PbO Concentrations Research Articles

Enhanced radiation shielding efficiency of polystyrene nanocomposites with tailored lead oxide nanoparticles

In this study, we investigated a novel polymer nano-composite, PS-PbO, containing two distinct nano-sizes of lead oxide nanoparticles (PbO-A and PbO-B), in addition to the bulk size (PbO-K). These nanoparticles were embedded separately in a polystyrene (PS) matrix at different weight percentages (10%, 15%, 25%, and 35%) using roll mill mixing and compressing molding. Our evaluation focused on the radiation attenuation ability of PS-PbO and the effect of particle size, considering gamma-ray energies ranging from 0.06 to 1.3 MeV (from sources like 241Am, 133Ba, 137Cs, and 60Co). The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) was determined by analyzing samples of the synthesized composite with different thicknesses. Then, various shielding parameters were calculated, including total molecular, atomic, and electronic cross-sections (σmol, σatm, σel), as well as the effective atomic number and the electron density (Zeff and Neff). Surprisingly, modifying PbO particle sizes had a significant impact on shielding efficiency. For instance, the composite with 25 wt% of the smallest PbO-B particles showed a 26.7% increase in LAC at 0.059 keV compared to the composite with 25 wt% of PbO-K (larger particles). Notably, the LAC peaked at low energy (0.059 keV), close to the K-edge of Pb, where interaction is directly proportional to Z4. With increasing PbO concentrations, the LAC of PS-PbO composites increased steadily. Additionally, as PbO concentration increased, the composite’s effective atomic number Zeff and the electron density Neff increased, leading to a greater total Gamma-ray interaction cross-section. Furthermore, when comparing the Half-Value Layers of the novel nanocomposite to traditional lead shielding, a 70% reduction in mass was observed. Notably, the composite containing the smallest nano-size of PbO exhibited the highest radiation-shielding efficiency among all combinations and could therefore be used to create inexpensive and lightweight shields.

Detailed investigations for mechanical and gamma-ray attenuation characteristics of B2O3-ZnO-BaO-TiO2 glasses doped with PbO

The effect of PbO addition with different concentrations on four synthesized zinc titanium borate glasses with the chemical formula xPbO-(75-x) B2O3-10ZnO-10BaO-5TiO2 (x = 30, 35, 40, and 45 mol%) was explored in this study. The partial PbO substitution for B2O3 increases the fabricated glasses' density by ≈ 20% from 5.31 to 6.37 g/cm3, respectively, with raising the PbO concentrations between 30 and 45 mol.%, respectively. Besides, the substitution mentioned above enhances the gamma-ray attenuation properties where the linear attenuation coefficient increased between 69.911 and 102.245 cm−1 (at 0.033 MeV), 0.341–0.415 cm−1 (at 1 MeV), and 0.200–0.262 cm−1 (at 10 MeV), increasing the PbO concentration between 30 and 45 mol.%, respectively. Simultaneously, increases in the PbO concentration within the fabricated glasses decrease the lead's equivalent thickness between 3.82 and 2.61 cm (at 0.033 MeV), 2.35–1.93 cm (at 1 MeV), and 2.81–2.14 cm (at 10 MeV). In contrast, substituting PbO for B2O3 compounds diminishes the fabricated glasses' mechanical properties, where the microhardness decreased by 13.5 % from 4.24 to 3.67 GPa. The lead equivalent thickness (Deq) values at 0.66 MeV were found equal to 2.410, 2.232, 2.078, and 1.945 cm, and at 1.112 MeV, these values were found equal to 2.222, 2.081, 1.956, and 1.829 cm for G1, G2, G3, and G4, respectively.

Effect of PbO on mechanical and radiations shielding properties of 70P2O3–5Al2O3–25Na2O glass system: A theoretical study

This study investigates the mechanical as well as shielding properties of 70P2O3–5Al2O3-(25-x)Na2O-xPbO, while using advanced MCNPX simulations code and Phy-X software. Advanced MCNPX coding simulation and online Phy-X software are used to compare the properties of three aluminum lead phosphate glasses named S1, S2 and S3 with PbO concentrations 0, 10, and 20 mol%, respectively. Various shielding parameters were calculated in the photon energy ranging from 0 to 15 MeV. These parameters include mass attenuation coefficient, effective atomic number, half-value layer, tenth-value layer, mean free path and linear attenuation coefficient. Our comparative analysis of the results from MCNPX and Phy-X in the case of mass attenuation coefficient indicates a high level of agreement, differing by less than 2% from each other. The half-value layer for S3 was found at 0.003 cm, 1.709 cm, and 5.984 cm at energies of 0.01 MeV, 0.5 MeV, and 15 MeV, respectively, while for S1 these values were found at 0.010 cm, 3.35 cm, and 13.96 cm in the same energy spectra. The results show that S3, with 20% PbO, is more likely to attenuate the gamma and X-ray photons; due to their minimum values of tenth value layer, half value layer, mean free path, and greater mass attenuation coefficient, effective atomic number as compared to S1 (undoped) and S2 (10% doped with PbO). The mass attenuation coefficient for S3 was found between 67.95 cm2/g to 0.030 cm2/g, while for undoped S1, these values varied between 27.64 cm2/g to 0.021 cm2/g in the energy range of 0–15 MeV. Furthermore, the Makishima-Mackenzie model is utilized to evaluate the mechanical behavior of our glass samples, influenced by factors such as energy of dissociation and packing density related to components of oxide. The mechanical features encompass various moduli, Poisson's coefficient and microhardness. The introduction of PbO in glass samples S2 and S3 increased all these properties, excluding Poisson's coefficient which decreases with the addition of PbO. Our findings provide valuable insights into the shielding and mechanical parameters of these glasses, suggesting probable applications in fields such as optics and nuclear physics.

Structural, mechanical, thermal, optical, and gamma rays attenuation properties of a developed sodium aluminum zinc lead borate glass

A host glass matrix of sodium aluminum zinc borate reinforced by 15, 30, and 45 mol% of PbO to serve as a shield against gamma rays. The penetration of PbO within the proposed host glass transforms the BO3 units into BO4 ones and fills the interstitial spaces, which in turn had been reflected on the mechanical, thermal, and optical properties. The harness and elastic moduli of the considered glasses improved with the augmentation of Pb2+ ions. The considered glass possessed high thermal stability and its glass transition temperature increased with the increase of PbO concentrations. Optically, the transparency of the produced glasses exceeds 75% with the inclusion of Pb2+ ions and increasing the Pb2+ ions enhancing its electrical insulating nature. Increasing PbO concentrations enhanced the glasses' ability to attenuate gamma rays of energies 661.64, 1173.23, and 1332.51 keV. A reduction in the required half-value layer by 59.697, 54.867%, and 53.460% at 45 mol% of PbO was observed. Hence, based on the suitable mechanical properties, high thermal stability and transparency, and effective ability to attenuate gamma rays, the glass containing 45 mol% PbO was nominated for use as a protective shield in various nuclear applications.

Impact of PbO on structural, thermal, optical and gamma ray shielding behaviour of TeO2-CdO based glasses

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of an increase in the concentration of PbO on the structural, thermal, optical, and gamma ray shielding behavior of TeO2-CdO based glasses. The glasses were found to contain TeO4 and TeO3 units, as well as CdO metal oxide clusters, as indicated by the Raman spectrum. The glasses displayed minor weight loss (approximately 3%), suggesting high resistance to thermal degradation. With an increase in the concentration of PbO, the glass transition temperature (Tg), onset temperature (To), and crystallization temperature (Tc) all decreased. Additionally, the indirect band gap energy decreased from 3.497–3.337 eV as the lead oxide concentration increased. Moreover, the effects of PbO concentration on the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) were investigated. The LAC values were found to be highest at 39.5 keV and decreased with increasing energy. As the PbO concentration increased, LAC values also increase. The Zeff displayed an inverse relationship with energy, except for an abrupt increase at 121.8 keV. The half value layer was found to be positively correlated with energy and varied with changes in PbO and CdO concentrations. The glasses demonstrated effective gamma radiation shielding properties, with the HVL remaining small even at higher energies, suggesting potential applications in industries such as medical imaging where thin shielding materials are preferred.

Impacts of micro-size PbO on the gamma-ray shielding performance of polyepoxide resin

Abstract A series of polyepoxide resins doped by lead oxide with low concentrations were fabricated in order to study the impacts of low PbO concentrations on the fabricated composites’ physical- and radiation-shielding properties. The epoxide resin was reinforced with the PbO compound with concentrations 0, 5, and 10 wt%. The density measurements affirmed that by elevating the PbO concentration between 0 and 10 wt%, the composites’ density increased from 1.103 to 1.185 g·cm−3. This low-density increase was echoed in the fabricated composites’ radiation-shielding properties, where the Monte Carlo simulation code affirmed a linear attenuation coefficient increase by factors of 230%, 218%, 24%, and 10%, respectively, at 59, 121, 356, and 662 keV. The half-value layer, mean free path, and transmission factor indicated a linear attenuation coefficient enhancement.

Microstructure, electronic transitions and UV transparency of K2O–B2O3–Sm2O3 glass via PbO additives

Samarium-doped borate glass is widely used in solid-state devices due to their suitable refractive index and appealing spectral characteristics. Here, we used the melt quenching technique and characterized the microstructure, optical absorption, electronic transitions and non-linear optical parameters of K2O-borate glass doped with a constant amount of Sm2O3 (1.8 mol %) and different amounts of PbO (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mol %), primarily using Fourier-transform Infrared (FTIR) and optical absorbance. FTIR results confirmed the strong influence of PbO on the glass internal structure. Further, inspecting the optical absorption, we found the following results. The optical absorption bands at 401, 475, 935, 1073, 1226, 1369, 1468, 1528, and 1942 nm are recognized to Sm3+ cation's electronic transitions from 6H5/2 (ground state) to 6P3/2, 4I11/2, 6F11/2, 6F9/2, 6F7/2, 6F5/2, 6F3/2, 6H15/2 and 6H13/2 states respectively. Furthermore, for the PbO-free glass sample, an absorption band we observed at ∼220 nm in the UVC-domain. Moreover, this PbO-free glass sample is transparent in the rest of the UV-regions. A broad absorption band starts to appear with increasing the PbO concentrations in the glass system. The broadening of this band increased with further PbO additions. This band was attributed to Pb2+ cations with 6s2 species that absorb sturdily in the UV-domain. More, the glass sample doped with the highest PbO concentrations (20 mol %) can be considered a UVA transparent material, blocking UVC and UVB. Also, we found the values of Urbach energy, non-linear refractive index, third-order non-linear susceptibility, and refractive index increased for additional PbO contents, which is attributed to the increased disorder in the glass matrix. Furthermore, the results propose that the PbO-free glass sample can be used as UV-transparent material in optical applications. On the other hand, the glass sample that contains the highest PbO concentrations (20 mol %) can be used as a glass filter in some optical applications that permit UVA to pass and block UVC and UVB radiations.

Pb and O isotopic characteristics of single minerals in the Jianggang radial sand ridges of the southwestern Yellow Sea: Implications for provenance and pathways of silt-size sediments

Understanding the sediment provenance of the Jianggang radial sand ridges (RSRs) along the Jiangsu coast in the southwestern Yellow Sea is crucial for sustainable coastal development and land resource management. In this study, the provenance and transport patterns of silt-size sediments in the Jianggang RSRs were explored using Quartz oxygen (O) and K-feldspar lead (Pb) isotopic compositions and their large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) concentrations. The Pb-O isotopic compositions and concentrations of most LILEs in RSRs sediments were between those of the Yangtze River Mouth (YTZ), Old Yellow River Delta (OYR), and Modern Yellow River Mouth (MYR). The Pb-O isotopic compositions and typical elemental ratios were similar between the onshore and northwest offshore RSRs sediments, implying shoreward transport of offshore silt-size sediments. Through multidimensional scaling and graphic methods, it was found that the sediments of onshore and offshore RSRs originate mainly from the YTZ and OYR. Furthermore, the MixSIAR model showed that the contributions of the YTZ to onshore and offshore RSRs reached 33 ± 4 % and 36 ± 3 %, respectively. Followed by the OYR with contributions of 36 ± 3 % and 25 ± 8 %, respectively, and the contributions of the MYR and Korean Peninsula were <21 % and 8 %, respectively. Meanwhile, contributions from the Northern Chinese Deserts (approximately 10 %) deserved attention. Through the distribution of indicators, the transport patterns of silt-size sediments were proposed and compared with those of other fractions for the first time. According to the correlation analysis, the change in the area of central Jiangsu coast was mostly affected by terrestrial river supply and coastal mariculture. Therefore, it was necessary to control the scale of river reservoir construction and strengthen mariculture for sustainable land development and management. In future, comprehensive interdisciplinary and large temporal–spatial scales are suggested to further understand the coastal development.

Assessment of X-ray shielding properties of polystyrene incorporated with different nano-sizes of PbO.

PbO (lead oxide) particles with different sizes were incorporated into polystyrene (PS) with various weight fractions (0, 10, 15, 25, 35%). These novel PS/PbO nano-composites were produced by roll mill mixing and compressing molding techniques and then investigated for radiation attenuation of X-rays (N-series/ISO 4037) typically used in radiology. Properties of the PbO particles were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Filler dispersion and elemental composition of the prepared nano-composites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), revealing better filler distribution and fewer agglomerations with smaller PbO particle size. Linear and mass attenuation coefficients (μ and μm), total molecular and atomic cross-sections (σmol and σatm), as well as effective atomic number and electron density (Zeff and Neff), were calculated for the energy range N40 to N200. The influence of PbO weight percentage on the enhancement of the shielding parameters of the nano-composites was expected; however, the effect of PbO particle size was surprising. Linear and mass attenuation coefficients for PS/PbO composites increased gradually with increasing PbO concentrations, and composites with a small size of nanoparticles showed best performance. In addition, increasing PbO concentration raised the effective atomic number Zeff of the composite. Hence, the electron density Neff increased, which provided a higher total interaction cross-section of X-rays with the composites. Maximum radiation shielding was observed for PS/PbO(B). It is concluded that this material might be used in developping low-cost and lightweight X-ray shielding to be used in radiology.

Gadolinium-based ceramics doped with lead oxide for γ-ray shielding

In this study, gadolinium-based ceramics (GdBa2Cu3Oy) doped with lead oxide (PbO) were prepared using the solid-state reaction approach. The effect of different PbO concentrations (x = 0.0, 2.0, 5.0, 10.0 wt%) on the structure, physical and optical peculiarities of GdBa2Cu3Oy lead oxide was investigated. The radiation attenuation characteristics were also estimated using Monte Carlo simulations. It was observed that the inclusion of PbO from 0.0 wt.% to 10.0 wt.% led to a significant change in the physical parameters of the prepared ceramics. The density of ceramics increased from 4.42 g/cm3 for x = 0.0 wt% to 4.53, 4.64, and 4.72 g/cm3 for x = 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0 wt%, respectively. The X-ray diffraction results showed that the pure GdBa2Cu3Oy ceramic was indexed as a polycrystalline orthorhombic phase. Some peaks related to BaPbO3 impurities were observed for the PbO-doped ceramics. The crystal size was found in the range of 21.1–41.18 nm, and the lattice strain was increased by adding PbO. The energy bandgap of the GdBa2Cu3Oy-doped PbO oxide was changed from 0.59 to 1.56 V with increasing PbO concentration up to 10.0 wt%. The prepared ceramics have shown good performance in radiation protection. The linear attenuation coefficient for the synthesized ceramic samples was examined utilizing the Monte Carlo N- particle transport code (MCNP), for the emitted gamma photons with energies varied in the interval extended from 0.15 to 15 MeV.

Mass stopping power and nuclear shielding behavior of lead borate glasses: Influence of gamma irradiation on physical properties

Four glassy systems with dissimilar PbO ratios were synthesized by the melting method. Raman scattering was used to study the chemical bonds inside the glass structures and follow the chemical changes occurring inside their networks after using the glasses in a radiation field. The glass samples are based on several tetrahedral and triangular groups where in BO3 is predominant. The energy gap of each sample was calculated from two different equations extracted from absorption and transmission measurements as ETauc and ETrans, respectively. Also, chemical durability has been studied to show the stability of these glasses against acidic environmental effect and followed by SEM images. Our findings showed that radiation effect on the prepared samples did not cause significant variations of structural and optical characteristics, however, increasing PbO concentrations resulting in enhancement of several radiation attenuation competencies. This study presented a comprehensive study of the radiation shielding properties of lead borate glass by assessing the effectiveness of proton, electron, neutron, and gamma shielding. Mass stopping power (ψp) and projected range (PR) values were calculated for proton particles (H1) using SRIM Monte Carlo simulation code and its subroutine TRIM, which predicts the radiation damage and atomic displacements per atom (dpa), while the ESTAR program was used to calculate ψe and the continuous slowing down approximation (CSDA) range for electrons. Furthermore; the findings estimate the excess lifetime cancer risk% for radiation workers behind the glass shields. Also, the glass with the lowest PbO content has the highest ΣR value, whereas the sample with the highest PbO content has the highest MAC value of gamma rays.

Optimizing the gamma-ray shielding behaviors for polypropylene using lead oxide: a detailed examination

In the current study, the PbO compound was used in order to optimize the gamma-ray shielding properties of the polypropylene polymers. A series of polypropylene doped PbO were performed using various PbO concentrations varied between 0 and 50 wt%. The experimental measurement for the density of the fabricated sample showed that the samples’ density varied between 0.902 ± 0.004 and 1.645 ± 0.007 g/cm3, raising the PbO doping concentration between 0 wt% and 50 wt%. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscope was utilized to illustrate the distribution and morphology of the fabricated polypropylene doped PbO concentrations. The gamma-ray shielding capacity of the fabricated polypropylene doped PbO was examined and evaluated experimentally using a sodium iodide scintillation detector and different point sources in the gamma-ray energy interval between 0.059 and 1.408 MeV. The experimental results were affirmed via the Geant4 code, which depended on the Monte Carlo simulation. The difference recorded between the experimental and Geant4 calculations for the fabricated samples shielding properties was lies in between ±4%. The recorded linear attenuation coefficient at gamma-ray energy of 0.244 MeV varied between 0.1148 and 0.5837 cm−1, raising the PbO doping concentration between 0 wt% and 50 wt%. Moreover, the half-value thickness decreased with increasing the PbO doping ratio.

The PbO concentration influence on oxides films developed on Incoloy 800 in CANDU secondary circuit conditions

"The presence of lead compounds in CANDU secondary water circuit contributes to the degradation of nickel alloys involved in critical equipments manufacturing, e.g. steam generator. The pre-oxidated Incoloy 800 specimens (the steam generator tubes material) have been tested in autoclave, in secondary simulated water medium conditions: pH=9.5, at 5.1 MPa presssure and 2600C temperature, in solutions containing 100, 200 and 300 mg/L PbO, the exposure time for each concentration being 10, 20 and 30 days. The specimens evaluation after testing have been realised through ex-situ and in-situ methods: metalography, electrochemistry (potentiodynamic and impedance), gravimetry and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. It is investigated the influence of different PbO concentrations on tested specimens surface morphology (grain, layer thickness, layer composition) and on the corrosion susceptibility, resulting in increased corrosion tendency and loss of protective properties of films as the PbO concentration was higher."

Comparison between MCNP5, Geant4 and experimental data for gamma rays attenuation of PbO–BaO–B2O3 glasses

Monte Carlo simulations, MCNP5 and Geant4 codes were developed to investigate radiation shielding properties of xPbO–(50-x) BaO–50B2O3 (where 5 ≤ x ≤ 45 mol%) consider to be glass systems. The mass attenuation coefficients were evaluated for different PbO concentration in the glass samples for varies photon energies of 0.356, 0.662, 1.173 and 1.332 MeV. The obtained mass attenuation coefficient values used to calculate half-value layer, effective atomic number, and electron density. The simulation parameters were compared with experimental data. Results show that the simulation results of mass attenuation coefficients for all PbO concentrations were generally in good agreement with experimental results, however, mass attenuation coefficient values calculated using Geant4 were slightly lower than MCNP5 and experimental data on the low energy of 0.356 MeV. The results obtained from MCNP5 and Geant4 codes might be able to assessment mass attenuation for different glass systems. Furthermore, gamma ray, fast neutron and charged particle interaction for the glass systems were studied using buildup factors, fast neutron removal cross sections and ranges respectively.

Gamma ray shielding characteristic of BiZnBo-SLS and PbZnBo-SLS glass

The radiation shielding and optical properties of x [RmOn] (0.5−x) [ZnO] 0.2 [B2O3] 0.3 [SLS], where RmOn are Bi2O3 and PbO with x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, and 0.45 have been prepared by using the melt-quenching method at 1200 °C and was investigated on their physical, structural and gamma ray shielding properties. Field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) data revealed that the particle morphologies is aggregated and irregular in shapes and size. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) elemental mapping data confirmed that all mentioned element all present on the prepared glass. Soda Lime Silica (SLS) that is mainly composed of SiO2 has been utilized in this study as the source of SiO2 for fabrication of glass system. From the result, the density and molar volume of both glass samples increased as Bi2O3 and PbO content increased. The gamma ray shielding properties, such as linear attenuation and mass attenuation coefficient, were increased while half value layer (HVL) and mean free path (MFP) were decreased as the increased in Bi2O3 and PbO concentrations. It is recognized that the mass attenuation coefficient value of Bi2O3 and PbO glass are slightly different. From this study, it can be concluded that from the non-toxicity and shielding point of view, the bismuth glass is a good shield to gamma radiation as compared to lead glass.

Interaction between the CsCl–PbCl2 (18.3–81.7 mol%)-PbO System Components

Thermal analysis was applied to determine liquidus temperatures in the CsCl–PbCl2 (18.3 –81.7 mol%) eutectic mixture with the PbO concentrations ranging from 0 to 20 mol%. The temperature dependence of the PbO solubility in the CsCl–PbCl2 (18.3–81.7 mol%) eutectic melt was studied, and the thermodynamic parameters of the PbO dissolution were calculated. The type, morphology, and composition of oxychloride ionic groupings in the melt were determined in situ using Raman spectroscopy.

Spectroscopic investigation of samarium‐doped lead oxyflouroborate glasses using photo and cathode luminescence

AbstractSamarium‐doped lead oxyflouroborate glasses of 60 B2O3‐ xPbO‐ (40‐x)LiF where (x=0‐30 mol%) with 3×1020 ions/cm3 of Sm2O3, were prepared by melt quenching. UVVis absorption, photo luminescence (PL) and cathode luminescence (CL) spectroscopies were used to study the effect of varying PbO content on the spectroscopic properties of these samarium‐doped glasses. The absorption of the UV‐edge shifts toward higher wavelengths, not only because of higher polarizability of lead ions, but also because of the strong allowed s‐p transition of Pb2+. Judd‐Ofelts parameters were determined and indicate that the asymmetry around Sm3+ ions increases with increasing PbO content. Ω2 probes the asymmetry by the ratio of intensity of the hypersensitive transition (6H9/2) to that of purely magnetic (6H5/2) transition. Furthermore, an increase in the spectroscopic quality factor (Ω4/Ω6) was observed with increasing PbO content which indicates that these glasses have the potential to be used as efficient active laser glasses. The calculated energy transfer parameter increases with increasing PbO content. Also, stark splitting increases with increasing PbO concentrations. FWHM of the CL emission peaks and stark splitting, are found to be much larger than that in PL. This was explained by the high electric field generated from the exciting electron pulses.

Effect of Lead Oxide on Glass Properties Produced from Rice Husk Fly Ash

In this work, the glass samples were prepared from the rice husk ash (RHA) with different PbO concentrations by melt-quenching technique. The effect of PbO on the physical and optical properties of the glasses from RHA have been studied. The results showed that the refractive index and density increased with increasing PbO concentration. The absorption spectra of all samples showed the cut-off wavelength approximately at 360 nm. For comparison, similar properties of SiO2 glass doped with different PbO concentrations were also studied. It was found that the RHA is possible to be used as a raw material in the glass production.

Infrared Spectroscopic Characterization of Tellurite Glasses Containing Heavy Metal Oxides

The infrared (IR) spectra of (100-x)TeO2–xWO3 glasses reveal that the glass network consists of [TeO3]/[TeO3+1], [TeO4], [WO4], and [WO6] groups as basic structural units. Addition of WO3 oxide to the binary TeO2–WO3 glasses increases the amount of lower coordination of [TeO3]/[TeO3+1] units and decreases the higher coordination of [TeO4] units and also the formation of Te–O–W linkages at the expense of Te–O–Te linkages. The IR spectra of 60TeO2–(40-x)WO3–xPbO glasses reveal that the glass network consists of [TeO3], [TeO4], [WO4], [WO6], and [PbO4] units. Changes in the coordination state of tellurium and tungsten ions occur when the PbO and WO3 concentrations are varied. The dual role of the lead ions is confirmed in 60TeO2–(40-x)WO3–xPbO glass system. The W ion coordination state changes from 4 to 6 when WO3 concentration increases beyond 30 mol% in both (100-x)TeO2–xWO3 and 60TeO2–(40-x)WO3–xPbO glass systems. The IR spectra of 60B2O3–10TeO2–(30-x)ZnO–xPbO glasses reveal that the glass network consists of [TeO3], [BO3], and [BO4] groups.

Mass attenuation coefficients and effective atomic numbers in phosphate glass containing Bi 2O 3, PbO and BaO at 662 keV

In this work, the mass attenuation coefficients, partial interactions and the effective atomic numbers ( Z eff) of Bi 2O 3, PbO and BaO in xR m O n :(100− x)P 2O 5 (where x=30≤ x≤70 (% by weight)) glass system have been investigated on the basis of the mixture rule at 662 keV. The total and partial interactions were calculated by WinXCom software. It has been found that the total mass attenuation coefficients of glasses increase with increasing Bi 2O 3 and PbO concentrations, due to the increasing photoelectric absorption in glass samples. However, Compton scattering gives dominant contribution to the total mass attenuation coefficients for the studied glass samples. The Z eff increases with increase in Bi 2O 3, PbO and BaO concentrations. For comparison, the Z eff of PbO glasses are comparable to that of Bi 2O 3 glasses and Z eff of both glasses are greater than BaO glasses. These results are very useful for designing radiation shielding glass and reflecting the influence of bismuth, barium, and lead content in radiation shielding phosphate glass. Besides the mentioned usefulness of the new materials, development of lead-free radiation protecting glass also leaves non-toxic impact on our environment.