PbO Nanoparticles Research Articles

Shielding characteristics of a new epoxy resin reinforced by PbO nanoparticles and PbO micro for protection against X-ray and investigation of their cytotoxicity effects and photocatalytic activity

In this work, for the first time, lead oxide nanoparticles (PbO-NPs) were synthesized using Trigonella feonumgraecum plant seeds as a stabilizer and Pb(NO3)2 salt as a lead precursor. The results of the XRD pattern displayed the synthesized NPs have an orthorhombic crystalline structure. According to FESEM images, the NPs had a mean size of about 18.62 nm with a spherical morphology. Also, the cytotoxicity of NPs was evaluated on the Hep G2 cancer cell line, and the IC50 value was reported as 267.07 μg/mL. Next, the photocatalytic performance of the synthesized PbO-NPs was investigated for removing methylene orange (MO) pigment under UVA light, which led to the destruction of about 94% after 120 min. Finally, to investigate the protective properties of PbO-NPs against X-ray, a polymer nanocomposite of epoxy resin/PbO-NPs was prepared with different weight percentages. In the same way, other samples were also prepared, and then their ability to attenuate X-ray was studied with an X-ray tube with a voltage of 52 kV for the palm and 80 kV for the thigh of an average person, respectively. The measurement results show that with the increasing weight percentage of the fillers, the samples' linear and mass attenuation coefficient increases, which means an increase in the efficiency of the samples in X-ray attenuation. Generally, epoxy resin/PbO-NPs samples show a better effect than other samples. Therefore, these types of shields can attract more attention due to their lightness, cost-effectiveness, and far fewer environmental hazards than common lead shields.

Study on the nuclear shield behaviors of basalt/carbon fibers reinforced PbO blended epoxy matrix composite – A novel material for thermal insulation applications

This study introduces a novel composite material engineered for thermal insulation, specifically in environments requiring radiation shielding. The composite is composed of basalt and carbon fibers reinforced varying with lead oxide (PbO) nanoparticles for five different composite laminates, all integrated into an epoxy matrix. The research primarily focuses on evaluating the composite's thermal insulation capabilities, gamma-ray attenuation effectiveness, and microstructural characteristics. Mechanical testing reveals that the incorporation of basalt and carbon fibers significantly enhances the composite's tensile strength and modulus. Thermal analysis demonstrates the composite's excellent insulation properties, attributed to the synergistic effects of the fibrous reinforcement and the epoxy matrix, which effectively reduce thermal conductivity. Gamma attenuation tests indicate a substantial improvement in radiation shielding effectiveness with the addition of lead oxide nanoparticles. The composite exhibits improved gamma-ray attenuation compared to conventional materials, due to the high atomic number of lead, which enhances photon absorption and scattering mechanisms.Microstructural analysis provides detailed insights into the composite's structure. Morphological images show a uniform dispersion of PbO nanoparticles and strong adhesion between the fibers and the matrix. Elemental analysis confirms the elemental composition, highlighting the successful integration of PbO nanoparticles, which significantly enhances radiation shielding.

Structural Analysis and Adsorption Studies of (PbO, MgO) Metal Oxide Nanocomposites for Efficient Methylene Blue Dye Removal from Water.

In the present work, magnesium oxide (MgO) and lead oxide (PbO) nanoparticles were prepared by the co-precipitation method. Their structural parameters and morphology were investigated using XRD, HRTEM, and FTIR. The formation of the phases was seen to have small average crystallite sizes and an orthorhombic crystal structure for both MgO and PbO nanoparticles. The results of HR-TEM showed irregularly shaped nanoparticles: quasi-spherical or rod-like shapes and spherical-like shapes for MgO and PbO nanoparticles, respectively. The produced nanoparticles' size using X-ray diffraction analysis was found to be 17 nm and 41 nm for MgO and PbO nanoparticles, respectively. On the other hand, it was observed from the calculations that the optical band gap obeys an indirect allowed transition. The calculated values of the band gap were 4.52 and 4.28 eV for MgO and PbO NPs, respectively. The MB was extracted from the wastewater using the prepared composites via absorption. Using a variety of kinetic models, the adsorptions were examined. Out of all the particles, it was discovered that the composites were best. Furthermore, of the models currently under consideration, the pseudo-second-order model best fit the degradation mechanism. The resultant composites could be beneficial for degrading specific organic dyes for water purification, as well as applications needing a wider optical band gap.

Cooperative composites anchored with single atom Pb and carbon confined PbO nanoparticles for superior lead-carbon batteries

The mitigation of sulphation and parasitic hydrogen evolution is considered as prominent research emphasis for the development of lead–carbon batteries (LCBs) in large-scale energy storage applications. Here, cooperative Pb-C composites consisting of single atom Pb and carbon-encapsulated PbO nanoparticles were prepared by freeze-drying technique and pyrolytic reduction to address above obstacles. The innovative use of Pb2+ to cross-link sodium alginate enabled a uniform distribution of Pb in the composites, generating Pb-C-PbO three-phase heterostructure. Experimental analysis and theoretical calculations revealed the synergistic interactions between single-atom Pb and PbO nanoparticles in suppressing parasitic hydrogen evolution and promoting the adsorption of Pb atoms. The presence of monatomic Pb and PbO enhanced the affinity of the composites for the negative active materials and facilitated the transformation of the active materials from bulk into spherical shapes to enhance the specific surface area, thereby counteracting sulphation. Through the coordinated integration of various functionalities offered by Pb@C-x, the cycle life of the battery at HRPSoC reaches 7025 cycles, which is two times for LCB with pure carbon materials. Additionally, the discharge capacity increased from 3.52 to 3.79 Ah. This study provides substantial insights into the construction of Pb-C composites for LCBs to inhibit negative sulphation and hydrogen evolution.

High performance adsorption efficiency of metal oxides towards potassium dichromate

The potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is mostly used as an oxidizing agent in a variety of industrial and laboratory. It poses both immediate and long-term health risks, just like any other compound containing hexavalent chromium. Therefore, its adsorption process on the surface of a different metal oxides of PbO and MgO nanoparticles is thoroughly investigated in this work. Both structural and optical properties have been investigated for these metal oxides using XRD, HRTEM and UV vis spectroscopy. The XRD diffraction peaks confirmed the phases of both PbO and MgO NPs. Moreover, the crystallinity of PbO and MgO is 93,63 % and 95.25 %, respectively. The present metal oxides showed irregular shape such as spherical like shape and Quasi-spherical or rod- like shapes for PbO and MgO NPs. According to the results of the adsorption studies, The PbO NPs shows a high adsorption efficiency of 70 % towards potassium dichromate. The present results illustrated that both metal oxides may be used as an adsorbent to break down Potassium dichromate.

Efficient fabrication of paper nanocomposites for superior flame retardancy and strengthening properties

Innovative and cost-effective paper sheets with superior fire safety and reinforcement properties have been developed. The paper sheets were fabricated via valorization of agricultural waste to paper and then coated with nanoparticles. Paper attained from rice straw was used to create the sheets. Afterward, bentonite sheets were incorporated in these sheets, and finally, PbO nanoparticles were coated on prepared paper nanocomposites. The mass ratio of bentonite sheets was altered. The flammability and mechanical properties of the developed paper nanocomposites were studied. The flame retardancy of developed paper nanocomposite was significantly improved achieving LOI value of 24% compared to 20% for bentonite and PbO nanoparticle-free sample. Additionally, the tensile strength was improved recording 44% enhancement compared to unmodified sample. Furthermore, the flame retardancy mechanism was proposed and studied.

Biosynthesis of PbO nanoparticles via Adhatoda vesica (Justicia adhatoda) leaves extract for antimicrobial and photocatalytic applications

Research applications in biology and the environment can benefit greatly from nanoscience and nanotechnology. Aqueous leaf extract of Adhatoda vesica (AV) mediated the formation of lead oxide (PbO) nanoparticles in this study. A XRD analysis confirmed that the lead oxide nanoparticles (PbO NPs) synthesized from leaves extract have a crystalline structure. UV–vis spectroscopy study of colloidal PbO nanoparticles absorption revealed the greatest absorption bands, and the photoluminescence (PL) emission spectrum revealed a broad nature of visible emission peaks with high surface defects. By analyzing PbO nanoparticles using the fourier transform infrared method (FTIR), the leaf extract demonstrated the presence of functional peaks. It was evident from the SEM images that most of the PbO NPs had a spherical, irregular sponge-like shape. Additionally, the PbO nanostructures were tested for their antibacterial activity against Escherichia Coli, and a high level of antibacterial activity was observed, indicating their suitability for antimicrobial applications. PbO NPs have been evaluated for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye (MB) under UV irradiation and have produced indications that the synthesized material is suitable for photocatalytic degradation. The Adhatoda vesica is used as medicine and enhances lead oxide nanomaterials' antibacterial properties. The research is focused on focusing on environmental pollution control and treatment of different diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, tuberculosis, and other diseases through applications of Ayurveda, Siddha, Homeopathy, and Unani. A study based on these findings revealed that Adhatoda vesica (Justicia adhatoda) leaves extract can be utilized as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to producing lead oxide nanoparticles.

Multilayer radiation shielding system with advanced composites containing heavy metal oxide nanoparticles: a free-lead solution

With the use of multilayer materials such as concrete, mortar and ceramics that were fortified with PbO, WO3 and Bi2O3 nanoparticles, our study's objective was to produce a an effective photon shielding system. Experimental evaluation of the radiation shielding efficiency of two sets of samples with various thicknesses was conducted. The elemental content and morphology of the samples were corroborated by SEM and EDX studies, with ceramic samples exhibiting superior particle distribution and fewer voids than concrete and mortar specimens. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) was studied both experimentally and numerically using the Phy-X program, and it was found that the two sets of values were in satisfactory agreement. The values of LAC were consistently greater for samples with 30% of the selected heavy metal oxides than for those with 10%. The LAC for Cer-1 was 5.003 cm−1 at 0.059 MeV, whereas the corresponding LAC for Cer-2 was 2.123 cm−1. The LAC values were as follows: ceramics (5.003 cm−1), mortar (2.999 cm−1), concrete (2.733 cm−1), and the transmission factor (TF) examination of the multiple-layer specimens showed that the TF of the 3 cm thick multilayer sample was lower than that of the 2 cm thick sample and that both multilayer samples displayed better attenuation efficiency in comparison to single-layer specimens. The results show the possibility for employing multilayer structures with different densities, thicknesses, and sizes in suitable radiation shielding applications.

Toxic Kidney Damage in Rats Following Subchronic Intraperitoneal Exposure to Element Oxide Nanoparticles.

Chronic diseases of the urogenital tract, such as bladder cancer, prostate cancer, reproductive disorders, and nephropathies, can develop under the effects of chemical hazards in the working environment. In this respect, nanosized particles generated as by-products in many industrial processes seem to be particularly dangerous to organs such as the testes and the kidneys. Nephrotoxicity of element oxide particles has been studied in animal experiments with repeated intraperitoneal injections of Al2O3, TiO2, SiO2, PbO, CdO, CuO, and SeO nanoparticles (NPs) in total doses ranging from 4.5 to 45 mg/kg body weight of rats. NPs were synthesized by laser ablation. After cessation of exposure, we measured kidney weight and analyzed selected biochemical parameters in blood and urine, characterizing the state of the excretory system. We also examined histological sections of kidneys and estimated proportions of different cells in imprint smears of this organ. All element oxide NPs under investigation demonstrated a nephrotoxic effect following subchronic exposure. Following the exposure to SeO and SiO2 NPs, we observed a decrease in serum creatinine and urea, respectively. Exposure to Al2O3 NPs caused an increase in urinary creatinine and urea, while changes in total protein were controversial, as it increased under the effect of Al2O3 NPs and was reduced after exposure to CuO NPs. Histomorphological changes in kidneys are associated with desquamation of the epithelium (following the exposure to all NPs except those of Al2O3 and SiO2) and loss of the brush border (following the exposure to all NPs, except those of Al2O3, TiO2, and SiO2). The cytomorphological evaluation showed greater destruction of proximal sections of renal tubules. Compared to the controls, we observed statistically significant alterations in 42.1% (8 of 19) of parameters following the exposure to PbO, CuO, and SeO NPs in 21.1% (4 of 19)-following that, to CdO and Al2O3 NPs-and in 15.8% (3 of 19) and 10.5% (2 of 19) of indicators, following the exposure to TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles, respectively. Histomorphological changes in kidneys are associated with desquamation of epithelium and loss of the brush border. The cytomorphological evaluation showed greater destruction of proximal sections of renal tubules. The severity of cyto- and histological structural changes in kidneys depends on the chemical nature of NPs. These alterations are not always consistent with biochemical ones, thus impeding early clinical diagnosis of renal damage. Unambiguous ranking of the NPs examined by the degree of their nephrotoxicity is difficult. Additional studies are necessary to establish key indicators of the nephrotoxic effect, which can facilitate early diagnosis of occupational and nonoccupational nephropathies.

Comparative Analysis of Own Experimental Data on Changes in Rat Behavioral Responses Following Subchronic Exposure to Various Nanoparticles

Introduction: Air pollution with nanoparticles (NPs) of different chemical composition is registered almost everywhere and, along with the growing use of nanotechnology products, poses serious human health risks related to NP exposure, included those for the nervous system. Objective: To compare changes in functioning of the central nervous system in rats following subchronic intraperitoneal exposure to nickel, manganese, copper, zinc, lead, silicon, and titanium oxide nanoparticles based on the results of behavioral tests. Materials and methods: We compared findings of our own subchronic toxicity studies of Ni, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Si, and Ti oxide nanoparticles with a focus on behavioural responses. Results: The comparison showed differences in severity of rat behavioral responses observed after subchronic intraperitoneal instillation of metal oxide nanoparticles at a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg of body weight. We observed a decrease in exploratory activity of rats that was statistically significant in the group of rodents exposed to Mn3O4, NiO, and PbO NPs, and a change in the summation threshold index that increased statistically in the CuO and ZnO nanoparticle exposure groups. Conclusion: Our findings contribute to understanding of neurotoxic effects of nanoparticles and facilitate a more profound and trustworthy assessment of human health risks.

Comparative Evaluation of the Cytotoxic Effects of Metal Oxide and Metalloid Oxide Nanoparticles: An Experimental Study.

Industrial production generates aerosols of complex composition, including an ultrafine fraction. This is typical for mining and metallurgical industries, welding processes, and the production and recycling of electronics, batteries, etc. Since nano-sized particles are the most dangerous component of inhaled air, in this study we aimed to establish the impact of the chemical nature and dose of nanoparticles on their cytotoxicity. Suspensions of CuO, PbO, CdO, Fe2O3, NiO, SiO2, Mn3O4, and SeO nanoparticles were obtained by laser ablation. The experiments were conducted on outbred female albino rats. We carried out four series of a single intratracheal instillation of nanoparticles of different chemical natures at doses ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 mg per animal. Bronchoalveolar lavage was taken 24 h after the injection to assess its cytological and biochemical parameters. At a dose of 0.5 mg per animal, cytotoxicity in the series of nanoparticles changed as follows (in decreasing order): CuO NPs > PbO NPs > CdO NPs > NiO NPs > SiO2 NPs > Fe2O3 NPs. At a lower dose of 0.25 mg per animal, we observed a different pattern of cytotoxicity of the element oxides under study: NiO NPs > Mn3O4 NPs > CuO NPs > SeO NPs. We established that the cytotoxicity increased non-linearly with the increase in the dose of nanoparticles of the same chemical element (from 0 to 0.5 mg per animal). An increase in the levels of intracellular enzymes (amylase, AST, ALT, LDH) in the supernatant of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid indicated a cytotoxic effect of nanoparticles. Thus, alterations in the cytological parameters of the bronchoalveolar lavage and the biochemical characteristics of the supernatant can be used to predict the danger of new nanomaterials based on their comparative assessment with the available tested samples of nanoparticles.

Green Synthesis of Lead Oxide Nanoparticles, Characterization and Adsorption Study for Removal of Malachite Green Dye

In this study lead oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by using ecofriendly and non-toxic Morus rubra extract. The obtained lead oxide nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, BET and FTIR techniques. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that synthesized PbO nanoparticles had crystallite structure of high purity. SEM survey shows that the obtained nanoparticles having in general uniform particle distribution and the particle sizes vary within the range of 22.4 to 29.2nm. As established by EDX to confirm the presence of lead and oxygen, the weight percentage of the latter was (71.5 % Pb and 28.5% O), respectively. FT-IR spectra exhibit a sharp peak at 439.38 and 595.46 cm−1 attributed to PbO vibration, confirming the formation of PbO nanoparticles. The effectiveness of PbO nanostructures for removing indigo carmine (MG) dye from an aqueous solution is demonstrated in this article. , the MG dye uptake and adsorption processes were investigated using a PbO sorbent. The maximum adsorption capacity and contact time were optimized which corresponding to 41.3 mg. g-1 and 60min respectively.

Influence of Eu3+ dopant on the third order nonlinear optical properties of PbO/PMMA nanocomposites

ABSTRACT PbO/PMMA, 3 and 6 mol% ion-doped PbO/PMMA nanocomposites were synthesised using an easy chemical precipitation method. For all of the nanocomposites, the XRD pattern confirms the orthorhombic structure of PbO. The morphology of PbO nanoparticles in PMMA is revealed by the SEM graph. The formation of nanocomposites containing Eu3+ doped PbO nanoparticles in PMMA is confirmed by FTIR. When Eu3+ doped PbO nanoparticles in PMMA are compared to bulk PbO, UV–Vis optical absorption findings demonstrate a blue shift on the absorption band. The optical band gap energy decreases with increasing Eu3+ dopant concentration and is related to red-shifted phenomena. The PL spectra reveal an emission peak associated with blue emission caused by a synthesis defect. For 6 mol% Eu3+ ion doped PbO/PMMA nanocomposites, third-order nonlinear optical parameters such as nonlinear optical susceptibility (χ(3)), nonlinear optical refractive index (n2), and nonlinear optical absorption coefficient (β) are determined by Z-scan technique, and the values are found to be 4.468 × 10−6 esu, 1.257 × 10−7cm2/W, and 9.837 × 10−3 cm/W, respectively. The strong nonlinearity in the current Eu3+ ion-doped PbO/PMMA nanocomposites empowers its promising applications in third-order nonlinear optical devices.

Environmental toxicity study using invertebrates and plants against PbO nanoparticles prepared in biological synthesis using Farfarae folium extract

AbstractIn this work, we developed and used research methods that will make it possible to quickly assess the toxic activity of, among others, metal nanoparticles. In this work, we assessed the toxicity of PbO nanoparticles obtained from biological synthesis using Farfarae folium. The obtained PbO nanoparticles were characterized with the use of such methods as UV–VIS, XRD, SEM with EDS, AFM and FTIR. The techniques applied in the work confirmed the presence of 30–40 nm PbO nanoparticles. The toxic properties of biologically synthesized nanoparticles were assessed with the use of plants and invertebrates. The phytotoxicity studies were conducted on the following plant seeds: radish, garden cress, bean, rape, chia, lupine, corn, and beetroot. The IC50 coefficient was calculated on the basis of the logarithmic relationship Aw = a*ln(C) + b. The studies also used the following invertebrates: Daphnia pulex, Tubifex tubifex, Chaoborus sp. (larva), Chironomus aprilinus, Artemia sp. The EC50 coefficient was calculated after the incubation period. For PbO nanoparticles, we managed to identify the IC50 coefficient for selected plants. It was, respectively, 0.150 mg/ml for lupine; 0.274 mg/ml for bean; and 0.655 mg/ml for radish. As regards the studies on invertebrates, it was observed that the most sensitive organisms were Daphnia pulex (EC50 = 0.32 mg/ml) and Tubifex tubifex (EC50 = 0.38 mg/ml), and the most resistant one was Chironomus aprilinus (EC50 = 0.83 mg/ml).

Improvement of etching ability of lead-free glass frits by compositing low content PbO nanoparticles and its effect on metallization contact of solar cells

Numerous research studies have been conducted on lead-free glass frits for crystalline silicon solar cells due to the high toxicity of Pb. However, lead-free glass frits have poor metallization performance. The excellent performance of PbO in glass frits cannot be completely replaced by other compounds. In this study, in order to reduce the PbO content in glass frits while keeping its excellent properties, a method for the preparation of low-content lead oxide composited glass frits was established. High temperature microscopy revealed that the temperature coefficients of the glass frit decreased as the lead content increased. FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy results indicated that the main structure of the glass remain intact under compositing PbO. The specific surface area of the glass frit increased after compositing PbO. The etching ability of lead-free glass frit to silicon wafer was improved. After the glass frit was prepared into silver paste, it found that the silver electrode formed excellent metallized contact with silicon and more silver microcrystals were deposited on the silicon surface to increase the conductive path.

PbO nanoparticles increase the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 by increasing reactive oxygen species production in choroid plexus.

PbO nanoparticles (nano-PbO) are widely used in the production of electrode materials, but exposure to them can cause brain damage. The first barrier preventing nano-PbO from entering the brain is the choroid plexus. However, the effect of nano-PbO on the choroid plexus remains unclear. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of nano-PbO exposure on lymphocyte cells infiltration, the adhesion protein of the choroid plexus as well as the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the process. Results showed that nano-PbO exposure increased the percentage of lymphocyte cells in the brain and upregulated the expression of surface adhesion proteins, including intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in choroid plexus. Meanwhile, nano-PbO treatment also resulted in the increase of intercellular ROS production, and significantly decrease glutathione (GSH) content, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in Z310 cells beside the increase of ICAM and VCAM-1 expression. Treatment with ROS inhibitor N-acetylcysteine (NAC) significantly downregulated the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1expression. In conclusion, exposure to nano-PbO increases the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 through oxidative stress, which may contribute to peripheral lymphocyte cells infiltration into the brain.

Green Synthesis and characterization of Lead Oxide Nanoparticles using Piper Betle leaf

Lead oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by using cost effective and eco friendly green method assisted by piper betle leaf extract. The UV absorption spectrophotometer analysis of leaf extract and metal compounds showed absorbance spectra in the range 300-400 nm. The UV-Vis spectroscopy shows Surface Plasmon resonance of PbO nanoparticles at 320 nm indicating that the particles are poly dispersed. The FT-IR measurements were carried out to identify the formation of lead oxide nanoparticles and possible molecules such as OH, C=C, C=O and aromatic compounds. The FT-IR analysis played a pivoted role in displaying the nanoparticles which showed strong absorbance in the range 518-600 cm-1 for lead oxide nanoparticles. The diffraction peaks and planes of ions are indexed. From the ‘X’ ray diffraction analysis, the size of the lead oxide nanoparticles is 70 nm as calculated by Debye scherrer’s equation. The size, shape and structure of nanoparticles were also analyzed by Scanning electron microscope showing tetragonal shape of nanoparticles aggregation. This green synthesis method has many advantages over the chemical method because it reduces the use of toxic metals in the synthesis process.

PbO nanoparticles anchored on reduced graphene oxide for enhanced cycle life of lead-carbon battery

The composites of PbO nanoparticles anchored on reduced graphene oxide (PbO@rGO) are prepared by electrostatic interaction and ostwald ripening strategy to enhance cycle life of lead-carbon battery under high-rate partial-state-of-charge (HRPSoC). By occupying the hydrogen evolution reactive sites on the rGO surfaces, the PbO@rGO composite exhibits better inhibition for hydrogen evolution behavior than the rGO. Thus, introducing the composite additives to negative plates can effectively inhibit the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and alleviate the aggregation of PbSO4 crystals simultaneously, resulting in their HRPSoC cycle life show 2.6-fold enhancements compared with negative plates without any carbon additives (extend from 3501 to 12,885 cycles). The chemical bond between the rGO and PbO nanoparticles can not only help solve the "floating carbon" phenomenon, but also effectively avoid the separation of the additive and the negative active material (NAM) during the cycles. In addition, the PbO@rGO additives can act like a miniaturized stereo plate grid, which refines and expands the conductive network on the plate and provides deposition sites for Pb/PbSO4 redox couple. Outstanding performance of the batteries containing composite additives indicates that the composites have potential application value in the lead-carbon battery while providing a new idea for preparing lead-carbon composite.

Investigating Structural, Thermal and Optical Properties of Lead Oxide Nano-Particles Synthesized by Sol-Gel Combustion Method

Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have piqued the interest of material scientists in recent years due to their unique physicochemical properties which are dependent on their size, shape, and chemical surroundings. The sol gel combustion is one of the most straightforward and practical technique for getting tiny and similar size and shape of the powder out of all the current lead oxide nanoparticle synthesis techniques. In this study, PbO nanoparticles are prepared using the sol-gel method followed by an auto combustion process. This research is aimed at the particle size, shape, thermal analysis, and optical properties of nanostructured PbO. Several microscopic, spectroscopic, and thermogravimetric analysis are employed for the structural characterization of lead oxide nanoparticles. Tiny lead oxide particles with a diameter of 60 nanometres have been prepared. The prepares sample’s optical band gap was discovered to be 2.44 electronvolt. Thermal investigations indicate the thermal behaviour and stability of synthesized lead oxide powder and are described in details.

Fabrication of polymer nanocomposite (PbO and W2O3) for gamma-ray attenuations

(PbO and W2O3) nanocomposite has been prepared by adding a fixed ratio of PbO nanoparticles about (0.05) wt.% with different concentrations of W2O3 (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25) wt.% with epoxy 405.thickness of samples is 0.3 cm to use as a protective shield of gamma-ray, structural properties of the samples have been studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Atom Force Microscope (AFM), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Gamma-ray is reduced with the increasing of the (PbO and W2O3) concentrations caused by the increasing linear attenuation coefficient.