PCV Level Research Articles

PERIPHERAL BLOOD COUNT RECOVERY TIME COURSE DURING INDUCTION TREATMENT FOR ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA IN CHILDREN

Background: In recent years, the survival rate of pediatric ALL patients has increased to almost 90%, particularly for individuals with favorable prognoses. This success is mostly attributable to the use of risk-adapted medication, enhanced supportive care, and adjustments to therapy based on each patient's unique pharmacodynamics and pharmacogenomics. This research investigates ALL patients' response to induction chemotherapy, focusing on changes in peripheral blood cell counts and hematological markers, to predict therapeutic outcomes and provide a practical prognostic parameter. Methods: This study involved 100 under 15-year-old patients with newly diagnosed ALL treated in pediatric leukemia units at Kuwait Hospital, Sana'a. Blood markers were collected and analyzed using Epi Info statistical program version 6. The study followed the French, American, and British classifications of pediatric leukemia. Participants were informed of the study's goals and advantages, and their participation was optional. Results: The majority of patients were aged 5-9 years, with a mean age of 6.9 years. Hemoglobin levels were measured before and after treatment, with the mean level being 8.8 mg/dL before and 10.8 mg/dL after treatment. Severe anemia was reported in 10% of patients before treatment and decreased to 2% after treatment. PCV levels were also measured before and after treatment, with the mean PCV level being below normal in 66% of patients before induction chemotherapy but improving to 20% after treatment. The mean RBC count before treatment was 2.9 cells × 106/μl, but improved to 3.8 cells × 106/μl after induction chemotherapy. The study found that over 50% of patients had iron deficiency anemia before and after induction chemotherapy, with a mean neutrophil percentage of 18.2%, lymphocyte percentage of 73.7%, monocyte percentage of 3.8%, and eosinophil percentage of 0.85%. Conclusions: The study reveals that blood cell parameters replenish at different rates during induction chemotherapy, resulting in rapid platelet and slow neutrophil recovery. Changes in blood markers during induction may be prognostic. Peer Review History: Received 6 April 2024; Revised 10 May 2024; Accepted 25 June; Available online 15 July 2024 Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Pharmacy institute, University of Basrah, Iraq, asia_abdullah65@yahoo.com Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, amaka_mgbahurike@yahoo.com Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, sansan4240732@163.com

AFB1 induced free radicals cause encephalopathy in goat kids via intrinsic pathway of apoptosis: pathological and immunohistochemical confirmation of non-hepatic neuroaflatoxicosis.

Aflatoxins, particularly AFB1, are the most common feed contaminants worldwide, causing significant economic losses to the livestock sector. The current paper describes an outbreak of aflatoxicosis in a herd of 160 male young goat kids (3-4 months), of which 68 young kids succumbed over a period of 25 days after showing neurological signs of abnormal gait, progressive paralysis and head pressing. The haematobiochemical investigation showed reduced haemoglobin, leucocyte count, PCV level, increased levels of AST, ALT, glucose, BUN, creatinine and reduced level of total protein. Grossly, kids had pale mucous membranes, pale and swollen liver; right apical lobe consolidation, and petechiation of the synovial membrane of the hock joints. The microscopic changes were characterized by multifocal hemorrhages, status spongiosus/ vacuolation, vasculitis, focal to diffuse gliosis, satellitosis, and ischemic apoptotic neurons in different parts of the brain and spinal cord. These changes corresponded well with strong immunoreactivity for AFB1 in neurons, glia cells (oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and ependymal cells) in various anatomical sites of the brain. The higher values of LPO and reduced levels of antioxidant enzymes (Catalase, SOD, GSH) with strong immunoreactivity of 8-OHdG in the brain indicating high level of oxidative stress. Further, the higher immunosignaling of caspase-3 and caspase-9 in the brain points towards the association with intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. The toxicological analysis of feed samples detected high amounts of AFB1 (0.38ppm). These findings suggest that AFB1 in younger goat kids has more of neurotoxic effect mediated through caspase dependent intrinsic pathway.

Procalcitonin level, neutrophil to lymphocyte count ratio, and mean platelet volume as predictors of organ dysfunction and mortality in children with sepsis

Background Procalcitonin (PCT) level is one of known biomarker in septic diagnosis, but limited studies report its benefit in predicting the outcomes of children with sepsis. Neutrophil to lymphocyte (NLR) and mean platelet volume (MPV) are simple biomarkers of inflammation that can be measured in routine hematological examination which role in predicting organ dysfunction remain unclear.
 Objective To understand the correlations between PCT level, NLR, and MPV, tested in the first day of admission with outcomes of septic children in intensive care unit.
 Methods This retrospective cohort study obtained the data from medical record of pediatric patients admitted in PICU and HCU since January 2019. The inclusion criteria were children aged 1 months to 18 years with sepsis; whie exclusion criteria were patients with congenital heart disease, hematologic disease, malignancy, and length of care in intensive care unit less than 3 days or more than 28 days. The PCT, NLR, and MPV levels were assessed in the first day of admission. Organ dysfunction was identified using qSOFA score more than 2 points. 
 Results Sixty-nine septic children were reviewed. Procalcitonin level in the first day of admission correlated significantly with qSOFA score in the third day of admission (R= 0.639; P=0.000); as well as with mortality (R=0.747; P=0.000). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of PCT level in the first day of admission had area under curve (AUC) of 0.922 to predict organ dysfunction (cut off 3.425; sensitivity 95.8%; specificity 52.4%) and AUC of 0.952 to predict mortality (cut off 21.165; sensitivity 96.4%; specificity 78%).
 Moreover, NLR in the first day of admission correlated significantly with qSOFA in the third day of admission (R=0.407; P=0.001), but did not correlate with mortality. The ROC of NLR to predict organ dysfunction was 0.829 (cut off 3.52; sensitivity 87.5%; specificity 66.7%). There was no correlation between MPV in the first day of admission with qSOFA score in the third day of admission neither with mortality.
 Linear regression test showed that PCT level and NLR in the first day of admission simultaneously had correlated with qSOFA score in the third day of admission (R=0.696; P= 0.000) and mortality (R=0.748; P=0.000). Meanwhile, PCT and MPV simultaneously had correlation with qSOFA score in the third day of admission (R=0.688; P=0.000) and mortality (R=0.733; P=0.000). Moreover, NLR and MPV simultaneously had correlation with qSOFA score in the third day of admission (R=0.453; P=0.002). All three independent variables (PCT level, NLR, and MPV) simultaneously correlated with qSOFA score in the third day of admission (R= 0.744; P=0.000) and mortality (R=0.739; P=0.000).
 Conclusion There are significant correlations between each, PCT level and NLR in the first day of admission with qSOFA score in the third day of admission as well as with mortality. There is no correlation between MPV in the first day of admission with qSOFA score in the third day of admission, neither with mortality. There are significant correlations between PCV level and NLR with or without MPV with qSOFA score in the third day of admission as well as with mortality.

Induction of Experimental Endometriosis in Rat: Evaluation of Systemic Inflammatory Response and Liver Tissue Changes

Introduction: Nowadays non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFAD) is considered as a serious problem in human societies. Recently, the possibility of an association between endometriosis and NAFAD has been considered. This study was designed to evaluate some general inflammation parameters and hepatic lesions during and after experimental endometriosis. Material and Methods: In 20 female rats, the endometriosis model was induced by suturing parts of the uterine horn wall to the mesenteric gut. After four weeks, the rats in group I were euthanized and endometriosis cysts and some fragments of their liver were used for histopathological evaluation. At the same time, endometrial cysts were surgically removed in the rats of group II and they were kept for four weeks later. In addition, hematobiochemical evaluation was performed. In group II, similar evaluative investigations were performed 8 weeks after experimental surgery. Results: Significant increase in triglyceride, LDL, AST, ALP, ALT and estrogen parameters was observed in this study (P˂0.05), Whereas, total WBC count, lymphocyte, PCV and HDL level decreased significantly (P˂0.05). In histopathological evaluation, induction of endometriosis was confirmed at the microscopic level, but no evidence of fatty liver or hepatic inflammation was found. Conclusion: Despite notable changes in some hematobiochemical factors in rats with experimental endometriosis, there was no evidence of fatty liver and hepatic inflammation. Therefore, there may be no association between endometriosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Status of Zinc, Iron and some Biochemical Parameters in patients with Polycythemia

The goal of this study is to determine the concentration of total zinc, iron, ESR, PCV, Hb, CBC in the serum of patients with polycythemia vera. These results are indicated that age of patient and control group Iraq males are to some extend similar. Whereas, average value of ESR ±SD for patient and control groups were (8.36± 4.41) and (15.40± 5.10), respectively. It was clearly indicated that ESR for patient higher than control group. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is decreased due to an increase in zeta potential. While, the average iron ±SD for patient and control group were (35.12 ± 8.21) and (23.48 ± 2.40) respectively. The level of zinc shows no significant difference between polycythemic and control gropes. Also show that there was a highly significance in packed cell volume between patient groups (51.49±4.62) when compared with control groups (36.30±3.22). The mean ±SD of Hb and WBC for patient and control group were (16.08 ± 1.14) (12.40 ± 0.68) and (12.04 ± 3.17) (8.21 ± 1.48) respectively. These results are showed that Hb, WBC of patient strongly higher compering to control group (p>0.05). the majority of patients were at the age between (41-50) years with percentage of (30.76%), (31-40) years with a percentage (25.64%) and (20-30) years with a percentage (23.07%). While age groups between (51-60) years were (12.82%) and age groups (>60) years were (7.7%). The result show that (2.5) percent of patients had PCV level less than normal, (38.5) percent of patients had normal level and (59) percent of patients showed concentration more than normal as shown in (Table 4). There are (5.1) percent of patients showed level less than normal, (53.8) percent of patients had normal level and (41) percent of patients showed concentration more than normal. The current study has been shown that the concentration of biochemical parameters is influenced by polycythemia.

Phylogenetic exploration and haemato-biochemical significance of Anaplasma marginale infection in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

During 2017-2020, a total of 8352 buffalo blood samples were screened microscopically for Anaplsma species and 104 positive samples were found. Later on same samples were confirmed positive using genomic DNA PCR technique. For efficiency of PCR technique, a total of 335 blood samples were randomly chosen. Microscopy revealed Anaplasma species in erythrocytes of 1.19% (4 samples) of the total blood samples (n=335). Initially PCR assay was standardized targeting 16S rRNA for detection of genus Anaplasma with expected amplicon size 781 bp. Thereafter, msp1 β gene was targeted for species level identification of Anaplasma (Anaplasma marginale) with expected amplicon size 407 bp. A total of fourteen samples out of 335 samples (4.17%) found positive by PCR. Randomly, two confirmed positive samples were sent for bidirectional sequencing. The sequencing results, submitted in GenBank(MW269530, MW269531), further confirm the Anaplasma marginale infection in buffalo. The study show higher specificity and sensitivity of PCR test above blood smear examination. Erythron of infected animals showed significantly low level of mean Hb, PCV, RBC count, MCH, MCHC and high level of mean MCV, indicating regenerative hypochromic macrocytic anaemia. Infected animals had a significantly low mean level of total protein, albumin and globulin and significantly high level of phosphorus, total bilirubin, direct and indirect bilirubin. The current study provides indication of the association between A. marginale infection and probable liver damage or hepatic fatty degeneration. Nevertheless advanced studies are warranted to explain the precise pathophysiological mechanism of this association.

Effect of Smoke Inhalation on Methaemoglobin, Oxyhaemoglobin and Packed Cell Volume of Plantain (“Bole”) Roasters in Port- Harcourt, Nigeria

Bole is a popular delicacy in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Bole is roast plantain, roasted above burning charcoal. It is usually roasted alongside yam, and fish. In the course of roasting Bole, women are exposed to smoke which in the long run may produce some effects on the blood. The study examines how the smoke inhaled by these women affects their packed cell volume, methaemoglobin and oxyhaemoglobin levels. This study was carried out on blood samples collected from women who roast Bole (test subjects), in Port Harcourt, specifically in Diobu and Borikiri area. Control subjects were apparently healthy women that were not exposed to smoke. A total of 40 samples (20 from test subjects and 20 from control subjects) were collected through standard vein-puncture technique. Packed cell volume was determined using microhaematocrit method, oxyhaemoglobin and methaemoglobin levels were analyzed using spectrophotometric method. Methaemoglobin level (4.94 ± 4.17%) and PCV level of the test subjects (39.45 ± 1.32%) were significantly greater than that of control subjects (methaemoglobin: 1.64 ± 0.39%) and (packed cell volume: 38.50 ± 1.40%); (p-value = 0.00114 and 0.032887 for methaemoglobin and PCV respectively). The Oxyhaemoglobin levels of test subjects (11.38 ± 1.29g/dl) was significantly lower than the oxyhaemoglobin level of the control subjects (15.39 ± 0.89g/dl); (p- value = 0.000). The study therefore reveals that exposure to smoke increases methemoglobin levels and decreases oxyhaemoglobin level; this does not support adequate physiological oxygen delivery to body tissues and organs and could lead to hypoxia. We therefore recommended that these women use other means which produces less smoke to roast their plantain (bole), increase hydration, and make use of nose masks to reduce smoke inhalation.

Changes Associated with Treatment of Plasmodium berghei Infected Mice with Momordica charantia, Xylopia aethiopica and Entandrophragma angolense Leaf Extract

Aim: Leaves of plants have been useful in the treatment of various diseases and infections. The study aims at determining the nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and hematological effect of Momordica charantia, Xylopia aethiopica, and Entandrophragma angolense on the Plasmodium berghei infected mice.
 Study Design: The plants’ leaves were air-dried and extracted. Forty-two Swiss male mice, 18 to 25 g, were grouped into six of seven mice each. Group I was uninfected but were administered with normal saline for four days, Group II to VI were all infected with P. berghei and administered with normal saline, 300 mg/b.w. of M. charantia leaf extract, 300 mg/b.w. of E. angolense leaf extract, 300 mg/b.w. of X. aethiopica leaf extract and 40 mg/b.w. of chloroquine injection for four days, respectively.
 Results: The treatment groups showed a lower level of toxicity when compared with chloroquine treatment. X. aethiopica has the greatest positive impact on the PCV level of the experimental animals of its treated group compared with other groups.
 Conclusion: Our findings confirmed the antimalarial potential of X. aethiopica and thus can be used to treat malaria without anemia as a side effect.

Clinical, Hematobiochemical And Trace-Elements Alterations In Camels With Sarcoptic Mange (Sarcoptes Scabiei Var Cameli) Accompanied By Secondary Pyoderma

Sarcoptic mange is a common, zoonotic and important disease facing camel farming systems with grave economic losses. The present study was applied to estimate the effect of sarcoptic mange on clinical condition, hematobiochemical criteria and trace-element status among camels in Egypt. A total number of thirty dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) were investigated in the present study. The animals were divided into fourteen diseased camels affected with sarcoptic mange and sixteen apparently healthy camels. Complete case history and clinical examination included respiration, pulse rates and body temperature was applied. The main clinical manifestations included over thickening of the skin with scales, fissuring, intense itching, unthriftiness, weight loss, and debility. Clinical examination showed significant increase (P≤0.05) and (P≤0.01) for respiration and pulse rates respectively in affected camels. Hematological analysis in diseased camels showed a significant decrease in PCV (P≤0.05), Hb (P≤0.001), RBCs count (P≤0.01), MCHC (P≤0.001) and relative (%) lymphocytic level (P≤0.001) while significant increase was recorded for MCV (P≤0.01), TLC (P≤0.01), relative (%) neutrophils (P≤0.001) and eosinophils levels (P≤0.01). Results of biochemical constituents in affected camels showed a significant decrease (P≤0.001) in total protein, albumin, glucose and zinc levels while A/G ratio showed significant (P≤0.01) decrease. Both serum total iron and copper levels showed a significant (P≤0.05) decrease in diseased camels compared to healthy camels. Skin swab samples revealed Staphylococcus spp. in the majority of mange infected cases indicating secondary pyoderma. In conclusion, sarcoptic mange had a deleterious effect on physical, hematobiochemical condition and trace-element status in camels.

The Effects of <i>Allium sativum</i> and <i>Piper Nigrum</i> on the Growth Perfomance and Packed Cell Volume of Broiler Chicks

This research was carried out to investigate the effect of <i>Allium sativum</i> (garlic) and <i>Piper nigrum</i> (black pepper) on growth performance and PCV of broiler chicks. Sixty <i>Abor acre</i> broiler chicks of mixed sexes at four weeks old were used in this research, they were randomly allocated to four treatments. Those in group A served as control and were given chick mash and water only, group B received 1g of garlic powder mixed in 100g of chick mash, group C also received 1g of black pepper powder mixed in 100g of chick mash while group D were fed 0.5g of garlic and 0.5g black pepper powder mixed in 100g of chick mash. The experiments lasted for eight weeks. At the end of the experiment, the result of the study revealed that birds fed with mixture of garlic (0.05g) and black pepper (0.5g) powder recorded a significant (P<0.05) mean weight 2005g, followed by those fed garlic powder with mean weight 1884g. Birds that were fed black pepper recorded mean weight 1589g while the control group produced the least mean weight of 1338g. Analysis of variance showed no statistically significant difference (P<0.05) between the Packed Cell Volume of birds fed with black pepper powder compared to those of control, garlic and mixture of garlic and black pepper group of broiler. Birds fed with black pepper powder had the highest PCV value of 40.979, followed by those fed with mixture of garlic and black pepper powder 38.593. Broilers fed with 1g of garlic powder recorded PCV level of 37.178 while control group recorded the least value of 35.692. The result of this research indicated that black pepper boosted PCV in broiler and its mixture with garlic also enhanced body weight when incorporated in the right proportion.

Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity of Cola millenii Leaf and Stem Bark Extracts in Albino Rats

In the present study, the toxicity of monkey kola (Cola millenii) leaf and stem bark extracts were investigated in laboratory animals. The rats were orally administered with the plant extracts at gradual doses of 10 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 1,000 mg/kg, 2,500 mg/kg, 3,500 mg/kg and 5,000 mg/kg b.w. and were closely monitored for 24 h. In sub-acute toxicity, the animals were given 1,000 mg/kg b.w. and 2,500 mg/kg b.w. for 28 days. Thereafter, the effect of the extracts on the weight and haematological parameters of the rats were determined. The rats did not show any symptoms of toxicity throughout the experiment. In the sub-acute toxicity assay, starting from week two, the groups administered with 1,000 mg/kg and 2,500 mg/kg stem bark extract had significant (p ≤ 0.05) lower weight compared with the other groups. In the haematological assay, there were no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) between the RBC and platelet counts as well as PCV, haemoglobin, urea, cholesterol, creatinine, LDL, HDL and AST level of all the groups given the extract in comparison with the control. Albeit, the level of white blood cells count, was higher in the treated groups compared with the control with concomitant significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in the ALT and ALP levels of the animals treated with the extracts compared with the control. Results show that Cola millenii leaf and stem bark extracts are safe for oral use, although, at higher doses, stem bark extract may cause liver damage.

Medical Management of Rumen Collapse in Cows

Rumen collapse or rumen void is a syndrome usually observed in cattle affected with other primary diseases. It is a sequelae to other primary diseases due to total anorexia for several days. Recently purchased and calved animals brought into Large Animal Outpatient Medicine Unit, Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital, with the history of prolonged anorexia, mastitis and metritis were screened for rumen collapse. A total of 20 cases were included for the study. Animals were subjected to clinical, physical, rectal, haematological and biochemical examination. Anamnesis included were anorexia in all cases, high rise of temperature 15(75%) and high coloured urine 14(70%). An rumen collapsed in case of recently purchased animals were 12(60%). Clinical signs were anemia 18(90%), enlarged lymph node 17(85%), decreased rumen motility 17(85%), decreased or suspended rumination 16(80%). Rectal examination revealed a small sized rumen (rumen collapsed). Rumen fluid examination revealedvery few live protozoa or complete absence of protozoal motility and increased in MBRT (Methylene blue reduction test) time. The haematological examination revealed reduced level of Hb, PCV and RBC level. Biochemical examination revealed reduced level of total protein and other parameters were remain in the normal range. The suggestive of the primary diseases involved were hypocalcaemia, theileriosis, anaplasmosis, mastitis, septic metritis, indigestion and babesiosis. The animals were firstly treated for primary diseases followed by rumen cud transplantation and oral administration of rumenotorics bolus.

Physiological changes in the Cattle Egret, Bubulcus ibis, as a bioindicator of air pollution in New Damietta City, Egypt

Different heavy metals accumulate in the environment due to intensive human activities, which adversely affect wildlife. Biota usually develops different biological responses to face such stress; analysis of these biological responses could be used as a biomarker of pollutants. The current study aimed to compare hematologic and biochemical parameters in cattle egret collected from industrial and rural sites in New Damietta City, Egypt, to assess the effect of heavy metal pollution. Selected heavy metals concentrations including copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg) were measured for the two sampling sites in aerosols from ambient air, feathers, and blood samples. Some hematological, biochemical parameters and oxidative stress markers were measured in the blood using a non-invasive method. Sampling was done in summer and winter during 2015-2016. Heavy metal concentrations in aerosols from the industrial area were significantly higher than those from the rural site. The highest concentrations of all heavy metals in both sites were recorded in summer. Cattle egret from the industrial area showed a significantly decreased RBCs count and PCV level and increased WBCs count, total protein, albumin, triglycerides, uric acid, ammonia, creatinine, bilirubin, and cortisol levels. Moreover, birds from the industrial area suffered from environmental stress as indicated by elevations of MDA, GPx and catalase activity in industrial birds as compared to rural birds. In conclusion, birds from the industrial areas were adversely affected by the elevated concentrations of selected heavy metals, so it could be used as an effective bioindicator of environmental contamination.

Evaluation of Tp-e Interval and Tp-e/QTc Ratio among Patients with Steady State Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle cell disease (SCD) has been regarded as an inflammatory and pro- coagulatory disease with profound cardiovascular abnormalities including propensity for ventricular arrhythmogenesis. Tp-e and Tpe/QTc ratio however has been proposed as better indicators of arrythmogenesis and has been shown to be prolonged in many inflammatory conditions and correlate with levels of inflammatory markers. However, correlation between Tpe/QTc ratio and the level of highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) have not been reported in SCD. This study aims at evaluating Tp-e Interval and Tp-e/QTc ratio among steady state Sickle cell disease patients in relationship to the degree of anaemia, inflammatory and profibrotic markers. Methodology: A cross-sectional hospital-based study comprises 30 sickle cell anaemia patients in steady state with an equal number of controls having genotype HbAA and HbAS respectively.Clinical, laboratory and ECG parameters were obtained. Results: A total of 90 participants are with mean age 24.2 ± 5.6. The study showed that sickle cell disease patient had significantly lower level of PCV and higher level of PAI, platelet and total white cell count (p value < 0.05). C-reactive protein was also higher in them. 76.7% of HbSS patients had abnormal ECG. QTc and Tp-e were also prolonged in sickle cell disease patients compared with controls. An association was found between the level of PCV, PAI and prolonged Tp-e and QTc. Conclusion: Sickle cell disease patients have higher levels of inflammatory markers and abnormal ECG patterns are common in them. Moreover, the levels of these inflammatory markers correlate with Tp-e parameters.

Effects of Ketamine and Xylazine-Ketamine Combination in Clinical and Haemato-biochemical Parameters in Captive Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta)

This study was carried to compare the effects of ketamine and xylazine-ketamine combination on clinical and haematobiochemical parameters in captive rhesus monkey. The animals were divided into two groups; one ketamine (K) group and other xylazine-ketamine (XK) group. In ketamine group (n=6) atropine sulphate and ketamine was used intramuscularly at the rate of 0.04 mg/kg body weight and 10 mg/ kg body weight respectively. In xylazine-ketamine group (n=3) xylazine and ketamine was used intramuscularly at the rate of 1 mg/kg body weight and 5 mg/kg body weight respectively. Blood samples were collected immediately after induction and 30 min after induction in both groups. Effects of anaesthetics on haematological and biochemical parameters such as TEC, TLC, Hb, PCV, DLC, serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, HDL and LDL and clinical parameters such as rectal temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, muscle relaxation, jaw tone, pedal reflex, palpebral reflex and position of eye ball were studied. Rectal temperature was significantly lower (P&lt;0.01) in group XK than in group K. Heart rate was significantly higher (P&lt;0.01) in group K than in group XK. Respiratory rate was lower in group K than in group XK but it was nonsignificant (P&gt;0.05). Hb and PCV level was significantly lower (P&lt;0.05) in group XK than group K. TEC and TLC was higher in group K than in group XK but it was nonsignificant (P&gt;0.05). Neutrophil and Eosinophil was higher in group XK than in group K but it was nonsignificant (P&gt;0.05). Lymphocyte was lower in group XK than in group K but it was nonsignificant (P&gt;0.05). Monocyte was significantly lower (P&lt;0.05) in group XK than in group K. Serum cholesterol was higher in group XK than in group K but it was nonsignificant (P&gt;0.05). Serum triglyceride and LDL was significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) in group XK than in group K. HDL was lower in group XK than in group K but it was nonsignificant (P&gt;0.05). Smooth induction was found in group XK and duration of anaesthesia was longer in group XK whereas smooth recovery was found in group K but duration of anaesthesia was shorter. Muscle relaxation was excellent in group XK in comparison to group K. It can be suggested from the results of this study that for shorter duration of anaesthesia only ketamine can be used but for longer duration, xylazine-ketamine combination will be appropriate.

Haematological Alterations in Cattle Infected with Trypanosoma evansi

This study was performed to unmask the haematological alterations in Trypanosoma evansi infected cattle. Blood samples from 50 Trypanosoma infected and 50 non-infected from Anand and Mahisagar districts were collected for the present study. Animals were bled from the jugular vein into 10 ml vacutainers containing EDTA for the estimation of various haematological parameters. The haematological parameters of cattle infected with T. evansi revealed decreased Hb, PCV, TEC, MCV, MCH and blood glucose level also (40.67±1.71 vs. 70.76±1.73 mg/dl), and increased TLC and MCHC than those of non-infected healthy cattle. The neutrophil and eosinophil counts were significantly increased (P less than 0.01) from 37.06±0.95 to 41.44±1.03, 4.47±0.25 to 7.97±0.24 % indicating eosinophilia and neutrophilia in infected cattle. Lymphocyte count was significantly (P less than 0.01) reduced from 54.55±1.01 to 46.96±0.65 % indicating lymphocytopenia, while monocytes level increased non significantly and basophils level increased significantly in infected cattle over healthy ones.

Interrelationship between food intake &amp; nutritional anaemia among the children studied in a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka city

This study was carried out on 128 children of which 80 were male &amp; 48 were female admitted in Paediatric department of DMCH. They were 1 to 12 yrs. 31, 27, 24 and 46 children were of 1-3 yrs, 4-6 yrs, 7-9 yrs &amp; 10-12 yrs age group respectively. A cross sectional sample survey study was carried out. Main variables were age, family size, monthly family income, parents education &amp; occupation Hb and PCV levels.58% children were illiterate group which also includes less than 5 yrs children. 12% were at primary level &amp; 30% were at high school level. The children of 1-3yrs, 4-6yrs, 7- 9yrs &amp; 10-12yrs age groups took an average of 290, 285, 505 &amp; 555 gm foods/child/day. Cereals intake was highest (67.7%) in comparison to other foods. Consumption of meat, fruits, fats &amp; milk was very low. Iron intake was found more than requirement &amp; Vit-C intake was found lowest of the nutrients requirement.&#x0D; The study revealed the children met protein, iron, folic acid, Vit-A, Vit-B12, Vit-C, Vit-B2 , Vit-B6 , Zinc &amp; Copper 70.79%, 122.2%, 92%, 72%, 68.5%, 55%, 83%, 57%, 89% &amp; 82% respectively of the requirements. Less than 50% of the requirements of iron, protein, Vit-A, Vit-C, Vit- B2 &amp; folic acid is met by 15%, 50.5%, 39%, 45%, 12% &amp; 29% children respectively.&#x0D; Mean Hb level is found (10.39±2.23)gm/dl of blood &amp; ranges from 4.7gm/dl to 12.9gm/dl &amp; mean PCV level is found (30.1±2.21) percent &amp; ranges from 13.63% to 37.41%. According to Nutrition Survey of Rural Bangladesh 1981- 82 &amp; WHO, 1972 28,29 Hb leve &lt;11gm/dl for &lt;6yrs and &lt; 12gm/dl for 6-12 yrs age group are considered to be anaemic. In the present study I found 20(15.62%) children were severely anaemic, 32(25.26%) children were moderately anaemic &amp; 17 (13.02%) children were mildly anaemic by this criterion.&#x0D; Peripheral blood film showed 5.47% &amp; 26.57% children with normocytic &amp; microcytic hypocromic anaemic respectively &amp; 14.85% children with malignancy of blood(ALL). Haemolytic anaemia with raised serum bilirubin level was found in 6.25% children. Eosinophilia was found in 18% children. Aplastic anaemia was found in 5.47% children . Aplastic anaemia &amp; malignancy of blood were confirmed by bone marrow examination.&#x0D; Journal of Paediatric Surgeons of Bangladesh (2016) Vol. 7 (2): 29-34

Effect of altered ambient temperature through shelter modifications on physiological indicators of Malpura lambs reared in semi-arid region during winter

Microclimatic factors are of crucial aspect for the welfare of animals. Therefore, a study was conducted to assess the effect of altered ambient temperature through shelter modifications on physiological indicators of Malpura lambs reared in the semi-arid region during winter. Twenty-one Malpura lambs of 3–5 week age and average body weight 9.97 ± 0.51 kg were used in the present study. The lambs were divided into three groups (eg. G1, G2, and G3) and were kept in the different microenvironment by manipulation of shelter design. The G1 lambs were maintained at lower minimum temperature (8.59 ± 0.71 °C) in asbestos roofed shed, while G2 lambs were maintained at higher minimum temperature (14.59 ± 0.54 °C) in local handmade bamboo dome structure, and G3 lambs were kept at a medium minimum temperature (11.84 ± 0.64 °C) in thermocol insulated roofed shed from evening 18:30 h to morning 07:00 h. The study was carried out for one month between January and February. The parameters studied were physiological response (respiration rate, pulse rate, rectal temperature), skin temperature, blood metabolites and endocrine profile. The data were analyzed by general linear models. Higher average daily weight gain was recorded in the lambs kept in higher minimum temperature groups (20.54% higher in G2 and 24.68% higher in G3) as compared to G1 lambs. Microenvironment manipulation had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on most of the physiological response and skin temperature except morning respiration rate within low-temperature range. The present study reveals that Hb, PCV, T3, and cortisol level were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by microenvironment manipulation. The results of the study indicated that altered ambient temperature through altered shelter design of housing for raising of lambs in the semi-arid tropical region may support animal welfare during chilling nights of the winter.

Anaemia in pet rabbits: causes, severity and reticulocyte response

The objective of the study was to determine the causes and the severity of anaemia in pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), to classify anaemia and to compare the reticulocyte counts from...

Antidiabetogenic impact of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia) and Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) on alloxan induced diabetic rabbit model

The present study was undertaken to investigate the antidiabetic effect of the bitter melon and black cumin on alloxan induced diabetes in experimental rabbits. At 2 to 3 months of age, rabbits were assigned into five groups (A, B, C, D and E) and rabbits were included each group. Group A was kept as control, Group B was treated with alloxan intramuscularly at a dose of 75mg /kg body weight, Group C was treated with bitter melon at a dose of 150gm/kg body weight orally, Group D was treated with black cumin at a dose of 250mg/kg body weight orally, Group E was treated with combined at previous dose. After acclimatization, diabetes was induced in four groups of rabbits (B, C, D and E) by administering alloxan injection. There was significant (p&lt;0.05) decreased in blood glucose level in all treated group C, D, E compared to the B group and lowest glucose was recorded in E group when treated with combined medicinal herbs and body weight was increased in all treated group C, D, E compared to the B group and highest was recorded in D group while treated with those. % of PCV level and Hbgm/dl concentration was the highest in group E which was treated with both black cumin and bitter melon compare to the A group. ESR was highest in group B treated with alloxan and lowest in group E. The present study demonstrated that combined treatment increased body weight and decreased glucose level without affecting health of rabbits.&#x0D; Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2017, 2 (1), 24-28