PC Signals Research Articles

Initial assessment of lidar signal and the first result of a Raman lidar installed at a high altitude station in India

Abstract: The lidar backscattered signal can be simultaneously received in both analog (in millivolts) and photon counting (PC in MHz) modes to achieve the better signal for both low and high altitudes. One way to get a better signal is by gluing both signals into a single profile and this single profile contains the high linearity and high sensitivity of the analog and PC signals respectively. In this paper, the experimentally obtained lidar backscattered signal from a high altitude station in Himachal Pradesh region of India is used for gluing and various steps involved in the gluing technique are described. Glued Signal has been used to verify the correct alignment of the lidar system and to obtain the vertical distribution of optical profiles of aerosol and clouds such as backscatter coefficient, extinction coefficient, linear depolarization ratio, optical depth from lidar and Microtop Sunphotometer, Planetary boundary layer (PBL) height etc. The results reveal that the most of the aerosols are confined in the lower troposphere within 4 km and above 4 km, the backscattered signal was mainly due to the molecules during the observed period. The mean lidar ratio (LR) values werefound to be 38.5 ± 14.5sr and 35.75 ± 14.75sr in the month of June and November 2016 respectively suggesting presence of urban aerosols and the observed depolarization ratio values suggest the dominance of spherical particles. The average PBL height was observed as 738 ± 423m and 542 ± 273m in the month of June and November 2016.

Genome-Wide Ultrabithorax Binding Analysis Reveals Highly Targeted Genomic Loci at Developmental Regulators and a Potential Connection to Polycomb-Mediated Regulation.

Hox homeodomain transcription factors are key regulators of animal development. They specify the identity of segments along the anterior-posterior body axis in metazoans by controlling the expression of diverse downstream targets, including transcription factors and signaling pathway components. The Drosophila melanogaster Hox factor Ultrabithorax (Ubx) directs the development of thoracic and abdominal segments and appendages, and loss of Ubx function can lead for example to the transformation of third thoracic segment appendages (e.g. halters) into second thoracic segment appendages (e.g. wings), resulting in a characteristic four-wing phenotype. Here we present a Drosophila melanogaster strain with a V5-epitope tagged Ubx allele, which we employed to obtain a high quality genome-wide map of Ubx binding sites using ChIP-seq. We confirm the sensitivity of the V5 ChIP-seq by recovering 7/8 of well-studied Ubx-dependent cis-regulatory regions. Moreover, we show that Ubx binding is predictive of enhancer activity as suggested by comparison with a genome-scale resource of in vivo tested enhancer candidates. We observed densely clustered Ubx binding sites at 12 extended genomic loci that included ANTP-C, BX-C, Polycomb complex genes, and other regulators and the clustered binding sites were frequently active enhancers. Furthermore, Ubx binding was detected at known Polycomb response elements (PREs) and was associated with significant enrichments of Pc and Pho ChIP signals in contrast to binding sites of other developmental TFs. Together, our results show that Ubx targets developmental regulators via strongly clustered binding sites and allow us to hypothesize that regulation by Ubx might involve Polycomb group proteins to maintain specific regulatory states in cooperative or mutually exclusive fashion, an attractive model that combines two groups of proteins with prominent gene regulatory roles during animal development.

Temporal response properties of koniocellular (blue-on and blue-off) cells in marmoset lateral geniculate nucleus.

Visual perception requires integrating signals arriving at different times from parallel visual streams. For example, signals carried on the phasic-magnocellular (MC) pathway reach the cerebral cortex pathways some tens of milliseconds before signals traveling on the tonic-parvocellular (PC) pathway. Visual latencies of cells in the koniocellular (KC) pathway have not been specifically studied in simian primates. Here we compared MC and PC cells to "blue-on" (BON) and "blue-off" (BOF) KC cells; these cells carry visual signals originating in short-wavelength-sensitive (S) cones. We made extracellular recordings in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of anesthetized marmosets. We found that BON visual latencies are 10-20 ms longer than those of PC or MC cells. A small number of recorded BOF cells (n = 7) had latencies 10-20 ms longer than those of BON cells. Within all cell groups, latencies of foveal receptive fields (<10° eccentricity) were longer (by 3-8 ms) than latencies of peripheral receptive fields (>10°). Latencies of yellow-off inputs to BON cells lagged the blue-on inputs by up to 30 ms, but no differences in visual latency were seen on comparing marmosets expressing dichromatic ("red-green color-blind") or trichromatic color vision phenotype. We conclude that S-cone signals leaving the LGN on KC pathways are delayed with respect to signals traveling on PC and MC pathways. Cortical circuits serving color vision must therefore integrate across delays in (red-green) chromatic signals carried by PC cells and (blue-yellow) signals carried by KC cells.

Phase Conjugation in Saturable Absorbing Dye Films by Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing and Holographic Processes Using Nanosecond Pulse and CW Lasers

We report on the simultaneous generation of phase-conjugate signals by degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) and holographic processes using a nanosecond pulse and a CW lasers in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films doped with four kinds of saturable absorbing dyes. For the pulse laser, of the four kinds of dye-doped PVA films, the erythrosine B-doped PVA and uranine doped-PVA films generate PC signals only by the DFWM process, while the other dye-doped PVA films generate PC signals simultaneously by not only the DFWM process but also the holographic process. Especially, the safranin T-doped PVA film generates strong PC signals by the holographic process. In contrast, all of the dye-doped PVA films generate the two types of PC signals for the CW laser. The fading of dye molecules is found to result in the generation of the holographic component of PC signals which governs the temporal behavior of the total PC signals.

Signal processing for a rear-projection TV using a digital micro-mirror array

A rear-projection TV using a digital micro-mirror array has been developed. This paper describes an overview of its digital signal processing design, and introduces the signal processing techniques applied to the TV system. The digital micro-mirror array is designed for HDTV and has a resolution of 1280/spl times/720 pixels. It is required to convert various input signals such as NTSC, HDTV and PC signals to a resolution of 1280/spl times/720 pixels. This paper specifically describes the techniques of converting NTSC (480i) signals and presents an outline of the auto-picture-level (APL) control and black-level-expansion (BLE) control using image histogram data. The APL control and BLE control have been adopted for effective use of the limited dynamic range of the brightness. These new techniques have realized high quality conversion of 1280/spl times/720 pixels from various input formats, and effective picture enhancement that is most suitable for a digital device.

Fibromyalgia Tender Point Pain: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study of Music Vibration Using the Music Vibration Table ™

Objectives: To determine the immediate effects of music and musically fluctuating vibration on tender point pain in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome [FMS], because it was known that musically fluctuating vibration in the 60–300 Hz frequency range stimulates Pacinian corpuscles [PC]. It was speculated that PC signals might suppress nociceptive transmission via adenosine acting on P1-purinergic receptors at the spinal cord level.Methods: Fibromyalgia syndrome [FMS] patients [American College of Rheumatology criteria] were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups, either musically fluctuating vibration [60–300 Hz] as an active intervention, or a sinusoidal vibration [20 Hz] as the placebo/control treatment. Primary clinical variables, measured before and after treatment sessions, included a visual analog scale [VAS] for pain, the Tender Point Index [TPI], and the average algometric Pain Threshold [TPA].Results: Twenty-six FMS patients participated in the study. The demographics, FMS history, and s...

Boron Nitride Materials for Tribological and High Temperature High Power Devices

ABSTRACTBoron nitride thin films on sapphire substrates were investigated for their tribological and optoelectronic applications. A gridless end Hall gun source and an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) source were used for nitrogen species delivery while pure boron was evaporated at a rate of 0.2 Å/s. The surface stability of these thin films was investigated by high temperature annealing. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), friction force microscopy (FFM), and Knoop microhardness measurements were performed on the materials in order to assess their merits as tribological coatings. Finally, BN thin films were subjected to laser transient photoconductivity (TPC) experiments to determine both their optical laser damage threshold as well as their photoconductivity characteristics. For both single-pulse shot and multiple-pulse irradiation regimes, preliminary tests showed the higher the ion beam current used during growth (70–150 mA), the higher the optical damage threshold. The lower damage threshold was typical of BN films grown using an ECR plasma source and was measured to be in the range of ∼50 MW/cm2. Optical damage of films grown at ion beam currents above 100 mA was not observed at laser intensities up to few hundreds MW/cm2. A multiphoton excitation technique was utilized to obtain PC signals from this wide band gap material and preliminary results show that unusual PC voltage amplitudes as high as 0.5 V were observed.

EXCITED DEGENERATE FOUR-WAVE MIXING

Excited state degenerate four-wave mixing in a four-level saturable system is treated theoretically and experimentally. The results show that the external pump feild influences intensely the intensities of the PC signals.

On the decrease in the ring ?-current upon ?6-coordination with a transition metal atom

A synthesis of [10]paracyclophane (Pc) and its organometallic complexes, Pc·Cr(CO)3, [PcMn(CO)3]+BF4 −, (PcRuC5Me5)+·PF6 −, (PcRhC5Me5)2+(BF4 −)2, and PcCo4(CO)9 has been carried out. The1H NMR spectra of mononuclear complexes of neutral Cr and monocationic derivatives of Mn and Ru have been examined. η6-Coordination with a transition metal atom causes a decrease in the ring π-current which is exhibited as a downfield displacement of the resonance signals from the protons of the β-e-CH2 groups in relation to those of free Pc. In the monocationic complexes the deshielding action of the positive charge is also added to this effect. In the1H NMR spectrum of the cluster PcCo4(CO)9 the resonance signals from the β-e-CH2 protons are shifted upfield in relation to the Pc signals. Consequently, the concept of the ring π-current decrease needs more detailed investigation for cluster systems.

Studies of defect structure effects on the transport properties of pure crystalline n-CdS VIA the temperature dependence of photoacoustic and photocurrent spectra

Microphone gas-coupled photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) and photocurrent spectroscopy (PCS) have been applied simultaneously to pure high resistivity single crystals of n-CdS at room and low temperatures. The PA and PC spectra obtained at open-circuit and with an applied AC or DC transverse electric field were consistent with an enhancement of the non-radiative recombination quantum efficiency at subbandgap wavelengths at room temperature, accompanied by increasing domination of the open circuit PA spectrum by this parameter at lower temperatures. Further evidence of the importance of non-radiative carrier recombinations at intrabandgap defect centers in the generation of the PA and PC signals was obtained upon introducting deliberate mechanical damage to a single crystal of CdS. The PA technique was found to have an advantage over PC spectroscopy in its ability to spectrally resolve completely the observed peaks attributed to the intrinsic band-to-band transition and to the wavelength dependence of the non-radiative quantum yield.