Pea Test Research Articles

Management of hyposmia through Ayurveda - A case study

Abstract Background: Hyposmia, a diminished sense of smell, can significantly impact one's quality of life. Despite its prevalence, it is often underestimated in large population studies. Various factors like chronic rhino-sinusitis and aging contribute to this condition. Objective: This case study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Ayurvedic interventions, including Mukhabhyanga followed by Nasya therapy with Lasuna swara and Anu taila, along with Ekangveera rasa and Ksheerbala DS capsules, in managing hyposmia. Methods: A 49-year-old male with a 4-month history of decreased sense of smell and loss of taste was treated with the aforementioned Ayurvedic interventions for seven days. Clinical examination, smell tests, and PEA test were conducted before and after treatment to assess olfactory function. Results: After seven days of treatment, the patient showed significant improvement in olfactory function, as evidenced by the ability to detect odors in smell tests and reduced PEA detection threshold. No adverse effects were reported during or after treatment. Conclusion: This case study suggests that Mukhabhyanga followed by Nasya therapy along with Ekangveera rasa and Ksheerbala DS capsules may effectively manage hyposmia. Further research with larger sample sizes is warranted to validate these findings and explore long-term outcomes. Ayurvedic interventions offer a promising approach for addressing olfactory disorders and improving quality of life in affected individuals.

Effects of Training Parameter Concept and Sample Size in Possibilistic c-Means Classifier for Pigeon Pea Specific Crop Mapping

This research work aims to study the effect of training parameter concept and sample size in the process of classification by using a fuzzy Possibilistic c-Means (PCM) approach for Pigeon Pea specific crop mapping. For specific class extraction, the “mean” of the training data is considered as a training parameter of the classification algorithm. In this study, we proposed an “Individual Sample as Mean” (ISM) approach where the individual training sample is accounted as a mean parameter for the fuzzy PCM classifier. In order to avoid the spectral overlap of target Pigeon pea crop with other crops in the study area, a temporal indices database was generated from Sentinel 2A/2B satellite images acquired during the 2019–2020 Pigeon Pea crop cycle. The spectral dimensionality of temporal data was reduced to extract the required bands to achieve maximum enhancement of the target crop class in the temporal data. Further, the training sample size was increased to study the heterogeneity within the class in the classified output. The proposed ISM approach delivered a higher mean membership difference (MMD) between the Pigeon Pea crop and the co-cultivated Cotton crop as compared to the conventional mean method. This indicated that a better separation was achieved between the target crop and the spectrally similar crop grown, that were cultivated in the same study area. When the sample size was gradually increased from 5 to 60, the MMD values within the Pigeon Pea test fields remained in the range 0.013–0.02, thereby implying that the proposed algorithm works better even with a small number of training samples. The heterogeneity was better handled using the proposed ISM approach since the variance obtained within Pigeon Pea field was only 0.008, as compared to that of 0.02 achieved using the conventional mean approach.

Concomitant positive patch test reactions in FreeStyle-allergic patients sensitized to isobornyl acrylate.

Concomitant positive patch test reactions in patients sensitized to isobornyl acrylate (IBOA) have rarely been documented. To report concomitant sensitizations in patients with allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) from the glucose sensor FreeStyle Libre and sensitized to IBOA. In 2019, 26 patients with suspected ACD from FreeStyle Libre were patch tested to a baseline series and to a (meth) acrylate series containing IBOA and 2-phenoxyethyl acrylate (PEA) 0.1% pet. Diabetes devices and patch test preparations were analyzed with gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the presence of IBOA and PEA. Of the 26 patients, 18 (69%) were sensitized to IBOA, and eight (44%) and 11 (61%) of these were co-sensitized to sesquiterpene lactones and fragrances, respectively. Ten patients (56%) were co-sensitized to PEA, which, contrary to IBOA, could not be detected in any device. The PEA test material was shown to be contaminated with IBOA. Contact allergy to IBOA appears to be declining and IBOA-sensitized patients are most often co-sensitized to sesquiterpene lactones and fragrances. Vigilance is required when patch testing (acrylate) materials obtained from industry, as these might be contaminated and, hence, alter the results and their interpretation.

Effect of Al2O3 nanorods on the performance of oil-impregnated pressboard insulation

The mineral oil (MO) in conjunction with paper is the main insulation components in oil-immersed transformers; their insulation properties play a significant role in the safe and stable operation of power transformers. To strengthen the insulation level of ultra-high voltage transformer and to reduce its size and weight, it is imminent to enhance the insulating performance of transformer oil and oil-impregnated cellulose. Recently, a unique novel effort of suspension of nanorods (NRs) into MO has been carried out and the results have exhibited improved insulation characteristics of transformer oil. The Al2O3 NRs with favorable features were prepared in our laboratory to develop transformer oil/paper insulation system with better insulation performance. The transformer oil-based nanofluids (NFs) were prepared with nanorod shape, oleic acid surface modification and 0.8 g/L concentration of NRs. The impregnated pressboards were prepared by impregnating them into dried oil and NF under vacuum beneath 1 kPa at 80 °C for almost 48 h to obtain the oil-impregnated pressboard (OIP) and nanofluid-impregnated pressboard (NIP), respectively. The interface at solid/liquid is considered weak link and is the main reason of oil-filled transformer collapse. The effect of Al2O3 NRs on creeping discharge and flashover traits of oil/pressboard (OP) interface under AC and impulse voltages were studied. Partial discharge and creeping flashover test of OIPs and NIPs were conducted. TSDC and PEA tests were applied to examine the space charge properties of OP interface before and after suspension of Al2O3 NRs.

Validation of olfactory threshold testing methods.

In patients with chemosensory complaints, a head-to-head comparison of unilateral olfaction threshold testing with the Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol Smell Threshold Test (PEA) and the OLFACT-RL Odor Threshold Test (OLFACT-RL) was undertaken. The charts of 23 consecutive patients presenting with chemosensory complaints seen at the Smell and Taste Treatment and Research Foundation were reviewed and information extracted per Institutional Review Board guidelines. All patients had undergone olfactory testing with the PEA test and the OLFACT-RL test in accordance with their published administration manuals. Using Spearman correlation coefficients to measure the statistical correlation between tests, we found evidence of a correlation between PEA and OLFACT-RL values on the left side only, overall (r = 0.49, p = 0.0184); in those who had hyposmia and did not have anosmia (r = 0.42, p = 0.0668); in those who did not have burning mouth syndrome (r = 0.46, p = 0.0304); and in those who did not have dysosmia (r = 0.47, p = 0.0553). There is no evidence of a correlation on the right side. The correlation for the left nostril suggests that these tests may be interchangeable. However, lack of correlation with the right nostril requires further investigation.

ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF FOUR MEDICINAL PLANTS OF NEPAL

The laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the allelopathic potential and phytochemical study of the four selected medicinal plants Ageratum conyzoides, Eclipta prostrata, Cannabis sativa and Woodfordia fructicosa. The aqueous extract bioassay of the plants with stem and root were conducted on the two test seeds Triticum aestivum (wheat) and Pisum sativum (pea) by filter paper method. Germination, seedling growth and biomass production were observed under the allelopathic study whereas under phytochemical study qualitative or presence or absence and quantitative or crude amount of the phytochemicals present were also estimated. For the allelopathic studies the germination and seedling growth of wheat and pea test species under the different concentrations 2 %, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% of the stem and root extracts of the plants under study were carried out. Increased concentration of the aqueous extracts of the plants increased the inhibitory rate or decreased the germination and seedling growth.Species sensitivity varied with the test seeds and alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, phenol, glycoside and essential oil were the phytochemicals present in the plant extracts.Scientific World, Vol. 12, No. 12, September 2014, page 56-61

Post-operative budesonide irrigations for patients with polyposis: a blinded, randomized controlled trial.

To compare normal saline (NS) vs. NS+budesonide irrigations in post- functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with polyposis (CRSwNP). Currently, no evidence exists for NS+budesonide irrigation over NS irrigation alone. Prospective, single-blind, randomized controlled trial. Subjects were prospectively enrolled to NS or NS+budesonide arms. Patients were evaluated at pre-operative and three post-operative visits (POV): POV1 (1-2 weeks post-op), POV2 (3-8 weeks post-op), and POV3 (3-6 months post-op). Patients were evaluated by three quality of life (QOL) questionnaires (SNOT-22, RSOM-31, and RSDI) and two olfaction scores (UPSIT and the PEA test). Fifty patients were randomized, with 25 patients in the NS arm and 25 patients in the NS+budesonide arm. Two patients had unexpected pathology and were excluded from the study. By POV2 and POV3, patients experienced a significant improvement in all three QOL surveys, although the degree of improvement between arms was not significant up through POV3. Neither arm experienced significant olfactory improvement up through POV3. While both NS and NS+budesonide treatments improve QOL for post-FESS patients, neither intervention significantly increases QOL as compared to the other. Olfaction was not significantly improved in either treatment group.

Post-operative budesonide irrigations for patients with polyposis: a blinded, randomized controlled trial

To compare normal saline (NS) vs. NS+budesonide irrigations in post- functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with polyposis (CRSwNP). Currently, no evidence exists for NS+budesonide irrigation over NS irrigation alone. Prospective, single-blind, randomized controlled trial. Subjects were prospectively enrolled to NS or NS+budesonide arms. Patients were evaluated at pre-operative and three post-operative visits (POV): POV1 (1-2 weeks post-op), POV2 (3-8 weeks post-op), and POV3 (3-6 months post-op). Patients were evaluated by three quality of life (QOL) questionnaires (SNOT-22, RSOM-31, and RSDI) and two olfaction scores (UPSIT and the PEA test). Fifty patients were randomized, with 25 patients in the NS arm and 25 patients in the NS+budesonide arm. Two patients had unexpected pathology and were excluded from the study. By POV2 and POV3, patients experienced a significant improvement in all three QOL surveys, although the degree of improvement between arms was not significant up through POV3. Neither arm experienced significant olfactory improvement up through POV3. While both NS and NS+budesonide treatments improve QOL for post-FESS patients, neither intervention significantly increases QOL as compared to the other. Olfaction was not significantly improved in either treatment group.

Research on the feature extraction of DC space charge behavior of oil-paper insulation

As the ultra high DC voltage grid comes into an important stage in the ‘Twelfth Five-year Plan’ of China, the requirement on the operation safety of power equipment needs to be improved. Oil-paper insulation plays a significant role as the main insulation material of many key power equipments. The space charge behaviors of oil-paper insulation not only affect the dielectric strength, but also relate to the stability and security of power transmission facilities. Until now, the research on the space charge behaviors of oil-paper insulation remains on the stage of objective description and phenomenon explanation, thus it is very urgent to make some feature extractions on the test results in order to further investigate the DC space charge behaviors of oil-paper insulation. In this paper, based on the large numbers of test data in the first stage, data mining and feature extractions were performed on the DC space charge behavior of oil-paper insulation. The variation laws of some key characteristic parameters obtained in different experiment conditions such as the total charge injection amount, apparent charge mobility, and trap energy distribution were analyzed. In addition, the distribution of trapping level inside oil-paper was calculated by using the PEA test results based on the mechanism of the isothermal decay current, which realized the approximate calculation of trap depth by charge decay characteristics. What’s more, the exponential injection and decay equations of DC space charge changing with time were acquired for the first time, and the physical meanings of related parameters were defined. This has laid a foundation for the prediction and simulation of space charge in the oil-paper insulation.

Influence of annual forages on weed dynamics in a cropping system

Alternatives to herbicides are needed for weed control. Field studies were conducted in 1994/1995 and 1995/1996 to investigate the nature of forage crop-weed dynamics and to test the effect of single year forage crops on the density and community composition of annual weeds in a following field pea (Pisium sativum L.) test crop. Five spring-seeded forage treatments were compared with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain crops (with or without herbicides for grassy and broadleaved weeds): winter triticale (Triticosecale) (simulation grazed); spring triticale (silage); spring/winter triticale intercrop (silage, then simulation grazed); alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (hay); sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench × Sorghum sudanese [Piper]) (hay); and a weedy fallow (silage). A fall rye (Secale cereale L.) grain crop and a sweet clover (Melilotis officinalis L.)/winter triticale double crop (hay, then simulation grazing) were included in the 1995/1996 trial. All forage systems were at least as effective as the sprayed wheat control in suppressing wild oat (Avena fatua L.); however, effects on other weeds, especially broadleaved species, were variable. Biennial crops provided the best early season weed control, while long-season systems such winter triticale and the triticale intercrop provided the best late season weed control. Forages shifted the weed community composition away from wild oat and green foxtail (Setaria viridis L. Beauv.) to a similar or greater extent than herbicide-treated wheat. Forage systems that did not provide season-long crop competition tended to have more broadleaved weeds. Some forage systems increased pea grain yield the following year (relative to the sprayed wheat control); however, forages alone did not eliminate the need for herbicides in the pea crop. Annual forages may play an important role in integrated weed management, especially for wild oat, however further research to refine forage-based weed management systems is needed. Key words: Integrated weed management, alfalfa, intercropping, double cropping, organic farming

Species-Specificity of an Elicitor-Active Oligosaccharide, LN-3, to Leguminous Plants

Abstract LN-3, a linear pyridylaminated hepta-β-glucoside previously found to show elicitor activity in alfalfa cotyledons, was examined for phytoalexin-inducing activity in pea epicotyl and bean cotyledon assays. LN-3 did not show (+)-pisatin-inducing activity in pea epicotyls. In the bean cotyledon assay, however, the (± )-kievitone content gradually increased with increasing LN- 3 concentration, and reached a maxim um (ca. 17 |ig/g fresh wt) at 100 μ/ml. Half-maximal elicitor activity was seen at ca. 16 μm . After three legumes, alfalfa, pea and bean, were treated with LN-3, the recovery of the rem aining LN-3 or its fragments was examined. Almost 100% of LN-3 or its fragments was recovered from the pea test solution; in contrast, recoveries from alfalfa and bean were only 63.8 and 38.1% , respectively. HPLC and LC-MS analyses of the recovered samples indicated that LN-3 was hydrolyzed to give mono- and/or diglucoside( s) in the alfalfa and the bean solutions, while in the pea experiment a small portion of LN-3 was hydrolyzed to give sugar fragments with different degrees of polymerization < 7.

Anti-auxin effects of 3-oxo-1,2-benzisothiazolin-2-ylalkanoic acids

Some 3-oxo-1,2-benzisothiazolin-2-ylalkanoic acids were synthesized in order to gain further information on the role of the 3-oxo-benzisothiazoline ring in anti-auxin structure/activity relationships. The anti-auxin activity was examined in relation to inhibition of flax root growth and on the interaction of the newly synthesized compounds with IAA in the pea test using short term kinetics. All compounds tested were active anti-auxins. 2-(6-chloro-3-oxo-1,2-benzisothiazolin-2-yl) Propanoic acid showed the greatest activity.

Studies on plant growth‐regulating substances LV. The Plant growth‐promoting properties of some β‐aryl‐propionic acids

SUMMARYA series of 17 β‐arylpropionic acids were synthesised and examined for plant growth‐regulating activity in wheat and pea tests. The results are discussed in relation to chemical structure. The activity of β‐(2, 4‐dichlorophenyl)propionic acid was compared with those of the 2, 4‐dichloro‐derivatives of phenoxyacetic, phenyithioacetic and phenylimino acetic acids using the same tests. When wheat coleoptiles or pea stem tissues were incubated with solutions of β‐(2, 4‐dichlorophenyl)propionic acid no chromatographic evidence of β‐oxidation of the side chain or other type of degradation was obtained.

Studies on plant growth‐regulating substances LIII. The conversion of certain substituted ethylamines to active growth substances in plants

SUMMARYA number of substituted phenylethylamines have been synthesised and their plant growth‐regulating activities, in standard wheat and pea tests, have been determined and compared with those of related substituted phenoxyethylamines, phenylacetic acids and phenoxyacetic acids.The effects of applying the most active amines to various plant species are described and the results are considered in relation to the possible ability of the plant to convert the amine into the physiological active acetic acid derivative.

TRIUMPH FIELD PEA

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Einfluß von Chlorcholinchlorid (CCC) auf den Gibberellingehalt (GA3) von Getreidepflanzen

Influence of CCC on the content of gibberellic acid in cerealsIn green cereal plants from pot and seedling experiments the effect of CCC‐treatment upon the plants' contents of gibberellic acid (GA3) respectively upon gibberellic acid synthesis was examined. Methanol extracts were extracted at pH 2.6–2.8 with ethyl acetate and with n‐butanol. Gibberellic acid was identified and isolated from both extracts by thin‐layer chromatography. Its biological activity was examined by means of the dwarf pea test (kleine Rheinländerin). The results may be summarized as follows: CCC treatment decreased the content of gibberellic acid in all cereals tested. Together with the decrease of stalk length the gibberellic acid contents diminished. Treatment of cereals with authentic gibberellic acid (GA3) increased stalk length even after CCC‐treatment. Thus the physiological effect of added gibberellic acid was not influenced by CCC. Cancelling of CCC effects by treatment with gibberellic acid suggests, that between both compounds does not exist a competitive inhibition. CCC‐treatment decreased the content of gibberellic acid (GA3) in all experiments, however the gibberellic acid synthesis was probably not completely stopped under the conditions of this experiment (50 to 150 mg CCC per pot). Gibberellic acid (GA3) was rarely found in n‐butanol extracts but mainly in ethyl acetate extracts.

Growth‐regulating activity of some thiazole‐and thiazoline‐acetic acids

AbstractThe growth‐regulating activity of a number of 2‐susbstituted thiazole‐and thiazoline‐acetic acids is reported. 2‐ChIorothiazole‐4‐acetic acid showed appreciable activity in the wheat and pea tests, whilst activity was also observed with the 2‐amino‐, 2‐methylamino‐and 2‐methyl‐analogues. 2‐Substituted thiazoline‐acetic acids were inactive. The activity of these compounds, N‐(carboxymethyl)‐rhodanine and other acids is discussed in relation to the usual structural requirements of growth regulators.

β‐Oxidation of certain growth regulators by plant tissues

AbstractThe growth‐regulating activity and metabolism, in pea and wheat tissues, of y‐(chloro‐phenoxy)‐, y‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)‐ and y‐(N, N‐diniethylthiocarbamoylthio)‐substituted butyric, β‐hydroxy‐butyric, crotonic and vinylacetic acids have been investigated. With the exception of y‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy) vinylacetic acid in pea tissue, members of the two phenoxy series were degraded to the corresponding phenoxyacetic acid. Although members of the 2,4‐dichlorophenoxy series were less easily metabolised, both series exhibited similar activity. Other than with the y‐phenoxyvinylacetic acids, there were no appreciable differences in metabolism or growth‐regulating activity between members within a series. No evidence for the metabolism of y‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)vinylacetic acid in pea tissue was found and this acid was also less active in the pea tests. Members of the N, N‐dimethyl‐thiocarbamoylthio series of acids, however, were less regular in their metabolic and growth‐regulating patterns. The substituted crotonic acid was inactive and unstable whilst pea tissue was found to metabolise the substituted acetic acid to inactive N‐methylcarbamoylthioacetic acid. The results with all active acids fit the accepted theory of metabolism by β‐oxidation.

On the interaction of growth retardants with IAA and kinetin

In the pea test a highly positive response to the treatment with IAA reversed to a negative one or became 5 to 6 times weaker when CCC was applied together with IAA. In cultivating pea seedlings, following their decapitation, for two days in a 0.25 per cent CCC solution and then in water, growth of their cotyledonous axillaries (cotylaries) were inhibited. This inhibitive action of CCC could be made ineffective when the seedlings, following two-days’ cultivation in the CCC solution, were grown further in kinetin solutions (0.37–3 mg per 1). Cotylaries of decapitated pea seedlings, when grown in kinetin solutions were inhibited. With kinetin solutions of 6–12 mg/l a strong inhibition also occured in the growth of roots at the apical parts of which spherical swellings were developing. The CCC supplied to the roots of intact etiolated pea seedlings is translocated acropetally into the stem at a rate of about 5 cm per hour. Decapitation of the plant causes retardation of this transport, yet a coat of 0.00001–1% IAA or kinetin paste produces acceleration of the stream. Existence of an antagonism between CCC and IAA, demonstrated earlier, was found holding true also for B-9 (N, N-dimethyl-aminesuccinamic acid) and IAA, as the inhibitive action of B-9, 0.06% solution on the growth of lettuce hypocotyls was reduced to a highly significant degree when the plants were supplied with B-9 together with IAA at a concentration of 10 mg/l.

Identification of Indole-3-Acetic Acid in the Basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was detected in the ether extracts of culture filtrates of indigotin-producing strains of the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune. Several solvents, known to give distinctly different R(F) values for IAA, and 3 location reagents gave identical results with synthetic IAA and IAA found in the extract. Confirmation was obtained by the Avena straight growth test, split pea test, and ultraviolet absorption spectrum.