Size Of Payments Research Articles

Mental health effects of government transfer payments in urban China—An empirical study based on CFPS panel data

BackgroundGovernment transfer payments play a crucial role in redistributing wealth and alleviating relative poverty. However, the mental health effects of government transfers remain to be explored. This study aims to explore the internal mechanisms of the mental health effects of government transfer payments by examining individuals' subjective evaluations and attitudes. MethodsBased on panel data from the 2016 and 2018 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) urban sample composition (N = 6645), the PSM-DID model was used to investigate the mental health effects of government transfer payments. Based on the calculation of the PSM-DID model, this study examined the effects of social security satisfaction and subjective social status on the mental health effects of government transfer payments through the mediation model and moderation model. ResultsThe study found that, overall, receiving government transfer payments can significantly reduce the level of individual depression. In examining the mechanism linking government transfer payments and mental health, it was discovered that social security satisfaction partially mediates this relationship. Additionally, subjective social status was identified as a negative moderating factor in this relationship, meaning that the alleviating effect of government transfer payments on depression diminishes as subjective social status increases. ConclusionsTherefore, in future policy optimization, firstly, the size and scope of urban government transfer payments should be expanded to directly improve the living standards of recipients. Secondly, social security programs should be strengthened. Thirdly, implementing the targeted interventions to address disparities in subjective social status should be considered.

Dividend mispricing: Evidence from all‐stock merger deals

AbstractStock prices of targets in all‐stock merger deals should reflect acquirer share values, net of expected dividend payments before deal completion. This setting provides a unique opportunity to examine whether market prices of target stocks reflect the price reducing impact of impending acquirer dividends. We find evidence that target stock returns on the acquirer ex‐day are negatively related to the size of the dividend payments, indicating an incomplete adjustment on the last cum‐day. However, given the size of typical quarterly dividends, the magnitude of the estimated 30% incomplete adjustment to the dividend does not represent a viable arbitrage opportunity. Examining a longer window, we find that roughly 70% of the acquirer dividend is incorporated into the target stock price in the period two days after the dividend announcement to the ex‐day. Overall, our results are consistent with target stock prices adjusting slowly over time to reflect impending acquirer dividends.

Regional Maternity Capital in Russia: Analysis of Differences in Terms of Provision, Size, and Target Direction

Along with the federal demographic and family policy, the subjects of the Russian Federation are actively implementing their own regional measures to support families with children, a special place among which is occupied by regional maternity capital. The purpose of this study is to identify the specifics of the provision of regional maternity capital. In this article a brief history of the implementation of the regional maternity capital program was considered in the context of Russian demographic policy. Data on the conditions for the provision of this support measure and the size of payments have been updated to the beginning of 2024. The analysis of normative legal acts regulating the implementation of the program to provide regional maternity capital in the subjects of the Russian Federation was used as a research method. It was revealed that the rules for providing this support measure are variable and differ in many criteria: according to the birth order for whom the payment is provided, the presence or absence of a need criterion, the directions of use of funds, as well as the terms of residence in the region and the size of the regional maternity capital. Based on the analysis of regulatory legal acts, it was found that the legislative framework governing the provision of regional maternity capital continues to be improved and modified by excluding or changing additional conditions limiting the range of recipients of this support measure, such as the criterion of need, the duration of residence in the region and the one-time right to use regional maternity capital. The results obtained can be used as a material to study the effectiveness of the implementation of regional maternity capital as a measure aimed at increasing the birth rate.

Understanding the municipal-level design and adaptation of pay-for-performance schemes across two states of Brazil.

The design of complex health systems interventions, such as pay for performance (P4P), can be critical to determining such programmes' success. In P4P programmes, the design of financial incentives is crucial in shaping how these programmes work. However, the design of such schemes is usually homogenous across providers within a given scheme. Consequently, there is a limited understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of P4P design elements from the implementers' perspective. This study takes advantage of the unique context of Brazil, where municipalities adapted the federal incentive design, resulting in variations in incentive design across municipalities. The study aims to understand why municipalities in Brazil chose certain P4P design features, the associated challenges and the local adaptations made to address problems in scheme design. This study was a multiple case study design relying on qualitative data from 20 municipalities from two states in Northeastern Brazil. We conducted two key informant interviews with municipal-level stakeholders and focus group discussions with primary care providers. We also reviewed municipal Primary Care Access and Quality laws in each municipality. We found substantial variation in the design choices made by municipalities regarding 'who was incentivized', the 'payment size' and 'frequency'. Design choices affected relationships within municipalities and within teams. Challenges were chiefly associated with fairness relating to 'who received the incentive', 'what is incentivized' and the 'incentive size'. Adaptations were made to improve fairness, mostly in response to pressure from the healthcare workers. The significant variation in design choices across municipalities and providers' response to them highlights the importance of considering local context in the design and implementation of P4P schemes and ensuring flexibility to accommodate local preferences and emerging needs. Attention is needed to ensure that the choice of 'who is incentivized' and the 'size of incentives' are inclusive and fair and the allocation and 'use of funds' are transparent.

An In-Depth Analysis of Public and Private Research Funding in Orthopaedic Surgery from 2015 to 2021.

Understanding the trends and patterns of research funding can aid in enhancing growth and innovation in orthopaedic research. We sought to analyze financial trends in public orthopaedic surgery funding and characterize trends in private funding distribution among orthopaedic surgeons and hospitals to explore potential disparities across orthopaedic subspecialties. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of private and public orthopaedic research funding from 2015 to 2021 using the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments database and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) RePORTER through the Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, respectively. Institutions receiving funds from both the NIH and the private sector were classified separately as publicly funded and privately funded. Research payment characteristics were categorized according to their respective orthopaedic fellowship subspecialties. Descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, and Mann-Kendall tests were employed. A p value of <0.05 was considered significant. Over the study period, $348,428,969 in private and $701,078,031 in public research payments were reported. There were 2,229 unique surgeons receiving funding at 906 different institutions. The data showed that a total of 2,154 male orthopaedic surgeons received $342,939,782 and 75 female orthopaedic surgeons received $5,489,187 from 198 different private entities. The difference in the median payment size between male and female orthopaedic surgeons was not significant. The top 1% of all practicing orthopaedic surgeons received 99% of all private funding in 2021. The top 20 publicly and top 20 privately funded institutions received 77% of the public and 37% of the private funding, respectively. Private funding was greatest (31.5%) for projects exploring adult reconstruction. While the amount of public research funding was more than double the amount of private research funding, the distribution of public research funding was concentrated in fewer institutions when compared with private research funding. This suggests the formation of orthopaedic centers of excellence (CoEs), which are programs that have high concentrations of talent and resources. Furthermore, the similar median payment by gender is indicative of equitable payment size. In the future, orthopaedic funding should follow a distribution model that aligns with the existing approach, giving priority to a nondiscriminatory stance regarding gender, and allocate funds toward CoEs. Securing research funding is vital for driving innovation in orthopaedic surgery, which is crucial for enhancing clinical interventions. Thus, understanding the patterns and distribution of research funding can help orthopaedic surgeons tailor their future projects to better align with current funding trends, thereby increasing the likelihood of securing support for their work.

Shareholder voting on golden parachutes: Effective governance or too little too late?

AbstractThe Dodd–Fank Act mandated shareholder votes on executive's change‐in‐control (golden parachute) payments at the time the firm is sold. We study bid premiums surrounding the introduction of the vote and find that they are lower in the post‐period. Moreover, there is a positive association between the relative size of parachute payments and premiums, particularly after the parachute vote was required. In contrast, we observe no association between premiums and parachute features questioned by many shareholders. Additionally, we find lower voting support for parachutes with features that are (i) of concern to shareholders, (ii) amended in the lead‐up to the vote and (iii) identified as problematic in proxy advisor analyst reports. However, we find little evidence that directors overseeing payments with opposition from shareholders or a leading proxy advisor are penalized with lost board seats, fewer key board committee memberships or increased shareholder opposition in subsequent director elections at other firms. Overall, our findings suggest that the parachute vote requirement is too little too late.

DIGITIZATION AS A FACTOR OF MTPL DEVELOPMENT

This article reveals the concept, essence and significance of compulsory motor third party liability insurance (MTPL). The topic of digitalization is touched upon as a factor in the development of compulsory motor liability insurance and the use of more advanced information technologies in order to simplify the process of carrying out work in insurance activities. The article highlights and describes the characteristic features of compulsory motor liability insurance in Russia and in foreign countries. The idea of introducing digitalization as a factor in the development of compulsory motor third party liability insurance in Russia is substantiated. The article discusses the methods of digitalization in the development of compulsory motor liability insurance, the scheme of its functioning, and also develops new ways of introducing digitalization as a factor in the development of compulsory motor liability insurance. The article also analyzes the features of the development of compulsory motor liability insurance in Russia, the size of insurance premiums and payments by type of insurance. The article substantiates the main problems of the development of digitalization in the auto insurance market (including compulsory motor liability insurance), which were identified in the process of studying scientific articles, information sources and educational literature. Activities are being developed that are aimed at increasing the interest of vehicle owners in complying with traffic rules and accident-free driving through the amount of the insurance premium, which is paid when concluding an MTPL insurance contract.

ON THE QUESTION OF THE PRACTICE OF INCREASING PEASANT PAYMENTS IN THE PROCESS OF EMANCIPATING SERFS IN THE ST. PETERSBURG DISTRICT

In the process of implementing the peasant reform of 1861 and carrying out the redemption operation, the basis for determining the size of peasant allotments and payments was the articles of Local regulations, which regulated the procedure for allocating land to peasants and establishing the amount of duties, depending on the pre-reform situation and local norms. Deviations from these rules, contained in charters and redemption documents, were relatively rare in the province and on the periphery of the capital provinces. They were considered in the Provincial presences for Peasant Affairs and the Main Redemption Institution. At the same time, cases of a significant increase in post-reform peasant payments «in excess of the norm» were quite common in the metropolitan St. Petersburg district and became the subject of special discussion in the Ministry of Finance and Internal Affairs. The article considers examples of increasing the size of peasant payments during the implementation of the peasant reform in 1861-1863 and the subsequent redemption operation. The decisions taken on this issue later became a precedent in the practical Implementation Of the redemption operation.

Analysis of the level of penetration and protection of car owners by the compulsory motor third party liability insurance system in the Russian Federation

Subject. The article considers the effectiveness of existing measures of government control over road traffic safety. Objectives. The focus is on assessing the level of protection of car owners by the compulsory civil liability insurance (OSAGO) for the period from 2014 to 2021. Methods. The study rests on methods of correlation and regression analysis. Results. The analysis of statistical data and law enforcement practice demonstrated that an increase in the number of administrative charges entails a decrease in the number of those who comply with the requirements of Federal Laws "On Road Safety" and "On Compulsory Insurance of Civil Liability of Vehicle Owners". The rise in inflation and the average size of insurance premiums and insurance payments have no impact on the number of contracts for compulsory motor third-party liability insurance (OSAGO) concluded in Russia. Conclusions. The existing measures of State regulation in the field of compulsory civil liability insurance are not effective enough. The established administrative sanctions for violation of requirements of compulsory civil liability insurance by car owners negatively affect the penetration of the institution of OSAGO and lead to a decrease in the overall protection of car owners and other road users by the mandatory liability insurance system.

Pay-for-Performance incentives for specialised services in England: a mixed methods evaluation

BackgroundA Pay-for-Performance (P4P) programme, known as Prescribed Specialised Services Commissioning for Quality and Innovation (PSS CQUIN), was introduced for specialised services in the English NHS in 2013/2014. These services treat patients with rare and complex conditions. We evaluate the implementation of PSS CQUIN contracts between 2016/2017 and 2018/2019.MethodsWe used a mixed methods evaluative approach. In the quantitative analysis, we used a difference-in-differences design to evaluate the effectiveness of ten PSS CQUIN schemes across a range of targeted outcomes. Potential selection bias was addressed using propensity score matching. We also estimated impacts on costs by scheme and financial year. In the qualitative analysis, we conducted semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions to gain insights into the complexities of contract design and programme implementation. Qualitative data analysis was based on the constant comparative method, inductively generating themes.ResultsThe ten PSS CQUIN schemes had limited impact on the targeted outcomes. A statistically significant improvement was found for only one scheme: in the clinical area of trauma, the incentive scheme increased the probability of being discharged from Adult Critical Care within four hours of being clinically ready by 7%. The limited impact may be due to the size of the incentive payments, the complexity of the schemes’ design, and issues around ownership, contracting and flexibility.ConclusionThe PSS CQUIN schemes had little or no impact on quality improvements in specialised services. Future P4P programmes in healthcare could benefit from lessons learnt from this study on incentive design and programme implementation.

Formation of a Modern Neoliberal Model of Russia’s Regional Policy

Over the past 30 years, a significant number of normative legal acts regulating various aspects of spatial development have been adopted in our country; the main ones regulating the key areas of regional development can be called the Decree of President B. N. Yeltsin “On the Main Provisions of Regional Policy in the Russian Federation”, which was in force from 1996 to 2017 and was replaced by the Decree of President V.V. Putin “On the approval of the Foundations of the State Policy of Regional Development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025”, adopted in 2017. In this study the individual provisions of the regional policy implemented in modern Russia are revealed. The object of the analysis was published regulatory documents characterizing the state policy of federal authorities in a field of regional socio-economic development. The main methods of work were chosen: analysis and systematization of scientific publications, collection, formalization and analysis of normative documents, traditional (internal and external) and legal analysis, as well as retrospective and comparative methods, generalization and systematization. As a result, the author concludes that the regional policy of Russia corresponds to the neoliberal paradigm of management. Including: a basis of economic policy to date remains, on the one hand, a priority creation of local preferences, on the other – a stimulation of the subjects of the Federation for the development of foreign economic activity; social policy, reduced to the nominal possibility of using a set of social guarantees that are supposed to be linked to a settlement system; a program of measures for a development of federal relations as a whole boils down to establishing a relationship between the degree of efficiency of regional economy and the size of transfer payments from the federal center.

Nexus between Dividend Payment and Earnings Quality of Quoted Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria

The objective of this study is to ascertain the nexus between dividend payment and earnings quality of quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The study adopted the ex-post facto research design. It covered a period of ten years spanning from 2012 to 2021. The population of the study was44 quoted manufacturing firms out which 32 were selected as sample size using purposive sampling techniques. The data were collected from financial statement of the selected firms listed on the Nigeria Exchange Group as at 31 st December, 2021. The data were analyzed using Ordinary Least Square and operated by E-Views 11. The results showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between dividend-paying status and earning quality, there is a significant and negative relationship between dividend size and earning quality, there is a significant and positive relationship between dividend changes and earning quality, and there is a significant and negative relationship between dividend persistence and earning quality. This study concluded that there is nexus between dividend payment and earnings quality of listed manufacturing companies in Nigeria. It was recommended that, managers should maintain an increase in the value of the (cash) dividends paid divided by the net income of the year. Shareholders should watchfully evaluate the size of dividend payments: This is because managers paying bogus dividends may mask unhealthy firm performance. Managers should adopt a fluctuating rather than static dividend policy for its positive signaling effect on earnings quality. Investors should prioritize a high dividend payout since dividends offer assurance regarding the company's financial stability. The shareholders and policy regulators should be watchful of companies consistently declaring profits even in unstable times.

Financial modeling of the level of debt burden on the date of issuance of a mortgage loan in the primary residential real estate market

Subject. This article deals with financial modeling of the level of debt burden on the date of issuance of a mortgage loan in the primary residential real estate market. Objectives. The article aims to form a financial model for forecasting the level of debt burden on the date of issuance of a mortgage loan in the context of the regions of the Russian Federation, used in the current situation in the primary residential real estate market. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of retrospective, systems, functional and structural analyses, observation, and classification. Results. The article analyzes the main components of calculating the level of debt burden on the date of issuance of a mortgage loan in the context of the regions of the Russian Federation, and presents a financial model for forecasting this indicator through the ratio of the size of the mortgage payment to the disposable income of the household. Conclusions and Relevance. The article concludes that the formed financial model helps predict the level of debt burden on the date of issuance of a mortgage loan in the context of the regions of the Russian Federation, and it can also be used to analyze the dynamics of mortgage lending indicators.

Capital appreciation bonds and the cost of borrowing

AbstractA Capital Appreciation Bond (CAB) is a financial instrument that is most attractive as a resource‐flow management instrument. It bridges multiple fiscal years for jurisdictions experiencing rapid growth, potentially stretching for decades, but may also be used by localities experiencing fiscal distress. Using debt issuance data by independent school districts in Texas, who utilized almost all such bonds in the state, we present empirical evidence that CABs are associated with both the service and fiscal pressure factors. We further observe that, though the threat from CABs in terms of borrowing costs may have been exaggerated, enacting limits on debt repayment ratios (ratio of payment size at maturity to premium size) was likely the right legislative intervention.

Holding company location: a Polish tax perspective

This paper aims to present the size and structure of passive income payments, such as dividends, interest, royalty payments, and fees for intangible services, made by companies domiciled in Poland belonging to a multinational enterprises (MNE) group. The authors formulate a hypothesis that tax jurisdictions offering extensive legal and tax incentives for holding structures, in particular concerning the tax treatment of dividends and other withholding tax payments, are the preferred location of holding companies. A review of the literature and legal sources precedes empirical research. The empirical analysis shows that passive income flows, including dividends, interest, royalties, and fees for intangible services, which constitute the dominant type of payments to holding companies, are directed from Poland primarily to countries with tax and regulatory solutions that are friendly to holding companies, including in particular the so-called intra-EU tax havens, namely Luxembourg, Cyprus, the Netherlands, Malta and Ireland. Real trade with these countries is neither significant nor proportional to the scale of passive income.

Game-Theoretic Model for Stimulating High Performance of Regional Civil Servants in Russia

The priority goal of the country’s top leadership is to ensure sustainable socio-economic development of all constituent entities of the Russian Federation and improve the quality of life of their population. In a challenging geopolitical situation, achieving this goal is difficult. Only under the condition of an effective system of public administration is it possible to solve the main socio-economic problems in the Russian regions. This requires linking the size of collective incentive payments to regional civil servants to the achieved level of socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The foregoing predetermined the relevance of the research topic. The purpose of the paper is to substantiate the bonus calculation mechanism for the executive branch employees of the Russian regions, depending on the assessment of their ability to work as part of a team to achieve results, i. e. to perform their duties to a high standard. This involves the use of modern methods of economic and mathematical modeling, designed in this case to ensure the objectivity of assessment of the collective and individual performance (efficiency) of regional civil servants. This is the main scientific novelty of the paper. The practical implementation of the mechanism of collective and individual incentives for regional civil servants will create the preconditions for increasing the wages of such employees in all regions of the Russian Federation. Thus, the coordinated actions of civil servants from different ministries and departments of the Russian subsidized regions in the future will help increase their financial security and transition to the group of donor regions, and ultimately will create the possibility of increasing budget expenditures on wages for the executive branch employees.

Legal regulation of payment of membership fees in public associations.

The scientific article is devoted to the study of the legal regime and features of payment of membership fees in non-entrepreneurial societies. The specifics of the legal regulation of the payment of membership fees, concepts and types of membership fees according to the legislation of Ukraine have been analyzed. The author of the scientific work also analyzed the doctrinal approaches developed in this field of scientific research.&#x0D; The article analyzes the provisions on the payment of membership fees, as well as the agreement on the payment of membership fees. The specifics of paying membership fees based on the contract were determined, and the legal consequences of non-payment were analyzed.&#x0D; The author of the article proves that the payment of membership fees is mandatory, in connection with which non-fulfillment of the corresponding obligation entails such legal consequences as the exclusion of a member from the membership of a non-entrepreneurial society. A person who joins a non-entrepreneurial society voluntarily assumes the obligations stipulated by the statute or regulations, including the payment of membership fees, in return receives certain benefits depending on the type of statutory activity of the public association. Membership fees are used by a non-entrepreneurial society to implement the purpose and objectives of the activity, for which the relevant persons joined such a society.&#x0D; Current civil legislation in the field of non-entrepreneurial legal entities uses a dispositive approach to the procedure for paying membership fees, in connection with which their payment can be determined in the charters of public associations and on the basis of an agreement on the payment of membership fees. The legal nature of the agreement on the payment of membership fees is manifested in the fact that it is a bilateral accession agreement.&#x0D; Particular attention will be paid to the peculiarities of paying membership fees depending on the type of non-entrepreneurial society.&#x0D; The main types of membership fees are introductory, periodic, targeted and charitable. Membership fees can be money, securities, creative ideas. In case of non-payment of membership fees, such a method of liability as exclusion from the public association may be used.&#x0D; The possibility of local regulatory determination of the size and terms of payment of membership fees allows to establish an individual procedure for payment of membership fees, various benefits, and to exempt certain categories of persons from their payment.&#x0D; For the purpose of legal consistency in the terminology, it is advisable to use the concept of "membership contributions" as generic, and in the special sense to use the term "regular contributions";&#x0D; As a general rule, payment of membership fees is voluntary, however, in some cases, membership fees may be collected in a compulsory manner. The article supports the approach to the compulsory collection of membership fees as a requirement to fulfill an obligation.

Paying for Nursing Home Quality: An Elusive But Important Goal.

Paying for Nursing Home Quality: An Elusive But Important Goal.

Court Fine: the Discussion Continues

The article is devoted to the critical analysis of the criminal law institute of the judicial fine. Using statistical data and materials of judicial practice, the problems that arise in courts when solving private issues related to determining the size and timing of payment of a court fine are considered; difficulties arising from the formulation of the grounds for exemption from criminal liability with the appointment of a court fine; the nature and significance of a court fine are considered. It is suggested that through the institution of a judicial fine, the state seeks to replenish the budget, and the accused (suspect) — to avoid a criminal record. It is proposed to solve these problems through the promise of early removal of a criminal record in the case of voluntary and timely (advance) payment of a fine imposed as a criminal punishment

ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ЗАСАДИ ПЕРСПЕКТИВНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ГРОШОВОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ВІЙСЬКОВОСЛУЖБОВЦІВ ЗБРОЙНИХ СИЛ УКРАЇНИ

The article presents a model of the organizational structure of a promising system of monetary support for servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, and based on it, the theoretical and methodological foundations of this system were formed. It is proposed to form a promising system of monetary support for military personnel based on interdependent components that create an organizational structure. It was established and substantiated, using system-logical and functional approaches to the tasks, that the components of the perspective system of monetary support for military personnel should be parametric, informational, functional and technological components. The article defines and substantiates the content and purpose of each of the components. In the context of the modern military-political vision of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, it is claimed that the parametric component should reproduce the connection of the system with external factors and principles of system construction: general legal, branch and special. It is argued that the leading principles should be the rule of law, people- centrism, justice and legal equality, unity and differentiation of legal regulation, guaranteeing decent amounts of payments, etc. The information component should reproduce the information objects and data of the system, the size and conditions of monetary payments to servicemen. The main conditions for monetary support to servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine should be: qualification level, professional training and conscientious performance of assigned duties. The functional component should reproduce the structure and content of payments and social guarantees to military personnel. It has been established and substantiated that the payments are divided into basic by military rank and by years of service in the corresponding rank, and into allowances and additional payments according to the structure. The technological component reproduces the logic of the technological process of forming the system of monetary support for military personnel, mechanisms and tools for its implementation. It is claimed that the technological process of providing monetary support to military personnel should be carried out in the environment of a modern automated accounting and calculation system.