12 h period, while the peak of oxygen consumption displayed a temporal advance during the subjective light phase. This suggested that in free-running conditions the periodicity of these clock-regulated output functions might reflect the shortening of the endogenous period observed at the transcriptional level. Moreover, differences in the expression patterns of clock gene in brain and eyestalk, in LD and DD, suggested the presence in krill of a multiple oscillator system. Evidence of short periodicities in krill behavior and physiology further supports the hypothesis that a short endogenous period might represent a circadian adaption to cope with extreme seasonal photoperiodic variability at high latitude.

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On the Discussion of Computer Mass Data Access and Its Characteristics in Time Limit

With the rapid development of the Internet era, the Internet of Things, big data, mobile payments, and the digital age of AI, information technology is gradually covering people’s lives and learning. People come into contact with tens of thousands of information every day. Getting useful data can not only shorten the time effectively, but also meet specific needs. For example, the State Grid will conduct big data analysis on our daily electricity consumption according to our daily electricity consumption, analyzing the peak and trough of electricity consumption, and the abnormal electricity consumption in January. In all the consumption data analysis, the results of the analysis are used in the power transmission and transformation business planning of the power sector, carry out targeted preparation plan in the specific transmission of power, and further improve the quality of power consumption. Based on this, the paper discusses and analyzes the massive data access, massive data analysis and data effectiveness.

Impactos da geração distribuída fotovoltaica e da tarifa branca no consumo do setor residencial

Desde o início deste século, nota-se uma crescente necessidade de suprimento energético e consequentemente o aumento das preocupações ambientais internacionais. Em resposta a essa demanda, a geração distribuída fotovoltaica surge como possibilidade de redução das emissões de gases de efeito estufa, além da redução do investimento em produção, transmissão ou distribuição. Outra forma de controle referente ao consumo energético é por meio do gerenciamento pelo lado da demanda que, no Brasil, surge como opção para o setor residencial com a tarifa Branca. Porém, a inserção destas estratégias, assim como a mudança para o novo regime tarifário, requer investimentos e planejamento, os quais devem ser cuidadosamente analisados. Nesse contexto, as simulações computacionais possibilitam visualizar possíveis cenários, facilitar análises e fomentar planejamentos futuros. Este trabalho avalia os efeitos da geração distribuída fotovoltaica e do novo regime tarifário para consumidores residenciais que aderirem à tarifa Branca. Unidades habitacionais localizadas em Bento Gonçalves, São Paulo e Belém, com ou sem geração fotovoltaica, foram estudadas. Mostra-se que apenas a adesão à tarifa Branca gera 12,7%, 17,1%, 23,4% de aumento de gastos nas respectivas localidades, o que ressalta a necessidade da mudança nos hábitos atualmente típicos do consumidor e da redução no uso de energia nos horários de pico. Em contrapartida, os casos com geração fotovoltaica foram majoritariamente mais econômicos com a tarifa Convencional. No entanto, houve casos com resultado contrário em Bento Gonçalves, onde a diferença não foi relevante ou a melhor opção foi a tarifa Branca, visto que o pico de consumo gerado pelo chuveiro elétrico foi eliminado com a inserção do sistema solar de aquecimento de água que acompanhou o sistema fotovoltaico. Este, por sua vez, levou o consumo das habitações à tarifa mínima, principalmente em São Paulo, onde os custos foram praticamente os mesmos, não importando o regime tarifário escolhido.

Measuring the Risk of Supply and Demand Imbalance at the Monthly to Seasonal Scale in France

Transmission system operator (TSOs) need to project the system state at the seasonal scale to evaluate the risk of supply-demand imbalance for the season to come. Seasonal planning of the electricity system is currently mainly adressed using climatological approach to handle variability of consumption and production. Our study addresses the need for quantitative measures of the risk of supply-demand imbalance, exploring the use of sub-seasonal to seasonal forecasts which have hitherto not been exploited for this purpose. In this study, the risk of supply-demand imbalance is defined using exclusively the wind energy production and the consumption peak at 7 pm. To forecast the risks of supply-demand imbalance at monthly to seasonal time horizons, a statistical model is developed to reconstruct the joint probability of consumption and production. It is based on a the conditional probability of production and consumption with respect to indexes obtained from a linear regression of principal components of large-scale atmospheric predictors. By integrating the joint probability of consumption and production over different areas, we define two kind of risk measures: one quantifies the probablity of deviating from the climatological means, while the other, which is the value at risk at 95% confidence level (VaR95) of the difference between consumption and production, quantifies extreme risks of imbalance. In the first case, the reconstructed risk accurately reproduces the actual risk with over 0.80 correlation in time, and a hit rate around 70–80%. In the second case, we find a mean absolute error (MAE) between the reconstructed and real extreme risk of 2.5 to 2.8 GW, a coefficient of variation of the root mean square error (CV-RMSE) of 3.8% to 4.2% of the mean actual VaR95 and a correlation of 0.69 and 0.66 for winter and fall, respectively. By applying our model to ensemble forecasts performed with a numerical weather prediction model, we show that forecasted risk measures up to 1 month horizon can outperform the climatology often used as the reference forecast (time correlation with actual risk ranging between 0.54 and 0.82). At seasonal time horizon (3 months), our forecasts seem to tend to the climatology.

Relación del Special Wrestling Fitness Test con el rendimiento aeróbico

Objetivo: Este estudio investigó la relación de variables fisiológicas aeróbicas durante el Special Wrestling Test Fitness con las variables fisiológicas medidas durante una prueba incremental en carrera.
 Métodos: Ocho atletas cadetes y junior (hombres: 2; mujeres: 6) de lucha olímpica estilo libre realizaron el Special Wrestling Fitness Test determinando el número de derribos, el índice de la prueba y los valores picos de consumo de oxígeno, frecuencia cardíaca, cociente respiratorio y pulso de oxígeno. Adicionalmente los atletas realizaron una prueba incremental en tapiz rodante para determinar los valores picos de consumo de oxígeno, frecuencia cardíaca, cociente respiratorio y pulso de oxígeno. Para establecer la relación entre variables fue utilizada la prueba de Pearson (p < 0.05).
 Resultados: Fue encontrada una correlación positiva entre la frecuencia cardíaca final durante el Special Wrestling Fitness Test y la frecuencia cardíaca pico durante la prueba incremental (r = 0.90; P = 0.002; IC95% = 0.54-0.98), entre la frecuencia cardíaca durante el Special Wrestling Fitness Test versus la frecuencia cardíaca pico durante la prueba incremental (r = 0.81; P = 0.002; IC95% = 0.53-0.98), y entre consumo de oxígeno pico durante el Special Wrestling Fitness Test versus el consumo de oxígeno pico durante la prueba incremental (r = 0.93; P = 0.001; IC95% = 0.67-0.99).
 Conclusiones: Variables fisiológicas durante el Special Wrestling Fitness Test se relacionan con la respuesta fisiológica durante una prueba incremental medida de forma directa. Por lo tanto, los entrenadores podrían aplicar el Special Wrestling Fitness Test para monitorear las modificaciones en el rendimiento aeróbico producto del entrenamiento.

Alcoholism among Dental Students

College students are at a specific stage to experience more freedom in making personal choices about their health than earlier or later in life—some forms of risky such as alcohol consumption peak in this age group. Alcohol use is broadly reported among university students. To evaluate the pattern of alcohol consumption among dental undergraduate students and associated factors with alcohol consumption. This was a questionnaire-based cross-sectional type of study comprising 100 dental college students in Chennai. A self-designed questionnaire contains 10 questions based on the knowledge, awareness on the harmful effects of alcohol among dental college students. Questionnaires were circulated through an online website survey planet. After the responses were received from 100 participants, data was collected and . 92% of students are not alcoholics. 90% of students are aware that alcoholism is injurious to health. 76% of students were aware that alcoholics get a risk of hepatic cancer if they drink alcohol. 60% of students consuming alcohol said they drink because of family problems,35% because of work-related stress and 5% because of peer pressure. The alcohol consumption rate is less among dental students and the majority of them are aware of the harmful effects of alcoholism. However, more intense awareness programs should be initiated to discontinue the use of alcohol.

Measurement and verification analysis on the energy performance of a retrofit residential building after energy efficiency measures using RETScreen Expert

Korean old residential apartments built over many decades were constructed without proper energy efficiency measures. This makes the energy performance of existing buildings to be very poor when compared with the energy performance of new buildings. This study presents the use of a 12 years gas consumption data to evaluate the energy performance of an existing residential building in Korea by carrying out Measurement and Verification (M&V) analysis using RETScreen Expert software after building retrofit. From the analysis, a total of 249 Giga Joules (GJ) of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) was consumed at the rate of 0.17 GJ/day on an average from the year 2011 to 2014 with the peak consumption in the year 2013 costing the occupant a sum of $5,401. Also, the net energy savings was 64GJ as of June 2019 after the installation of an Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) with the highest between the year 2016 and 2018. An energy forecast for the year 2020 indicates that 2.71 (tCO2) GHG emissions will be reduced as a result of the energy that will be saved from the 54 Giga Joule (GJ) fuel consumed. Finally, energy efficiency was attained and this reduced the resident doubt on the benefits of energy efficiency measures.

Membranes for all vanadium redox flow batteries

Battery storage systems become increasingly more important to fulfil large demands in peaks of energy consumption due to the increasing supply of intermittent renewable energy. The vanadium redox flow battery systems are attracting attention because of scalability and robustness of these systems make them highly promising. One of the Achilles heels because of its cost is the cell membrane. Exposure of the polymeric membrane to the highly oxidative and acidic environment of the vanadium electrolyte can result in membrane deterioration. Furthermore, poor membrane selectivity towards vanadium permeability can lead to faster discharge times of the battery. These areas seek room for improvement to increase battery lifetime. The high costs of the currently used membranes substantially contribute to the price of the vanadium redox flow battery systems. Therefore, the reduction of the cost of the membrane by using alternative materials can reduce the overall battery costs substantially, thereby increasing the prospects of the industrial use of these systems. In this report different membrane types are reviewed and the important factors determining membrane performance are analysed. An overview of potential new membranes is presented which could boost the performance of these systems in future and reduce costs substantially.

Prediction of Heating Energy Consumption and Analysis of Energy Saving Potential in Northern Urban Areas of China

A classified energy consumption statistics method is established to analyze and predict the future energy consumption of heating in northern China. Firstly, according to the energy intensity and proportion of central heating and decentralized heating, combined with the building area of cities and towns in northern provinces, the heating energy consumption in 2018∼2035 is predicted. Then the energy saving potential of heating is analyzed by the scenario assumption. The results show that controlling energy consumption intensity has obvious energy saving effect on heating in northern towns of China. If the intensity and proportion of heating energy consumption are regulated, the peak of total heating energy consumption in the northern region will appear in 2030, reaching 265 million tce.

CAPACITY OF EXERCISE AND SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS WITH AND WITHOUT HEPATOPULMONARY SYNDROME AFTER LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a complication associated with cirrhosis that may contribute to worsening exercise capacity and reduced survival after liver transplantation (LT). To evaluate exercise capacity, complications and survival after LT in patients with cirrhosis and HPS and to compare these results with the results of patients with cirrhosis without HPS. A prospective cohort study, consisting initially of 178 patients, of whom 90 underwent LT (42 with HPS and 48 without HPS). A previous evaluation consisted of the six-minute walk test (6MWT), an exercise test and manovacuometry. Those who underwent LT were evaluated for the mechanical ventilation time (MV), noninvasive ventilation (NIV) use, and survival two years after the procedure. In the statistical analysis, we used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Student's t-test, the linear association square test, and the Kaplan-Meier survival curve. The data were analyzed with the SPSS 16.00 program and considered significant at P<0.05. The HPS group demonstrated a lower peak of oxygen consumption (VO2peak) (14.2±2.3 vs 17.6±2.6) P<0.001 and a shorter distance walked on the 6MWT (340.8±50.9 vs 416.5±91.4) P<0.001 before LT compared with the non-HPS group. The transplanted patients with HPS remained longer hours in MV (19.5±4.3 vs 12.5±3.3) P=0.02, required more NIV (12 vs 2) P=0.01, and had lower survival two years after the procedure (P=0.01) compared with the transplanted patients without HPS. Patients with HPS had worse exercise capacity before LT, more complications and shorter survival after this procedure than patients without HPS.

Cost and performance analysis of an integrated solar combined cycle with two tanks for indirect thermal energy storage

In this paper, the annual and economic performance of an integrated solar combined cycle (ISCC) with indirect energy storage tanks is investigated. The study includes four scenarios, in which the combined cycle performance was studied exclusively in the first scenario. In the second scenario, the integrated solar combined cycle (ISCC) was examined, and the use of supplementary firing instead of solar energy with the assumption of producing the same power as that by the ISCC scenario was examined for the third scenario. For the fourth scenario, the use of energy storage in the form of indirect tanks with the purpose of energy storage during peak solar direct normal irradiation times and discharge during peak power electricity consumption within the network for such power plants were subjected to investigation. Results show that the contribution of solar energy in the annual produced power by the ISCC scenario is 40 GWh, which is 2.2% of the total. In the case that this amount of power is produced using supplementary firing, there will be about 1.98 tons of increased fuel consumption, and about 18 kton increased in CO2 production. By using the energy storage system, the annual power generation increases by 5 GWh, which will raise the plant's annual revenue by 0.25 M$ if the increment occurs during peak hours. Moreover, the levelized costs of energy (LCOE) for the four scenarios are 8.99, 8.86, 9.04, and 9.135 cents/kWh, respectively.

Comparative Study on the Effectiveness of Aerobic and Resistance Exercise among South Indian Population

These days people are more about how they look and are giving lots of importance to fitness. Aerobic exercise improves cardiovascular adaptations that increases the peak of oxygen consumption and increases the strength. This is more preferred than resistance exercise as it can be done at home. This study was a prospective observational study. The pros were easy to create. It has gathered large data, it is economical and it has quick interpretation. The cons were the homogeneous population and its survey fatigue. To minimize the sampling bias we have to minimize error in questions and avoid loading questions. This study contains 15 self-structured questionnaires which validated the study design, general population, methodology and its survey questionnaire are the internal validity. From the data analysis, the results showed that 95% feel it is good to do aerobics everyday and 5% feel it is not good to do aerobics everyday. 85% prefer walking is a good exercise and 15% prefer walking is not a good exercise. 85% feel aerobics tones our body, 15% feel aerobics does not tone our body. The aim of my study is to compare the effectiveness of aerobic and resistance exercise among the South Indian population.

Impact of smallmouth bass predation on subyearling fall Chinook salmon over a broad river continuum.

Smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) predation on subyearling fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) was examined in the Snake River (USA) to identify seasonal and habitat-related changes in bass diets, and associated subyearling consumption and loss in various riverine and impounded reaches. Smallmouth bass diets reflected opportunistic foraging that at times showed predation on subyearlings is influenced by the consumption of other prey such as crayfish, sand roller (Percopsis transmontana), and smaller invertebrates. Estimated loss of subyearlings was influenced by bass abundance and consumption rates. The highest bass abundances (> 1,000 bass/river kilometer) were observed in the upper reach of Hells Canyon early in April and May, and in Lower Granite Reservoir. Peak consumption rates of subyearlings (≥ 0.12 subyearlings/bass/day) occurred in the upper reach of Hells Canyon during May and in most reservoir reaches in June. Predation losses accumulated evenly along the river continuum from riverine to reservoir habitats. We estimated that 869,371 subyearlings could be lost to smallmouth bass predation between riverine production areas and Lower Granite Dam in a given year. To provide a context for this estimated loss, we provide an illustration of its potential effect on the adult population. Assuming no juvenile mortality occurred downstream of the dam and depending on smolt-to-adult return rates, this represented up to 3.9–16.0% of the potential adult run that could have returned to Lower Granite Dam had no subyearling predation by smallmouth bass occurred upstream of the dam. Although this study was limited by a number of assumptions and constraints, it does provide an illustration of how predation affects juvenile and adult salmon loss over a broad, changing river landscape.

Effects of Question Type and Order When Measuring Peak Consumption of Risky Drinking Events.

There is new interest in measuring alcohol consumption during risky drinking events, but there is little guidance on how to best ask such questions. In this study, we contrast two different types of questions on peak consumption over a single heavy drinking occasion. We used a general question that ask respondents to recall the total amount consumed (total consumption question), and location-specific questions that ask respondents to recall consumption in each drinking location (location-specific peak consumption, LSPC). Heavy drinkers (≥11 Australian Standard Drinks (ASD) per occasion for males, ≥8 for females) from the second wave of a prospective cohort study were recruited via landline random digit dial from Melbourne in 2012. Respondents were randomly assigned to surveys of different question order, and either first received total consumption (n=127) or LSPC questions (n=147). T-tests compared peak consumption between categories stratified by sex and consumption tercile. Mean peak consumption was 12.5 ASD. Irrespective of question order, consumption amounts for total consumption and LSPC questions were not significantly different for both sexes. However, drinkers in the highest tercile asked LSPC questions first provided significantly higher consumption estimates in response to the total consumption question than in response to the LSPC questions. At a population level, LSPC and total consumption questions produce similar estimates of peak consumption for risky drinking events. Except for heavy drinkers, general consumption questions may be sufficient when asking about these drinking events in consumption surveys, without the greater response burden of longer LSPC questions.

Arterial stiffness late after Kawasaki disease in children: Assessment by performing brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity.

Background:Whether low-risk Kawasaki disease (KD) patients are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease later in life remains controversial. The purpose of this study is to examine the arterial stiffness and exercise performance of KD patients in chronic stage.Methods:This study included 158 subjects. They were divided into three groups: 37 KD patients with regressed coronary artery lesions (CALs) (M/F 23/14, 13.6 ± 6.5 years) (group I), 43 KD patients without CALs (M/F 26/17, 13.9 ± 6.2 years) (group II), and 78 age- and gender-matched normal controls (M/F 44/34, 13.2 ± 6.9 years) (group III). They all underwent brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), an exercise test, and blood sampling to measure the levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and total cholesterol (TC). The differences among the groups were compared.Results:There were significant differences among the three groups in terms of right and left baPWV (p < 0.01 respectively), HDL level (p < 0.05), TC/HDL ratio (p < 0.05), and oxygen consumption (VO2) peak (p < 0.05). Moreover, group I subjects had significantly higher right and left baPWV (p < 0.05 respectively), lower HDL level (p < 0.05), and lower VO2 peak (p < 0.05) than group II subjects. Furthermore, baPWV was significantly correlated with TG level (r = 0.326, p < 0.05), TC/HDL ratio (r = 0.483, p < 0.01), LDL level (r = 0.386, p < 0.01), and VO2 peak (r = −0.385, p < 0.05) in group I subjects. Only the TC/HDL ratio was found to be a significant correlating factor for an increase of baPWV (beta = 0.68, p < 0.05) in KD patients after multiple linear regression.Conclusion:Our results suggest that arterial stiffness is present late after KD and may adversely affect exercise performance, especially in patients with regressed CALs. Regular measurement of baPWV may be indicated in the long-term follow-up of KD patients.

Energy-aware production scheduling for additive manufacturing

In recent years, additive manufacturing (AM), also popularly known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, has received significant attention as an emerging manufacturing technology in various industrial sectors, e.g., automotive, aerospace, and medical devices, due to its unique advantages compared to other conventional manufacturing techniques. As tied to the active application of AM to real-world practice, there have been significant efforts to improve energy efficiency and reduce energy cost in AM. Given this context, this study proposes a systematic approach that is uniquely designed to achieve energy-aware production scheduling for AM while it addresses both process-level and scheduling-level controls in an integrated fashion to ultimately save electricity cost. In particular for the process-level control, we first analyze and extract power demand patterns paired with the various process parameter settings. For the scheduling-level control, we formulate a production scheduling problem to minimize energy cost in response to time-varying electricity price as well as demand charge, which has been a common practice for calculating the electric bills of industrial consumers. Specifically, to realize energy-aware production scheduling, the selection of process parameters will be considered as a part of scheduling decisions so that peak power demand and energy consumption patterns can be flexibly adjusted by changing the process parameter setting. While considering the fused deposition modeling (FDM) as a fabrication method, this study conducts numerical experiments based on real-world data to demonstrate the improvement by the proposed approach.

Coordination of operational planning and real-time optimization in microgrids

Hierarchical microgrid control levels range from distributed device level controllers that run at a high frequency to centralized controllers optimizing market integration that run much less frequently. Centralized controllers are often subdivided in operational planning controllers that optimize decisions over a time horizon of one or several days, and real-time optimization controllers that deal with actions in the current market period. The coordination of these levels is of paramount importance. In this paper we propose a value function based approach as a way to propagate information from operational planning to real-time optimization. We apply this method to an environment where operational planning, using day-ahead forecasts, optimizes at a market period resolution the decisions to minimize the total energy cost and revenues, the peak consumption and injection related costs, and plans for reserve requirements. While real-time optimization copes with the forecast errors and yields implementable actions based on real-time measurements. The approach is compared to a rule-based controller on three use cases, and its sensitivity to forecast error is assessed.

Vitruvio: An Open-Source Leg Design Optimization Toolbox for Walking Robots

We present an open-source framework for developing optimal leg designs for walking robots. The leg design parameters (e.g., link lengths, transmission ratios, and spring parameters) are optimized for a user-defined metric such as the minimization of energy consumption or actuator peak torque, enabling the user to better navigate through the high-dimensional and unintuitive design space. Our approach uses the single rigid body dynamics trajectory optimization tool TOWR to generate realistic motion plans. The planned predefined forces and motions are then used to identify actuator velocities and torques. Next, the leg design parameters are optimized using a genetic algorithm. The framework was validated by comparison with measured data on the ANYmal quadruped robot for a trotting motion, with errors in cumulative joint torque and mechanical energy each below 8% per gait cycle. Optimization of the ANYmal link lengths demonstrate that reductions in joint torque, mechanical energy, and mechanical cost of transport in the range of 5-10% are attainable.