PC pIOL Research Articles

Explantation of phakic intraocular lenses: causes and outcomes.

To describe reasons for explantation of anterior and posterior chamber phakic intraocular lenses (pIOLs), as well as outcomes of the surgery. The medical files of patients who underwent pIOL explantation due to complications were reviewed. All patients were divided into three groups based on the type of explanted pIOL: anterior chamber angle-supported (AS pIOL), anterior chamber iris-fixated (IF pIOL), and posterior chamber (PC pIOL). Sixty-two eyes of 41 patients were evaluated. There were 26 (41.9%), 16 (25.8%), and 20 (32.2%) eyes in the AS pIOL, IF pIOL, and PC pIOL groups, respectively. The mean interval between the implantation and removal of the pIOL (i.e., survival time) was 13.6 ± 8.1years (range 0.01-21.22years). The mean follow-up after the explantation was 22.5 ± 4.0months (range 11.3-28.7months). The main causes of explantation were cataract in the PC pIOL group (60%) and chronic endothelial cell loss in the AS pIOL group (53.8%) and IF pIOL group (56.2%). Overall, the procedure most often combined with pIOL explantation was phacoemulsification and implantation of a posterior chamber IOL (40.3%), followed by keratoplasty (9.6%). Intraoperative complications were significantly more common in the AS pIOL group than the other groups (p < 0.001). Explantation of anterior chamber pIOLs due to severe endothelial cell loss and the proportion of keratoplasty was more common in patients with a relatively long survival time. Therefore, patients with pIOL implantation should be monitored regularly after surgery.

Safety and visual outcomes following posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens bilensectomy

BackgroundTo evaluate the safety, efficacy, refractive outcomes and causes for bilensectomy (phakic intraocular lens – pIOL – explantation with cataract surgery and pseudophakic intraocular lens implantation) in patients previously implanted with posterior chamber pIOLs.MethodsThis multi-center retrospective study included 87 eyes of 55 patients who underwent bilensectomy for posterior chamber pIOL with a follow up time of 12 months. The uncorrected and best corrected distance visual acuities (UDVA, CDVA), endothelial cell density before and after bilensectomy were assessed, as well as the cause of bilensectomy and intra or postoperative complications.ResultsThere was a statistically significant improvement in uncorrected and best corrected visual acuities after bilensectomy (p = 0.00). The main reason for bilensectomy was cataract development (93.1% of the cases), followed by miscalculation of lens size, and corneal edema. The endothelial cell count remained stable without a statistically significant change after surgery (p = 0.67). The refractive efficacy index was 0.8, none of the patients lost lines of CDVA after surgery, 73% of the patients were within ±1 D (spherical equivalent) of the target refraction. Intraoperative complications were one posterior capsule rupture with the intraocular lens (IOL) implanted in the sulcus, and 3 eyes required the use of pupil expanders for adequate pupil dilation. Postoperatively, one eye developed retinal detachment. The three pIOLs models explanted were the Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL), Implantable Phakic Contact Lens (IPCL) and the Phakic Refractive Lens (PRL).ConclusionsGood safety and visual outcomes were observed 1 year after bilensectomy for posterior chamber phakic intraocular lenses (PC pIOLs). There were few intra and postoperative complications and there was no significant endothelial cell loss after the bilensectomy procedure.

Posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens sizing based on iris pigment layer measurements by anterior segment optical coherence tomography

To use anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of Implantable Collamer Lens posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (PC pIOL) sizing based on measurement of the distance from the iris pigment end to the iris pigment end. S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Moscow, Russia. Evaluation of diagnostic test or technology. Stage 1 was a prospective study. The sulcus-to-sulcus (STS) distance was measured using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) (Vumax 2), and the distance from iris pigment end to iris pigment end was assessed using a proposed AS-OCT algorithm. Part 2 used retrospective data from patients after implantation of a PC pIOL with the size selected according to AS-OCT (Visante) measurements of the distance from iris pigment end to iris pigment end. The PC pIOL vault was measured by AS-OCT, and adverse events were assessed. Stage 1 comprised 32 eyes of 32 myopic patients (mean age 28.4 years ± 6.3 [SD]; mean spherical equivalent [SE] -13.11 ± 4.28 diopters [D]). Stage 2 comprised 29 eyes of 16 patients (mean age 27.7 ± 4.7 years; mean SE -16.55 ± 3.65 D). The mean STS distance (12.35 ± 0.47 mm) was similar to the mean distance from iris pigment end to iris pigment end distance (examiner 1: 12.36 ± 0.51 mm; examiner 2: 12.37 ± 0.53 mm). The PC pIOL sized using the new AS-OCT algorithm had a mean vault of 0.53 ± 0.18 mm and did not produce adverse events during the 12-month follow-up. In 16 of 29 eyes, the PC pIOL vault was within an optimum interval (0.35 to 0.70 mm). The new measurement algorithm can be effectively used for PC pIOL sizing. No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

New posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens for high myopia: Three-year results

To present the 3-year results regarding the safety and efficacy of the Epi.Lens N, a new posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (PC pIOL). Eye Center, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. Prospective clinical study. A PC pIOL was implanted in highly myopic eyes of consecutive patients. Standardized follow-up examinations including uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuities and refractions were performed 1, 3, and 6 months and 1, 2, and 3 years postoperatively. The patient cohort consisted of 30 eyes of 16 patients. The study eyes had a mean manifest refraction spherical equivalent of -10.1 diopters (D) ± 3.4 (SD), which decreased to -0.3 ± 0.8 D postoperatively. After 3 years, all eyes achieved (47%) or exceeded (53%) their preoperative CDVA, thus improving the mean CDVA from 20/21 (0.94) preoperatively to 20/18 (1.14) postoperatively. The mean postoperative UDVA (20/20 [0.98]) resembled the preoperative CDVA (20/21 [0.94]). When analyzing all eyes with good visual potential (preoperative CDVA 20/20 or better; n = 18), 94% achieved a postoperative UDVA of 20/20 or better. One small-diameter PC pIOL contacted the crystalline lens, which led to slight anterior subcapsular lens opacification. Despite this, the patient achieved a CDVA of 20/20. The 3-year results of this pilot study of a new PC pIOL showed good efficacy and safety. No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

Comparison of iris-claw and posterior chamber collagen copolymer phakic intraocular lenses in keratoconus

To evaluate the visual and refractive outcomes, predictability, and stability of phakic intraocular lens (pIOL) implantation in keratoconic eyes and compare the results of 2 pIOL models. Vissum Instituto Oftalmologico, Alicante, Spain. Retrospective case series. An iris-claw (Artiflex) or collagen copolymer posterior chamber pIOL (PC pIOL) (Implantable Collamer Lens) was implanted in eyes with stable keratoconus. The main outcome measures were postoperative changes from the preoperative manifest refraction, uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuities, corneal topography, and endothelial cell count. Alpins vectorial analysis was performed. Twenty eyes received an iris-claw pIOL and 28 eyes, a PC pIOL. The mean spherical equivalent was -9.31 diopters (D) ± 4.20 (SD) (range -20.75 to -2.75) preoperatively and -0.46 ± 0.88 D (range -3.25 to 1.00 D) postoperatively (P<.001). No patient lost lines of CDVA. The mean decimal UDVA was 0.08 ± 0.09 preoperatively and 0.71 ± 0.26 postoperatively and the mean decimal CDVA, 0.77 ± 0.24 and 0.87 ± 0.98, respectively (P<.001). The mean efficacy index was 0.90 ± 0.26 and the mean safety index, 1.19 ± 0.29. The mean efficacy index was not statistically different between the PC pIOL (0.88 ± 0.28) and the iris-claw pIOL (0.96 ± 0.22) (P=.058). Refraction was stable during the follow-up. Phakic IOL implantation is a suitable refractive surgical option for stable keratoconus. It may be especially indicated for the management of high ametropia and showed good efficacy and safety. Refractive and keratometric stability was confirmed.

Collagen copolymer posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens for hyperopia correction: Three-year follow-up

To assess the efficacy, predictability, safety, and stability of the Visian V3 Implantable Collamer Lens posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (PC pIOL) for moderate to high hyperopia. Private clinic, Oviedo, Spain. Prospective nonrandomized clinical study. The uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuities, manifest refraction, endothelial cell density, intraocular pressure (IOP), central vault, and adverse events were evaluated for 3 years postoperatively. The study comprised 73 eyes of 44 patients. The mean spherical equivalent decreased from +4.84 diopters (D) ± 1.6 (SD) (range +1.00 to +7.75 D) preoperatively to -0.13 ± 0.39 D 3 years postoperatively; 61 eyes (83.6%) were within ±0.50 D of the target refraction and all eyes were within ±1.00 D. The mean postoperative Snellen decimal UDVA and CDVA was 0.86 ± 0.17 and 0.91 ± 0.16, respectively. Most eyes (91.8%) had no change from the preoperative CDVA or gained 1 or more lines. One eye (1.4%) lost 2 lines, and no eye lost more than 2 lines. Three years postoperatively, the efficacy index was 1.02 and the safety index was 1.08. The IOP remained stable over time, with no significant increase postoperatively. The mean endothelial cell loss was 4.7%, remaining unchanged over time. No postoperative complications or adverse events, including pupillary block or secondary cataract, occurred. Implantation of the PC pIOL was safe and effective in correcting hyperopic refractive errors, with stable visual and refractive outcomes. No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

Toric implantable collamer lens for keratoconus

Keratoconus is a progressive non-inflammatory thinning of the cornea that induces myopia and irregular astigmatism and decreases the quality of vision due to monocular diplopia, halos, or ghost images. Keratoconus patients unfit for corneal procedures and intolerant to refractive correction by spectacles or contact lenses have been implanted toric posterior chamber phakic intraocular lenses (PC pIOLs) alone or combined with other surgical procedures to correct the refractive errors associated with keratoconus as an off label procedure with special informed consent from the patients. Several reports attest to the safety and efficacy of the procedure, though the associated corneal higher order aberrations would have an impact on the final visual quality.

Visual quality after posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens implantation in keratoconus

To quantify image-quality characteristics after correction of refractive error with a posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (PC pIOL) in eyes with stable or stabilized keratoconus. Narayana Nethralaya Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Bangalore, India. Case series. Eyes with stable or stabilized keratoconus that had V4 Visian PC pIOL implantation for correction of refractive error were evaluated postoperatively for visual-quality metrics. Ten eyes of 7 patients had PC pIOL implantation. The preoperative mean refractive spherical equivalent of -7.21 diopters (D) ± 2.25 (SD) decreased to -0.55 ± 1.53 D at 6 weeks and -0.44 ± 1.21 D at 6 months. The efficacy index was 0.72 and the safety index, 1.13. The mean modulation transfer function (MTF) was 18.96 ± 14.16 (≥ 30 cycles per degree = good), the Strehl ratio was 0.11 ± 0.07 (1 = perfect), and the objective scatter index (OSI) was 4.45 ± 3.29 (≥ 1.5 = significant scatter). The MTF correlated inversely with secondary coma (P=.026), negative vertical coma (P=.014), and the root mean square (RMS) of total aberrations (P=.010) and higher-order aberrations (HOAs) (P=.015). The OSI was directly correlated with secondary coma (P=.021), secondary trefoil (P=.016), the RMS of total aberrations (P=.032), and HOAs (P=.050). In keratoconus, the refractive error could be corrected with the PC pIOL; however, the associated aberrations had an adverse impact on the ultimate visual quality and have to be addressed.

Medium-term visual, refractive, and intraocular stability after implantation of a posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens to correct moderate to high myopia

To evaluate the medium-term refractive and visual outcomes and the complications after implantation of a silicone posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (PC pIOL) for moderate to high myopia. Oftalmar, Medimar International Hospital, Alicante, Spain. Retrospective case series. Uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuities, refraction, and intraocular pressure were evaluated during a medium-term follow-up. Postoperative complications were also studied. The study enrolled 35 eyes (mean preoperative spherical equivalent [SE] -10.25 diopters [D] ± 3.19 [SD]) of 20 patients with a mean age of 31.83 ± 8.87 years and a mean follow-up of 57.34 ± 9.24 months. The mean UDVA improved from 2.40 ± 0.20 logMAR preoperatively to 0.08 ± 0.13 logMAR at the last postoperative visit (P<.01). The mean CDVA improved from 0.11 ± 0.09 logMAR to 0.02 ± 0.09 logMAR, respectively (P<.01). The postoperative CDVA was 0.1 or better in 30 eyes (85.71%), with 22 eyes (62.86%) gaining lines of CDVA. The final efficacy index was 1.16 and the final safety index, 1.26. Regarding predictability, 34 eyes (97.14%) had an SE within ± 1.00 D and 33 eyes (94.28%) within ± 0.50 D. The complications were PC pIOL decentration (2 eyes, 5.71%), cortical lens opacification (1 eye, 2.86%), and retinal detachment (1 eye, 2.86%). Implantation of a PC pIOL to correct moderate to high myopia was efficient and predictable in the medium term, with intraocular stability in most cases. New designs and criteria for PC pIOL size selection should be developed. No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

Evaluation of ciliary sulcus diameter using ultrasound biomicroscopy in emmetropic eyes and myopic eyes

To measure the ciliary sulcus-to-sulcus (STS) diameter in 4 axes in emmetropic and myopic eyes using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and compare the measurements with automated horizontal white-to-white (WTW) diameter measurements. University Eye Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany. Evaluation of diagnostic technology. The STS diameter was measured at 0, 45, 90, and 135 degrees using 35 MHz UBM. The 0-degree WTW diameters were obtained using scanning-slit topography (Orbscan) and partial coherence interferometry (PCI) biometry (IOLMaster). The 0-degree STS and 90-degree STS were compared using the paired t test; the Pearson correlation was used to assess whether the 0-degree STS diameter could be predicted from the 0-degree WTW diameter. The mean SE refraction was -0.48 diopter (D) ± 0.35 (SD) in emmetropic eyes and -9.55 ± 3.70 D in myopic eyes. In 35 of 37 eyes, 90-degree STS was greater than 0-degree STS. The mean 90-degree STS was 12.51 ± 0.43 mm. The mean 0-degree STS was 12.19 ± 0.47 mm (P<.01). The mean 0-degree WTW diameters were 11.73 ± 0.37 mm (scanning-slit topography) and 12.20 ± 0.42 mm (PCI biometry). The correlations were good between 0-degree STS and 0-degree WTW with PCI biometry (r(2) = 0.82) and scanning-slit topography (r(2) = 0.86) in emmetropic eyes but weak between 0-degree STS and 0-degree WTW in myopic eyes (r(2) = 0.36 and r(2) = 0.40, respectively). Sulcus diameter measurements were most precise using UBM. The ciliary sulcus is vertically oval. The WTW diameter is not suitable for calculating a PC pIOL diameter, particularly in myopic eyes.

Development and treatment of cataract in myopic eye with phakic intraocular lens Fyodorov in the posterior chamber

This is a case report of a female patient who, due to high myopia, had silicone phakic intraocular lens type Fyodorov with plate-haptics implanted in the posterior chamber (PC pIOLs). The anterior subcapsular cataract (ASC) resulted in significant reduction of visual acuity and, therefore, the patient, after 16 years of the first surgery, underwent another surgical intervention. She had the pIOLs explantation, phacoemulsification and implantation of the flexible intraocular lens (IL) in the capsular bag. Explantation of the pIOLs, cataract surgery by phacoemulsification and IOL implantation were carried out through the same clear corneal incision and the intraoperative course was uneventful. The visual acuity of the operated eye was equal to pre-cataract period.

Long-term follow-up of first-generation posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens

We present a patient who received a first-generation posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (PC pIOL) (Fyodorov IOL) to correct myopia 18 years previously. After a long lapse in the follow-up, the patient presented with a reduced endothelial cell count. Although the cataractogenic effect of first-generation PC pIOLs is well known, no sign of cataract was present. The patient was totally satisfied even after 18 years. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a long follow-up of a patient implanted with a first-generation PC pIOL.

Biomicroscopie ultrasonore des implants phaques de chambre postérieure : étude comparative des modèles ICL et PRL

To evaluate the anatomic relationships of the implantable contact lens (ICL) and the phakic refractive lens (PRL) posterior chamber phakic intraocular lenses (PCP IOL) using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM).Seventeen phakic myopic eyes corrected with ICL, and 14 phakic myopic eyes that had had PRL implantation, were examined retrospectively using UBM. The main parameters measured and compared were anterior chamber depth, central and peripheral distance between PCP IOL and the crystalline lens, and exact lens haptic position.The mean distance between the PCP IOL and the central endothelium was 2398+/-203 microm and 2640+/-230 microm in the ICL and PRL groups, respectively. The central vault between the implant and the crystalline lens was greater in eyes with ICL (ICL, 402+/-194 microm; PRL, 256+/-187 microm, p<0.05). However, the incidence of lens contact on the peripheral level was higher in the ICL group (41%) than in the PRL group (29%), and the difference between the two implants in the peripheral crystalline lens-PCP IOL distance was significant (p<0.05). Both IOL haptics appeared to be correctly positioned in the sulcus in 13 (76%) eyes of the ICL group, and on the zonule in eight eyes (57%) of the PRL group.PCP IOL implantation is a safe procedure for the correction of high myopia with regard to refractive results. UBM provides a unique tool to noninvasively evaluate the relations of these implants within the posterior chamber, and helps to analyze the mechanisms of crystalline lens and iris complications.

Pupillary block glaucoma secondary to posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens implantation for high myopia

We describe a complication of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (PCP IOL) implantation for high myopia. Both eyes of a 44-year-old patient were treated prophylactically with a neodymium:YAG laser iridotomy before PCP IOL implantation. Bilateral PCP IOL implantation was performed uneventfully, although a peripheral iridotomy was required immediately after implantation in the right eye because of early pupillary block glaucoma. Two months later, the left eye developed pupillary block glaucoma despite apparently patent iridotomies. The PCP IOLs were subsequently removed.

Long-term complications of bilateral posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens implantation

A 34-year-old woman had posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (PCP IOL) implantation to correct high myopia in both eyes. Five years postoperatively, the patient presented with a decrease in visual acuity from central anterior subcapsular cataract formation in both eyes and IOL dislocation in the left eye. In vivo confocal microscopy of the cornea showed markedly decreased endothelial cell density in both eyes and the presence of bright endothelial microdeposits possibly related to pigmentary dispersion. Gonioscopy showed angle pigmentary deposits with no intraocular pressure increase. The patient was successfully treated by removing the PCP IOLs and performing phacoemulsification with in-the-bag IOL implantation in both eyes. This led to a recovery of visual acuity. This case report presents the rare occurrence and surgical management of cataract formation, IOL dislocation, and severe endothelial cell loss as a late complication of PCP IOL implantation.

High-frequency ultrasound biomicroscopy of silicone posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens for hyperopia

Purpose To study the intraocular position and anatomic relationships of the PRL-III phakic refractive lens (PRL), a posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (PCP IOL), in cases of hyperopia using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM). Setting Centro Oftalmológico Real Vision, Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain. Methods Eleven phakic hyperopic eyes of 6 patients who had PRL implantation were examined by UBM 1 month after surgery. The PRL position, PRL–crystalline lens peripheral distance, and central distance between the corneal endothelium and the PRL were measured. Results Eight eyes had both haptics on the zonule, 2 had 1 haptic in the sulcus and 1 on the zonule, and 1 had 1 haptic in the sulcus and the other in the ciliary body. The mean PCP IOL–crystalline lens peripheral distance in the minor axis was 239.7 μm ± 179.4 (SD) and the mean PCP IOL–endothelium central distance, 2146.98 ± 219.6 μm. Contact between the PCP IOL and crystalline lens was observed in 1 eye. Conclusions In this study of hyperopic eyes, the PRL was located on the zonule in most cases. However, the location of the haptics in the sulcus and contact between the PCP IOL and the crystalline lens that occurred in some cases suggest further study of possible long-term complications is needed.

Ultrasound biomicroscopy of silicone posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens for myopia

Purpose To study the intraocular position and anatomic relationships of PRL-III (phakic refractive lens) (PRL) posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (PCP IOL) for high myopia using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM). Setting Centro Oftalmológico Real Vision, and Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Methods Sixteen phakic myopic eyes that had had PRL implantation were examined by UBM 1 month after surgery. The PRL position, PRL–crystalline lens peripheral distance, and central distance between the corneal endothelium and the PRL were measured. Results Both haptics were on the zonule in 6 eyes, in the ciliary sulcus in 5 eyes, and impacted in the ciliary body in 1 eye. In the 4 remaining eyes, the haptics were in mixed positions. The mean PCP IOL crystalline lens peripheral distance in the minor axis was 588.1 μm ± 232.5 (SD), and the mean PCP IOL–endothelium central distance was 2082.8 ± 277.6 μm. Conclusions Phakic refractive lens implantation should be done carefully because of the sulcus location of the haptics in many cases. This, with the iris–PRL contact, suggests caution for the long-term outcome.

The phakic intraocular lens implant: in-depth focus on posterior chamber phakic IOLs.

Phakic Intraocular surgery has come a long way in the past 20 years, especially in the evolution of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lenses (PC PIOLs). Clinical trials worldwide are showing acceptable results concerning efficacy, predictability, stability, and safety. PC PIOLS are proving to be a promising option for patients with high and extreme ametropia who cannot benefit from conventional corneal refractive procedures. This article provides an in-depth examination of PC PIOLs, their origin and evolution, and the results of past and current clinical studies. Reports of historical importance and studies published since the 1990s in peer-reviewed journals, textbooks, and monthly eye magazines, as well as Food and Drug Administration preliminary clinical findings, are reviewed. Anterior chamber phakic intraocular lenses are mentioned briefly.

On automorphisms of von Neumann algebras constructed by measure space transformations I

To assess the efficacy, predictability, safety, and stability of the Visian V3 Implantable Collamer Lens posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (PC pIOL) for moderate to high hyperopia.Private clinic, Oviedo, Spain.Prospective nonrandomized clinical study.The uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuities, manifest refraction, endothelial cell density, intraocular pressure (IOP), central vault, and adverse events were evaluated for 3 years postoperatively.The study comprised 73 eyes of 44 patients. The mean spherical equivalent decreased from +4.84 diopters (D) ± 1.6 (SD) (range +1.00 to +7.75 D) preoperatively to −0.13 ± 0.39 D 3 years postoperatively; 61 eyes (83.6%) were within ±0.50 D of the target refraction and all eyes were within ±1.00 D. The mean postoperative Snellen decimal UDVA and CDVA was 0.86 ± 0.17 and 0.91 ± 0.16, respectively. Most eyes (91.8%) had no change from the preoperative CDVA or gained 1 or more lines. One eye (1.4%) lost 2 lines, and no eye lost more than 2 lines. Three years postoperatively, the efficacy index was 1.02 and the safety index was 1.08. The IOP remained stable over time, with no significant increase postoperatively. The mean endothelial cell loss was 4.7%, remaining unchanged over time. No postoperative complications or adverse events, including pupillary block or secondary cataract, occurred.Implantation of the PC pIOL was safe and effective in correcting hyperopic refractive errors, with stable visual and refractive outcomes.No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.