PDB Medium Research Articles

Chemical constituents from the culture of Biscogniauxia capnodes SWUF15-40 fungus and the inhibitory activity against cancer cell proliferation and nitric oxide production

The chemical diversity from Biscogniauxia capnodes SWUF15-40 fungus, cultivated in yeast-malt extract medium was studied. The choice of medium was inspired by the OSMACs strategy, which had previously been cultivated in PDB medium. This resulted in an array of bioactive compounds being discovered. The IR, NMR, MS, and XRD data, together with the calculated 13C NMR chemical shifts and ECD spectra data were thoroughly analysed, which led to the determination of two new isopimarane (1 and 2), and three guaiane (3−5) derivatives, together with four known compounds (6−9). Cyclic pentapeptide (9) showed inhibitory activity against cancer cells (HeLa, HT-29, PC-3, and A549) proliferation and nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells with IC50 values in the ranges of 11.38 − 17.87 µM, and 58.88 µg/mL, respectively. The results demonstrated that manipulating growth conditions can increase the possibility of discovering many more bioactive compounds in fungi.

Optimization of fermentation conditions for physcion production of Aspergillus chevalieri BYST01 by response surface methodology.

This study aimed to optimize the culture conditions of the termite-derived fungus Aspergillus chevalieri BYST01 for the production of physcion, a characteristic component of the traditional herb rhubarb, which has been commercially approved as a botanical fungicide in China. First, potato dextrose broth was screened as the suitable basal medium for further optimization, with an initial yield of 28.0 mg/L. Then, the suitable carbon source, fermentation time, temperature, pH value, and the rotary shaker speed for physcion production were determined using the one-variable-at-a-time method. Based on the results of single factors experiments, the variables with statistically significant effects on physcion production were further confirmed using the Plackett-Burman design (PBD). Among the five variables, temperature, initial pH, and rotary shaker speed were identified as significant factors (P < 0.05) for physcion productivity in the PDB and were further analyzed by response surface methodology (RSM). Finally, we found that the maximum physcion production (82.0 mg/L) was achieved under the following optimized conditions:initial pH 6.6, rotary shaker speed of 177 rpm, temperature of 28 °C, and glucose concentration of 30 g/L in PDB medium after 11 d of fermentation. The yield of physcion under the optimized culture conditions was approximately threefold higher than that obtained using the basal culture medium. Furthermore, the optimum fermentation conditions in the 5-L bioreactor achieved a maximal physcion yield of 85.2 mg/L within 8 d of fermentation. Hence, response surface methodology proved to be a powerful tool for optimizing physcion production by A. chevalieri BYST01. This study may be helpful in promoting the application of physcion produced by A. chevalieri BYST01 to manage plant diseases.

Exploration of antimicrobial activities and mechanisms of biocontrol agent Serratia nematodiphila BC-SKRU-1 against Penicillium digitatum in tangerine fruit

The isolate BC-SKRU-1, identified as Serratia nematodiphila from fungal culture contamination, was investigated for its biocontrol potential against Penicillium digitatum in vitro and on tangerine fruit, with a focus on its mechanisms of action. In vitro tests on PDA plates revealed BC-SKRU-1's broad-spectrum antifungal activity, achieving up to 74.68% inhibition against seven plant pathogenic fungi, including P. digitatum NKP4321. Bacterial culture filtrates from BC-SKRU-1 (BCF BC-SKRU-1) at 5–10% concentrations inhibited NKP4321 mycelial growth in PDB medium (78.41–83.68%) more effectively than in PDA medium (46.20–72.61%), with complete suppression at 15% (v/v) in both media. BCF BC-SKRU-1's efficacy was comparable to chemical fungicides such as propiconazole®, prochloraz®, and mancozeb®. Notably, BCF BC-SKRU-1 retained its antifungal activity after dilution (1/1000), autoclaving (at 121 °C), and storage (at −20 °C). In vivo evaluations on tangerine fruit showed significant reduction in the severity of postharvest green mold disease with BC-SKRU-1 treatments, especially at a concentration of 108 CFU mL−1. Both preventive and curative applications were effective, with curative treatments being more successful. Mechanistic studies indicated that BCF BC-SKRU-1 reduces intracellular ergosterol content, compromises plasma membrane integrity, and attenuates antioxidant defense activities (SOD, CAT, GSH, GSSG, and GSH/GSSG ratio). These findings highlight BC-SKRU-1 and its metabolites as promising biocontrol agents against green mold in tangerine fruits and provide insights into their antifungal mechanisms.

Antifungal mechanism of nanosilver biosynthesized with Trichoderma longibrachiatum and its potential to control muskmelon Fusarium wilt

Fusarium oxysporum (Schl.) f.sp. melonis, which causes muskmelon wilt disease, is a destructive filamentous fungal pathogen, attracting more attention to the search for effective fungicides against this pathogen. In particular, Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have strong antimicrobial properties and they are not easy to develop drug resistance, which provides new ideas for the prevention and control of muskmelon Fusarium wilt (MFW). This paper studied the effects of AgNPs on the growth and development of muskmelon, the control efficacy on Fusarium wilt of muskmelon and the antifungal mechanism of AgNPs to F. oxysporum. The results showed that AgNPs could inhibit the growth of F. oxysporum on the PDA and in the PDB medium at 100–200 mg/L and the low concentration of 25 mg/L AgNPs could promote the seed germination and growth of muskmelon seedlings and reduce the incidence of muskmelon Fusarium wilt. Further studies on the antifungal mechanism showed that AgNPs could impair the development, damage cell structure, and interrupt cellular metabolism pathways of this fungus. TEM observation revealed that AgNPs treatment led to damage to the cell wall and membrane and accumulation of vacuoles and vessels, causing the leakage of intracellular contents. AgNPs treatment significantly hampered the growth of mycelia in the PDB medium, even causing a decrease in biomass. Biochemical properties showed that AgNPs treatment stimulated the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in 6 h, subsequently producing malondialdehyde (MDA) and increasing protective enzyme activity. After 6 h, the protective enzyme activity decreased. These results indicated that AgNPs destroy the cell structure and affect the metabolisms, eventually leading to the death of fungus.

Four new polyketides from an endophytic fungus Talaromyces muroii

In our continuous work on the isolation of endophytes, the endophytic fungal strain YIMF00209 was obtained from the roots of Gmelina arborea, which is an ethnic medicinal plant mainly distributed in Southeast Asia. The fermentation extracts of the strain exhibited significant antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Fusarium solani, and Escherichia coli. Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis, it was identified as Talaromyces muroii. Four new polyketides, talaromurolides A-D (1–4), along with 26 known compounds (5–30), were isolated from the culture broth of the strain in two different media. Their structures were identified based on HRESIMS, NMR, and CD spectral data. Among them, compounds 2, 4–6, 19, 22, 24, 27, 28, and 30 were isolated from the fermentation broth in CYM medium; compounds 1, 3, 7–18, 20, 21, 23, 25, 26, and 29 were obtained from the fermentation broth in PDB medium; and compounds 2, 5, and 30 were existed in both two media. Compounds 6–9, 12, 16, 20, 21, 23, 25, and 29 were obtained from the genus Talaromyces for the first time. The antimicrobial activities of several compounds were assayed against six pathogens. Compound 1 exhibited inhibitory activities against S. aureus, E. coli, Candida albicans, Salmonella typhimurium, and Botrytis cinerea with MIC value of 64 μg/mL. Compound 25 exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli with MIC value of 32 μg/mL.

Comparative analysis of cosmetic ingredient degradation: Fungal vs. bacterial activity in diverse media as potential replacements

The study explores the resilience of fungi and bacteria in degrading three selected cosmetic ingredients, butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA), benzophenone 3 (BZ3), and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D4), across different pH levels and temperatures. Understanding microbial adaptability and optimizing degradation conditions are crucial for effective biodegradation processes, given the influence of pH and temperature on microbial activity. Trametes versicolor and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were chosen as representative fungal and bacterial species for degradation studies, with synthetic wastewater utilized alongside traditional growth media. Our research pioneers the utilization of synthetic wastewater alongside traditional growth media, recognizing its untapped potential in enhancing degradation efficiency. By subjecting fungi to environmental stressors, we illuminate the adaptive strategies employed by these organisms, crucial for optimizing biodegradation processes. The hypothesis posited that synthetic wastewater would enhance degradation efficiency, while subjecting fungi to environmental stressors would elucidate their adaptability. Two temperatures (25 °C & 37 °C) and two pH levels (2.5 & 6.89) were examined to mimic real-world conditions, employing advanced techniques like Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to assess degradation efficiency. Results revealed successful fungal degradation, particularly with complete D4 degradation in synthetic wastewater and partial degradation in PDB media at 25 °C. At 37 °C, complete BHA and BZ3 degradation occurred in PDB media, with higher rates in synthetic wastewater. However, bacterial degradation was incomplete, especially in synthetic wastewater. Leveraging synthetic wastewater as a medium for targeted degradation of multiple pollutants by specific microbial species represents an innovative advancement in biodegradation methodologies, highlighting the importance of microbial adaptability in biodegradation processes.

Endophytic fungi: isolated from Cosmos caudatus Kunth and Cosmos sulphureus Cav.: a histologic observation, identification, and secondary metabolites chemical analysis

Cosmos caudatus and Cosmos sulphureus are sorts of plant commonly use for side dish vegetables. Some plant live in mutualism symbiotic interaction with some endophytic fungi that protect the host plant. This research is done to: 1) determine the endophytic fungi colonization in the Cosmos plant tissues by histologic observation, 2) isolation and identify the endophytic fungi species from Cosmos leaf, branch bark and flower petal tissues, 3) analyze alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, saponin, and phenolic contents produced by the each endophytic fungi species. The endophytic fungi culture on PDA medium were cut into 5×1 cm in size and inoculated in PDB medium, then shake in the rate of 120 rpm for 7×24 hours. Afterwards the liquid centrifugated. The secondary metabolites contents were analyzed by using spectrophotometric method. This research result showed that: 1) the endophytic fungi position was found on the leaf palisade cell wall, epidermal cell wall, sponsa cell wall, neighbour cell wall; on the branch bark parenchyme cell wall; on the flower petal epidermis cell wall; 2) eleven endophytic fungi have been identified; 3) some variation in the secondary metabolites contents produced by each endophytic fungi.

Combination Effect of Extracts and Pure Compounds of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Sungkai (Peronema canescens) Leaves on Antioxidant Activity

Endophytic fungi extracts have various biological and pharmacological activities as natural antioxidants which have the potential to be developed in the pharmaceutical. Drugs made from natural substances frequently work best when they are present in large quantities. This may result in unfavorable side effects from using more of one substance at a time. This limitation can be overcome by using a combination of the extracts/pure compounds that allow synergistic interactions with strong antioxidant properties at fairly low concentrations. The purpose of this research was to determine the combined effect of endophytic fungi extracts and its pure compounds on their antioxidant activity. This research was initiated by rejuvenating eight selected endophytic fungal isolates from Sungkai leaves and morphological characterization was carried out. Each fungus was cultivated in PDB medium for 4 weeks under statistical conditions. Ethyl acetate was used to extract the endophytic fungi’s liquid culture, which was then evaporated. Each endophytic fungal extract (PD1-PD8) and their five pure compounds were tested for antioxidant activity by the DPPH method. Then a combination of two and three extracts was carried out with a ratio of 1:1. The results show that the interaction of the mixture of endophytic fungi extracts and their pure compounds can be classified as synergistic (combined effect of the extracts &gt; individual effects), additive (combined effect of the extracts = individual effect), and nothing is antagonistic (combined effect of the extracts &lt; individual effects). The best combination in this study was PD4+PD5+PD6 (1:1:1) which could be used as a formula for further research into in vivo immunostimulant tests. Another conclusion from this research is that the pure compounds contained in the extracts have lower antioxidant activity than the extracts and do not have a synergistic effect on the combination.

The application of Rigidoporus sp J12 and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia BM in the degradation of batik waste

The batik industry in Indonesia produces batik waste which pollutes the environment. This waste can be degraded using laccase-producing microorganisms. The microorganisms used in the research were the fungus Rigidoporus sp J12 and the bacteria Stenotrophomonas maltophilia BM. This research aims to determine the ability of Rigidoporus sp J12 and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia BM and their consortium in producing laccase, observing their ability to degrade Poly R-478 which is an indicator of phenoloxidase activity and batik waste. Microorganisms are grown in growth media and then placed in media containing Poly R-478 or batik waste. Inducers are added to increase laccase activity. The inducers used were 15 g/L sucrose, 200 µM CuSO4 and 40 mM veratryl alcohol. The results showed that Rigidoporus sp J12 and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia BM produced laccase in PDB and NA media. The highest laccase activity was found in the enzyme produced by Rigidoporus sp J12 in PDB media at a temperature of 40°C, media pH 6.0 and the addition of sucrose. Rigidoporus sp J12 degraded batik waste by 39.38% and increased by 2.12 times after adding sucrose and incubation for 15 days. These bacteria and fungi can be used to degrade batik waste in order to prevent environmental pollution. Using the fungus Rigidoporus sp J12 purely is more profitable than using it with S. maltophilia BM bacteria.

The antioxidant activity of endophytic fungal extract of nutmeg plant (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) from Cimande West Java, Indonesia

The bioproduction of bioactive metabolites from nutmeg endophytic fungi from Cimande, Wesh Java Indonesia was successful. In this research, bioactive antioxidant metabolites were extracted from nutmeg endophytic fungi. Endophytic fungi from nutmeg plant parts were grown on CMMA media. Each fungus was isolated by growing it on PDA media. A total of 21 endophytic fungi isolates were grown on PDB media before being extracted with ethyl acetate as a solvent. The morphology of 21 endophytic fungal isolates was identified based on morphological characteristics. There are 11 Phomopsis sp., 1 Fusarium oxysporum, 5 Colletotrichum sp., 1 Schizophyllum sp., 1 Dematiaceae sp., 1 Coelomycetes sp., and 1 Xylaria sp. The bioautographic TLC method and DPPH-free radical scavenging activity were used to determine antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity analysis showed that 14 of the 21 endophytic fungus extracts were active. One nutmeg pericarp endophytic fungus showed strong antioxidant activity, with an IC50 of 30.0 g mL-1 and AAI of 1.04. Furthermore, the IC50 values for two fungal extracts from the leaf and pistil nutmeg were less than 100 g.mL-1. The three fungi with IC50 less than 100 g.mL-1 were identified as Phomopsis sp.

Antimicrobial activity of extracellular compounds from endophytic fungus BAR1.5 cultivated with different media

Endophytic fungi are microorganisms that live inside the plants that are known to be able to produce the same bioactive compounds as their host plants. Endophytic fungus BAR1.5 was isolated from Rhizophora stylosa leaves collected from the mangrove area of Barru, South Sulawesi. The extracellular components of fungal endophytes are known to have higher antimicrobial activity than the intracellular compounds. Furthermore, the growth of endophytic fungi is strongly influenced by nutrients in the culture media, so that it may affect the production of its secondary metabolites. The aim of this study was to compare the production of extracellular compounds and its antimicrobial activity of the fungus BAR 1.5 cultured with different media (Potato Dextrose Broth, PDB and Hagem medium). The results showed that the endophytic fungus cultured on PDB media grew faster, produced more yield of extracts and showed stronger antimicrobial activity. Its extracellular compounds inhibited the growth of the tested bacteria which were Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida maltosa, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. The strongest antibacterial activity was against B. subtilis with the inhibition zone was 12.5±0.3 mm. The extracellular compounds of the endophytic fungus BAR 1.5 contained terpenoids, polyphenols, and flavonoids.

The antifungal metabolites isolated from maize endophytic fungus Fusarium sp. induced by OSMAC strategy

Six new sesquiterpenes, fusarchlamols A-F (1, 2, 4–7); one new natural product of sesquiterpenoid, methyltricinonoate (3); and ten known compounds were found from Fusarium sp. cultured in two different media by the one strain many compounds strategy. The compounds (1, 2, and 4–11) were isolated from Fusarium sp. in PDB medium, and compounds (3–5, 8, and 10–17) were discovered from Fusarium sp. in coffee medium. Additionally, the configuration of 8 was first reported in the research by Mosher's method. The structures were established by 1D, 2D NMR, mass spectrometry, calculated ECD spectra, and Mosher's method. Compounds 1, 2, 6/7, 12, and 16 indicated significant antifungal activities against the phytopathogen Alternaria alternata isolated from Coffea arabica with MICs of 1 μg/mL. The investigation on the anti-phytopathogen activity of metabolites can provide lead compounds for agrochemicals.

Antifungal and antifeedant terpenoids from Paraphaeosphaeria sp. cultured by extract of host Ginkgo biloba

Five undescribed terpenoids including a polyketide-terpenoid hybrid paraphaone, and four eremophilane sesquiterpenoids, paraphaterpenes A-D, as well as two known compounds were isolated from the endophytic fungus Paraphaeosphaeria sp. cultured by extract of host Ginkgo biloba L. The structures were established by spectroscopic analyses, and the single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The antifungal activity of Paraphaeosphaeria sp. cultured by extract of G. biloba against the plant pathogen Alternaria alternata was significant and higher than that of PDB medium. Tested compounds indicated antifeedant activities against silkworms with feeding deterrence index at 10–70%. Paraphaone, paraphaterpenes A, C, D and alternariol methyl ether showed significant antifungal activities against the phytopathogens A. alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, and entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana with MICs ≤4 μg/mL. And the preliminary structure-activity relationship of eremophilane sesquiterpenoids was exhibited. The culture of Paraphaeosphaeria sp. by host G. biloba medium afforded agricultural antibiotics.

Chemical screening identifies the anticancer properties of Polyporous tuberaster.

Most conventional anticancer drugs cause resistance to chemotherapy, which has emerged as one of the major obstacles to cancer treatment. In order to address this issue, efforts have been made to select new anticancer compounds from natural sources. The aim of this study is to identify novel anticancer compounds from mycelial culture extracts belonging to Polyporus tuberaster (P. tuberaster). Here, we found that mycelial culture extracts of P. tuberaster cultured in PDB medium (pt-PDB) effectively inhibited cancer cell growth. pt-PDB reduced the growth of cancer cells through apoptosis induction and S-phase arrest. The anticancer efficacy of pt-PDB was not to limited to one type of cancer. Furthermore, unlike traditional anticancer medications, pt-PDB did not increase the proportion of side population (SP) cells, which plays a key role in the development of chemoresistance. Taken together, we discovered a novel anticancer drug candidate that has anticancer properties without increasing the proportion of SP cells. This new drug candidate can be used for the treatment of cancer, especially chemoresistant malignancies, and will provide a breakthrough in the treatment of chemoresistant cancer.

First Report of Lecanicillium aphanocladii causing rot of Morchella sextelata in China.

Morel mushroom (Morchella spp.) is a rare edible fungus with high nutritional and medicinal value. In China they are cultivated in sandy soils in greenhouses and production of fresh mushrooms reached 10,000 tons in 2019. However, from 2019 to 2020, a serious rot disease with 30% natural incidence was observed on M. sextelata at a mushroom farm in Pinghu (N30°39', E121°2'), Zhejiang province of China. The symptoms mainly occurred after the first flush in the early February. First, a small white mold-like symptoms appeared on the surface or the pinnacle of pileus. Then the lesion developed to encircle the pileus and spread gradually to the stipe. The lesions expanded rapidly at high temperature (>20 °C) and humidity (>70%). In the final stages of infection, the fruiting bodies became soft with white molds. The pathogen was isolated from the margin of the lesions by plating onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25 °C in the dark. Colonies on PDA grew fast, reaching 60 mm in 7 days at 25 °C, and were white to cream in color, while the back of colonies appeared red to brick-red gradually. Conidiogenous cell was solitary or in whorls of 2-4, flask-shaped in the beginning, and tapered into a thread-like neck. Conidia were borne at the tips of conidiogenous cells, were oval to sub-globose, and ranged from 1.2-2.0 µm in width and 3.2-4.3 µm in length. All these characteristics were consistent with those of Lecanicillium aphanocladii (Zare R and Gams W. 2001). To confirm the identity of the pathogen (L. aphanocladii strain G1), the genomic fragments for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) gene of the isolate were amplified by PCR (White et al. 1990; Zhou et al. 2020). The resulting sequence was deposited in GenBank with accession No. OL629617 and No. ON005041, respectively. BLAST results showed >99% identity with those of L. aphanocladii (MG593981.1 and KM283853.1, respectively). Concatenated sequences of the two genes in L. aphanocladii strain G1 were used to conduct a phylogenetic analysis using Bayesian inference (BI) and maxium likelihood (ML) methods in MEGA6 (Tamura et al. 2013). The pathogen was grown in PDB medium at 25 °C, 200 r/min for 14 days, and after which conidial suspension (1×107conidia/mL) was prepared by filtration with four layers of sterile gauze. A pathogenicity test was performed by spraying on ten fruit bodies of M. sextelata and cultured in 20 °C and 90 to 95% relative humidity for 7 days. The test results showed that the pathogen infected the pileus and developed into white mold-like lesion, gradually spread to the stipe, and eventually the whole fruiting body became soft with white molds. The pathogen was re-isolated from infected fruiting bodies and was confirmed to be L. aphanocladii, based on morphological characteristics and the ITS, RPB2 sequence. Meanwhile,the control M. sextelata was sprayed with PDB medium and grew normally without any symptoms. L. aphanocladii has been reported on cultivated fungi such as Agaricus bisporus and A. bitorquis in Europe (Zare & Gams 2001) as well as more recently on Tremella fuciformis in China (Liu et al 2018). To our knowledge, this is the first report of L. aphanocladii causing rot of M. sextelata. According to the disease observation in the farm of Pinghu, this rot disease breaks out and spreads fast, and is getting worse ever year, resulting in a huge loss of yield and commodity value. It is a big concern to producers of this edible fungus.

Fabrication of metal-organic framework Universitetet i Oslo-66 (UiO-66) and brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum biocomposite (UiO-66@GT) and its application for reactive black 5 decolorization

Many various industries use synthetic dyes as their raw materials. These dyes have triggered environmental problems because of the occurring effluents, and one of the environmentally safe solutions for this problem is biodegradation through microorganisms. Reactive Black 5 (RB5) dye degradation was performed by utilizing a metal-organic framework Universitetet i Oslo-66 (UiO-66) and Gloeophyllum trabeum (GT) fungus biocomposite. The UiO-66@GT composite was fabricated by inoculating the fungal culture in flasks with the PDB medium that contained UiO-66. This biocomposite was applied to decolorize and degrade RB5 dye, while pure GT culture can decolorize about 36.47% in five days. The percentage of RB5 decolorization was shown to be increased with the addition of UiO-66; the composite could decolorize RB5 up to 72.55% after five days incubation period. Moreover, the optimum conditions for the 100% targeted rate of RB5 decolorization found by the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) are: initial RB5 concentration (72.54 mg L -1 ), pH (6.53), and temperature (38.06 °C). Two novel metabolites from RB5 decolorization by the composite were detected based on LCMS-QTOF analysis and were used to propose a degradation pathway: 6-((1-amino-7,8-dihydroxy-6-sulfonaphthalen-2-yl) diazinyl) cyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-ide ( m / z = 360) and 3,4-diamino-5,6-dihydroxy-1,2,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid ( m / z = 354).

Isolasi dan Skrining Aktivitas Antibakteri Fungi Tanah Muara Desa Katialada Gorontalo Lokasi Satu terhadap Staphylococcus aureus

The emergence of antibiotic resistance becomes a barrier in controlling infectious diseases, so it is necessary to find new alternative antibiotics. This study aimed to explore the potential of estuarine soil fungals secondary metabolites isolated from Katialada Village Gorontalo Location One and test their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial parameter observed was the percent inhibition of ethyl acetate extracts against Staphylococcus aureus. The estuarine soil samples were cultured in PDA media producing five single fungal isolates differentiated based on color morphology, texture, and shape coded IS2-BTG-4.1.1, IS2-BTG-4.1.2, IS1-BTG-4.2, IS2-BTG4.3.1, and IS2-BTG-4.3.2. Those five samples were fermented using PDB media and the fermented products were extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracts were screened for its compound using a TLC plate and antibacterial testing with a single concentration of 100 g/mL in the microdilution method. The screening results showed that the five ethyl acetate extracts contained terpenoid compounds and code IS2-BTG-4.3.2 also had alkaloids. Based on the antibacterial test results, the five ethyl acetate extracts had growth inhibitory activity on the Staphylococcus aureus, with the percentage showed by IS2-BTG-4.1.1 50,2% ± 14,8%, IS2-BTG-4.1.2 35,6% ± 12,9%, IS1-BTG-4.2 13,0% ± 7,3%, IS2-BTG-4.3.1 13,6% ± 6,0%, and IS2-BTG-4.3.2 by 12,4% ± 9,2%.

Pyrone Derivatives from a Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Phomopsis asparagi LSLYZ-87.

Chemical investigation of the endophytic fungus Phomopsis asparagi LSLYZ-87 cultured on PDB medium led to the isolation of two new pyrone derivatives, phomasparapyrone A (1), and phomasparapyrone B (2), together with the known kojic acid (3). Their planar structures were connected through 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data. And the stereo structures of 1 and 2 were defined by comparison of the experimental ECD spectra to calculated one. All isolates were evaluated for their anti-neuroinflammatory activities. Among them, compound 2 showed moderate inhibition on NO accumulation induced by LPS on BV-2 cells in a dose dependent manner at 30, 40 and 50 μM, and without cytotoxicity in a concentration of 50.0 μM.

Decolorization and Transformation of Synthetic Dye Methylene Blue by Brown-Rot Fungus &lt;i&gt;Fomitopsis pinicola&lt;/i&gt;

Methylene blue (MB) is a synthetic dye widely used in industries that is difficult to degrade in the environment due to its stability. Brown-rot fungus Fomitopsis pinicola is an organism that is known to be able to degrade some organic pollutants such as DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, and methyl orange dye. This study aimed to explore the ability of F. pinicola on MB biodecolorization, to identify metabolites and propose a biodecolorization pathway. F. pinicola was evaluated for MB biodecolorization on PDA agar and PDB liquid media. The metabolites were determined by using LCTOF/MS. The PDA agar medium's largest index decolorization (ID) was 0.915%. The MB decolorization in liquid PDB medium showed the highest percentage of decolorization of 92.56% at MB concentration of 100 mg/L after 14-days incubation. The analysis using LC-TOF/MS showed metabolites from MB biodecolorization, namely 3-amino-7-(methylamino) phenothiazin-5-ium (Azure C), 3-(dimethylamino)-7-(methylamino) phenothiazin-5-ium (Azure B), and 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)-4aH-phenothiazin-5-one. The MB degradation pathway was proposed through demethylation and oxidation reactions based on the detected product metabolites. These results indicated that F. pinicola is a suitable agent for biodecolorization of MB, and can potentially be used for bioremediation of MB waste in the environment.

Screening of Natural Dyes from Selected Fungal Species

Some fungi are observed as effective pigments. Its importance in the production of natural pigments has grown significantly. The pigment-producing fungi were developed and evaluated for application in dyeing cotton fabric. In the research, five fungal strains were identified as Aspergillus terreus S10, Talaromyces atroroseus WW5A3, Penicillium oxalicum WW3A4 (DG), WW5C2 and WW31DG. These strains were incubated for 21 days under static and non-static conditions using MSM and PDB media. Under liquid state fermentation conditions, the production of the pigments by the fungus was improved by altering temperatures (25-35°C) and pH (4.5-6.5). T. atroroseus WW5A3 showed pinkish color, A. terrreus S10 displayed yellow color, P. oxalicum WW3A4 (DG) presented yellowgreenish, WW5C2 exhibited light yellow color and WW31DG demonstrated greenish color. The results showed the maximum percentage absorbance of T. atroroteus WW5A3 showed 90.36 % at 600 nm, A. terrreus S10 showed 88 % at 500 nm, P. oxalicum WW35A4 showed 46.04 % at 550 nm, WW5C2 showed 59.60 % at 550 nm, and WW31DG showed 81.9 % at 550 nm. The natural fungal pigments were tested against bacterial pathogens to check the antibacterial activity. The results indicated that S. aureus and E. coli exhibited antibacterial activity in terms of maximum zone of inhibition. In conclusion, out of five pigments producing fungi, Aspergillus terreus S10 and Talaromyces atroroseus produced maximum pigment and highest percentage absorbance under liquid state fermentation conditions. Potential applications in the textile and leather industries have been discovered as a result of this research.