Paya Indah Research Articles

Sustaining ex-mining lake-converted constructed wetlands as nature-based solutions: A comprehensive assessment of the carbon-water nexus in Paya Indah Wetlands, Malaysia

Water and carbon, essential for Earth's well-being, face imminent threats from human activities that fuel climate change. This study investigates nature-based solutions, focusing on the carbon-water nexus of ex-mining lake-converted constructed wetlands, specifically in Malaysia's Paya Indah Wetlands (PIW). Addressing research gaps, it assesses the ecosystem services of these wetlands, emphasising integrated evaluations for informed land management and employing a top-down conservation approach. Methodologically, spatial assessments, soil and water sampling, carbon quantification, water quality index calculations, land cover classification and stakeholder surveys were conducted. Results underscore the significant carbon sequestration and water quality improvement potential of constructed wetlands, with soil and sediment carbon accumulation reaching 1553.11 Mg C ha−1 (equivalent to 5700 Mg CO2 ha−1), translating to an annual sequestration capacity of 67.5 Mg C ha−1 year−1. Water quality index values ranged from 58 to 81 (Classes II to III). PIW's establishment led to a reduction of over 90% in barren land, with increases in water bodies (36%) and vegetation-covered land (38%), boosting wildlife populations by 30%. Spatial variations in organic carbon density and water quality underscore the complexity of the carbon-water nexus and its impacts on ecosystem health and water security. Despite land use changes, PIW demonstrates resilience, contributing to climate change mitigation. Stakeholder perceptions vary, emphasising the need for adaptive strategies. The study proposes transdisciplinary conservation initiatives and adaptive plans, stressing the pivotal role of ex-mining lake-converted constructed wetlands in enhancing climate resilience.

The nature values of constructed wetlands in climate change mitigation and adaptation in the context of carbon-water nexus: stakeholders’ perception of Paya Indah wetlands, Malaysia

The nature values of constructed wetlands in climate change mitigation and adaptation in the context of carbon-water nexus: stakeholders’ perception of Paya Indah wetlands, Malaysia

Quantifying carbon pool in ex-mining lake-converted constructed wetlands of Paya Indah Wetlands, Selangor, Malaysia.

Ex-mining lake-converted constructed wetlands play a significant role in the carbon cycle, offering a great potential to sequester carbon and mitigate climate change and global warming. Investigating the quantity of carbon storage capacity of ex-mining lake-converted constructed wetlands provides information and justification for restoration and conservation efforts. The present study aims to quantify the carbon pool of the ex-mining lake-converted constructed wetlands and characterise the physicochemical properties of the soil and sediment. Pearson's correlation and a one-way ANOVA were performed to compare the different sampling stations at Paya Indah Wetland, Selangor, Malaysia. An analysis of 23years of ex-mining lake-converted constructed wetlands of Paya Indah Wetlands, Selangor, Malaysia, revealed that the estimated total carbon pool in soil and sediment accumulated to 1553.11 Mg C ha-1 (equivalent to 5700 Mg CO2 ha-1), which translates to an annual carbon sink capacity of around 67.5 Mg C ha-1 year-1. The characterisation showed that the texture of all soil samples was dominated by silt, whereas sediments exhibited texture heterogeneity. Although the pH of the soil and sediment was both acidic, the bulk density was still optimal for plant growth and did not affect root growth. FT-IR and WDXRF results supported that besides the accumulation and degradation of organic substances, which increase the soil and sediment carbon content, mineral carbonation is a mechanism by which soil and sediment can store carbon. Therefore, this study indicates that the ex-mining lake-converted constructed wetlands of Paya Indah Wetlands, Selangor, Malaysia have a significant carbon storage potential.

Water Quality Assessment and Decolourisation of Contaminated Ex-Mining Lake Water Using Bioreactor Dye-Eating Fungus (BioDeF) System: A Real Case Study.

The environmental conditions of a lake are influenced by its type and various environmental forces such as water temperature, nutrients content, and longitude and latitude to which it is exposed. Due to population growth and development limits, former mining lakes are being converted to more lucrative land uses like those of recreational zones, agriculture, and livestock. The fungus Ganoderma lucidum has the potential to be utilised as a substitute or to perform synergistic bacteria-coupled functions in efficient contaminated lake water treatment. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the water quality and water quality index (WQI) of an ex-mining lake named Main Lake in the Paya Indah Wetland, Selangor. Furthermore, the current work simulates the use of a Malaysian fungus in decolourising the contaminated ex-mining lake by the BioDeF system in a 300 mL jar inoculated with 10% (v/v) of pre-grown Ganoderma lucidum pellets for 48 h. According to the results, the lake water is low in pH (5.49 ± 0.1 on average), of a highly intense dark brownish colour (average reading of 874.67 ± 3.7 TCU), and high in iron (Fe) content (3.2422 ± 0.2533 mg/L). The water quality index of the lake was between 54.59 and 57.44, with an average value of 56.45; thus, the water was categorized as Class III, i.e., under-polluted water, according to the Malaysian Department of Environment Water Quality Index (DOE-WQI, DOE 2020). The batch bioreactor BioDeF system significantly reduced more than 90% of the water's colour. The utilization of Ganoderma lucidum as an adsorbent material offers a variety of advantages, as it is easily available and cultivated, and it is not toxic.

A practical approach for numerical modeling of a complex and data-limited hydrological system

Abstract By their nature, wetlands represent an ecosystem base for many concurrent heterogeneous interactions, where the mission of numerical modeling requires a wide range of consistent and reliable datasets from various sources, spatially and temporally. Such a mission usually collides with the existence of tremendous missing in time-series dataset(s). In this context, MIKE SHE was used to construct an integrated surface–subsurface flow model for the Paya Indah wetland in Malaysia where huge gaps exist in the historical datasets of water level and flow rate. To calibrate and validate the model to a satisfactory level, a tri-criteria simulation approach was applied to overcome the occasional missing values in these datasets. This goal was accomplished by calibrating the surface water level and channel flow while simultaneously matching the steady-state subsurface portion of the system wherever water table depth data allowed. Quantitatively, the integrated model scored the highest values of R (0.765 − 0.927) and CE (0.748 − 0.828) during the validation. However, large RMSE values were calculated for the flow rate during calibration at SWL2 (outlet; 0.766) and during validation at Langat River (0.780). This bias was attributed to the low or occasional absence of variation in the historical time-series datasets necessary for the simulation process.

First observation of Afromorgus chinensis (boheman, 1858) (Coleoptera: Trogidae) on a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus L., 1758) carcass and its implications in forensic entomology.

Beetles (Coleoptera) are known to constitute forensic evidence in medico-legal investigations as their presence can be used to date human remains in almost all decomposition stages. Many forensic studies focus on the successional colonization pattern of flies (Diptera); however, beetles have not so far been studied extensively for this aspect. A beetle of the genus Afromorgus Scholtz, 1986, A. chinensis (Boheman, 1858) (Scarabaeoidea: Trogidae), was found beneath a late decaying rabbit carcass at Paya Indah Wetland, Dengkil, Malaysia, for the first time. Both genus and species are already known to occur in Malaysia from literature.

Wetlands estimation survey using DotS method: The case of Paya Indah Wetlands (PIW), Malaysia

Climate change poses a detrimental impact on the environment due to increasing carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. In mitigating climate change, wetlands play a significant role in optimising the function of the earth's ecosystem for carbon sequestration and water resources rehabilitation. However, the effectiveness of wetlands management depends on an ecologically and statistically adequate dataset. Unfortunately, it is difficult for developing countries to implement area frame methods based on established sampling methods for data collection and monitoring. Thus, in this study, the dot sampling (DotS) method was adopted as it is simple, efficient, reliable and does not need a sample frame or high cost. DotS method uses the readily available platform, i.e., integration between Microsoft Excel-Macro (EM) and Google Earth (GE). This method systematically distributes the sample dots in GE's target area according to the locations generated by the EM. The field survey was then conducted at the sample dots of the target area in Paya Indah Wetlands (PIW) to ratify the site location. During the first stage, 72 dot sample locations were generated systematically, distributed across the target area, and 47 dot sample locations were located within the PIW. After the preparatory stage, 10 dot sample locations were eliminated. After the fieldwork inspection and evaluation, only 28 dot sample locations were selected as study stations. Hence, this study provides comprehensive data and examples applying the established DotS method with high reliability, accuracy, and rapidity in determining the number of study stations of wetlands. Based on the advantages, this study recommends the DotS method as a reliable survey method suitable for all study locations, especially in the ecology field. Applying the Dots methods as a surveying tool enables rapid land assessment in planning and suits the assessment of ex-mining constructed wetlands. K eywords: Climate change, constructed wetland, DotS method, estimation survey wetland, excel-macro, google earth

Assessing the Suitability of Habitats for Porphyrio porphyrio indicus and Amaurornis phoenicurus in Urban Wetlands of Peninsular Malaysia

It becomes imperative to understand the eco-climatic predictors and know the suitable habitat for Porphyrio porphyrio indicus and Amaurornis phoenicurus in the urban wetlands to prevent their local extinction. The study explored the habitat suitability for Porphyrio porphyrio indicus and Amaurornis phoenicurus in Paya Indah wetlands and Putrajaya wetlands of Peninsular Malaysia. Porphyrio porphyrio indicus and Amaurornis phoenicurus surveyed using the point count technique, and a stratified random design. The maximum entropy modelling (MEM) approach and geographic information systems employed to determine the influence of 17 eco-climatic factors on the suitable habitats for the species. Water at a minimum depth (44.30%) and rainfall (74.20%) contributed to the availability of suitable habitats for Porphyrio porphyrio indicus in Paya Indah and Putrajaya wetlands. Also, dissolved oxygen (56.60%) and salinity (43.50%) contributed to habitat suitability for Amaurornis phoenicurus in Paya Indah and Putrajaya wetlands. Large portions of the two urban wetlands were unsuitable for the Porphyrio porphyrio indicus and Amaurornis phoenicurus populations because of several eco-climatic factors. Thus, the models as management tools with a robust population monitoring database and framework would enhance the management effectiveness of the two species and urban wetlands.

Ecological factors and spatial heterogeneity of Terrestrial Birds in Peninsular Malaysia

In Malaysia, multiple land use by humans has opened the way to substantial loss of wetland ecosystem, and shrinkage of the populations, habitat and food bases of avian species. However, the study of the avian population especially terrestrial birds becomes eminent to understand the complexity of wetlands ecosystem structure, and also develop appropriate management with robust monitoring tools to ensure their ecological sustainability. The study aimed to determine the eco-climatic factors that influenced the occurrence of terrestrial birds and to develop their habitat suitability models in Paya Indah wetlands (PIW) and Putrajaya wetlands (PW), Malaysia. The distance sampling point count technique using stratified random design was employed to survey (from November 2016 to January 2019) and choose 57 and 54 point stations around 14 and 24 lakes of PIW and PW respectively. An automatic linear modelling algorithm and geographic information systems were employed to compute the importance ratios of seventeen eco-climatic factors (hydrology, 9; climatic, 5; waterscape, 1 and landscape, 2). The result showed that some of the observed terrestrial birds individual and estimated indices were significant. The model showed that more than 50% of the land mass were moderately suitable in Paya Indah wetland while 35.22 % were suitable in Putrajaya wetland. Thus, the models’ adoption as management tools would help in the sustenance of the wetlands’ habitat quality and management effectiveness of the terrestrial bird species.

Environmental Factors and Spatial Heterogeneity Affect Occupancy Estimates of Waterbirds in Peninsular Malaysia

In Malaysia, multiple land use by humans has caused substantial losses of wetland ecosystems, and shrinkage of the populations, habitat and food bases of avian species. However, studies of avian populations, especially of waterbirds, is important, allowing us to understand the complexity of the wetland ecosystem structure, and also develop appropriate management techniques with robust monitoring tools to ensure the ecological sustainability of wetlands. This study aimed to determine the eco-climatic factors influencing the occurrence of waterbirds and to develop habitat suitability models for thePaya Indah (PIW) and Putrajaya wetlands (PW), Malaysia. A distance sampling point count technique using stratified random design was employed to survey the wetlands from November 2016 to January 2019. A total of 57 sampling points at 14 lakes at PIW and 54 sampling points at 24 lakes at PW were chosen. An automatic linear modelling algorithm and geographic information systems were employed to compute the importance ratios of 17 eco-climatic factors (hydrology 9; climate 5; waterscape 1 and landscape 2). The results revealed that all individual and estimated indices for observed waterbirds were significant. The automatic linear modelling algorithm results for PIW waterbirds also showed that the maximum and minimum weights of the factors were land cover and water dissolved oxygen, while in PW they were atmospheric pressure and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). The maximum and minimum weights of the factors for waterbirds in PIW were water turbidity and electrical conductivity, while at PW they were atmospheric pressure and six water parameters. Large areas of Putrajaya Wetland were classified as more suitable for waterbirds than Paya Indah Wetland due to the favourable water pH, atmospheric pressure and land cover (forage availability). Thus, the models' adoption as a management tool can help in the maintenance of the wetlands' habitat quality and management effectiveness of waterbird species.

Modeling the fluctuations of groundwater level by employing ensemble deep learning techniques

This study proposes two techniques: Deep Learning (DL) and Ensemble Deep Learning (EDL) to predict groundwater level (GWL) for five wells in Malaysia. Two scenarios were proposed, scenario-1 (S1): GWL from 4 wells was used as inputs to predict the GWL in the fifth well and scenario-2 (S2): time series with lag time up to 20 days for all five wells. The results from S1 prove that the ensemble EDL generally performs superior to the DL in the estimation of GWL of each station using data of remaining four wells except the Paya Indah Wetland in which the DL method provide better estimates compared to EDL. Regarding S2, the EDL also exhibits superior performance in predicting daily GWL in all five stations compared to the DL model. Implementing EDL decreased the RMSE, NAE and RRMSE by 11.6%, 27.3% and 22.3% and increased the R, Spearman rho and Kendall tau by 0.4%, 1.1% and 3.5%, respectively. Moreover, EDL for S2 shows a high level of precision within less time lag, ranging between 2 and 4 compared to DL. Therefore, the EDL model has the potential in managing the sustainability of groundwater in Malaysia.

Comparison of Interrelationship with Site Occupancy, Population Structure and Foraging Ecology of Lesser Whistling Duck (Dendrocygna javanica) Among 10 Wetland Habitats of Paya Indah Wetlands, Peninsular Malaysia

Protecting ecosystems in the vicinity of rapidly urbanizing areas requires continuous monitoring and assessment. Currently, the extent of occurrence <20,000 km2 combined of Lesser Whistling Duck (LWD) is declining or fluctuating in range size, habitat extent/quality and population size. It is mostly found in either small number or small fragmented locations due to limited source of food variety. Hence, the study aimed to evaluate the interrelationship among site occupancy, population structure and foraging ecology of LWD (Dendrocygna javanica) among 10 wetland habitats in a Paya Indah Wetland (PIW), Peninsular Malaysia. Population analysis indicated that PIW harbored LWD density of 4.66 ± 1.12 birds/ha and relative abundance of 1,234 bird individuals. The highest naïve occupancy (NO=0.80), occupancy (Ψ=0.80 ± 0.18) and detection probability (P=0.98 ± 0.01) was detected for Belibis habitat and the lowest occupancy (Ψ=0.31 ± 0.04) in Kemoning habitat. LWD foraged on vegetation predominantly aquatic plants and as well as small vertebrates. The Akaike Information Criteria indicated that, the LWD had significant relationships with occupancy models (R2=0.93) and positive/strong correlationship with food varieties (R2=0.95). The findings indicated that Belibis wetland habitat harbored the highest LWD in terms of relative abundance and density than the other 10 wetland habitats. This study concludes that the interrelationship of site occupancy, density, and foraging ecology of LWD varied among different habitats.

Food Variety of Lesser Whistling Duck in Malaysian Lakes

Food distribution and diversity is a significant factor that determines the habitat and site selection of avian species. Its effects on the health, reproduction, survival rate, diversity indices, population structure and home range of avian species. In wetland ecosystem, bird home range and population structure is influenced by richness and diversity of food resources and availability of suitable foraging sites. The aim of the study was to ascertain the food variety of Lesser Whistling Duck - Dendrocygna javanica in Paya Indah Wetland Reserve (PIWR). A scan method was employed from strategic places or blinds using a spotting scope and binocular to determine the food selection and density by Distance sampling point count method. Food items were categorised into the aquatic plants (AP), aquatic invertebrates (AIV), aquatic vertebrates (AV), terrestrial plants (TP), terrestrial vertebrates (TV) and terrestrial invertebrates (TIV). Distance analysis indicated that PIWR harboured 3.88 ± 0.00 birds per ha (n = 188 individuals). In addition, the results revealed that higher bird relative abundance of Lesser Whistling Duck concentrated in the shallow of Belibis lake that was rich in submerged and emergent vegetation (Eleocharis dulcis, Philydrum lanuginosum, Utricularia vulgaris, and Potamogeton perfoliatus). Kruskal-Wallis H test showed that food items were significantly different. Lesser Whistling Duck showed strong correlationship with AIV (r2 = 1.00, P<0.05) and negative relationship with water TP (r2 = -0.061, P<0.05). The regression model highlighted that Lesser Whistling Duck significantly preferred aquatic invertebrates, r2 = -0.686±0.68; P<0.001 and aquatic vertebrates, -0.459±0.26) than other food items. The results revealed that shallow marshy-based lakes rich in aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates harboured higher population of Lesser Whistling Ducks to utilize it and performed multiple activities than other habitats.

Comparison of waterbird species composition and habitat characteristics of two different wetlands of Malaysia

Waterbird species composition and habitat characteristics at two ecologically different wetlands (Paya Indah and Putrajaya) were compared in order to determine the habitat suitability of each particular habitat for waterbird species. A total of 30 waterbird species representing 10 families were recorded through direct observation in both wetland habitats (26 waterbird species in Paya Indah and 22 species in Putrajaya wetland habitats). Out of 30 waterbird species, 17 species were commonly recorded from both habitats, 4 species were absent in Paya Indah and 8 species in Putrajaya. Ardeidae was the dominant family based on the number species (11 waterbird species) while Charadriidae, Ciconiidae, Jacanidae, Pelicanidae and Podicipedidae were the rarest families (only one species was recorded) in both wetland habitats. This indicated that both wetland habitats may vary in waterbird species composition habitat characteristics, that is, a total of 34 aquatic plant species (21 species in Paya Indah and 18 species in Putrajaya wetland) belonging to 14 families were sampled during study period. Five plant species, namely, Water Chestnut– Eleocharis dulcis, Twig Rush– Lepironia articulate, Blue Lotus– Nymphaea nouchali, Common Reed– Phragmites karaka and Cattail– Typha angustifolia were commonly recorded from both habitats. However, 13 aquatic plant species were absent in Paya Indah and 16 species in Putrajaya wetland. The findings of this study, revealed that Paya Indah wetland is rich in waterbird species composition and habitat characteristics as compared to Putrajaya wetland habitat. This might be due to the richness and diversity of aquatic vegetation composition, occurrence of suitable foraging and breeding sites that had attracted the highest number of waterbird species to utilize the Paya Indah wetland habitat. Key words: Waterbirds, aquatic vegetation, Paya Indah, wetland.

Hydrogeological and Environmental Study of Sungai Serai, Hulu Langat

This study was a part of the applied field course at our department. The field work was done during the weekends for two weeks and it involves several locations including Bestari Jaya, Ulu Yam Dam, Paya Indah, Sungai (Sg.) Serai some open sand mining areas and others. The methods of sample extraction and handling were taught on site. Each group is divided into these respective locations for the study. For our group which is Group 4, the location assigned is Sg. Serai area. Equipment and item needed for this study was provided by the Geology Department. These equipment and item includes the water pump, the Hydro lab instrument, the cooler, and the sample bottle. The objective of this study was to study the geohydrology of the study area and to understand the environment of surrounding areas and its effect on the hydrology.

Avian Assemblages at Paya Indah Natural Wetland Reserve, Malaysia

Estimating accurate avian assemblages such as density and diversity are key factors for the conservation and management of birds and their habitats. Avian assemblages based on status in five habitats at Paya Indah Natural Wetland Reserve were determined using the distance sampling, point count method, at 121 count stations. A total of 100 bird species (64 resident, 18 migratory, 16 resident-migratory and 2 vagrant bird species) were detected from November 2012 to January 2014. The highest bird density was recorded for resident birds (72.2 ± 3.8 bird’s ha-1) and the lowest for vagrant birds (0.1 ± 0.1 birds ha-1). In which Resident birds have significantly higher density, species diversity, richness and evenness compared to resident-migrant and migratory birds.

Estimating Willingness to Pay for Wetland Conservation: A Contingent Valuation Study of Paya Indah Wetland, Selangor Malaysia

The objective of this study is to estimate the visitors’ willingness to pay (WTP) for conservation of Paya Indah Wetlands (PIW) using Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). Respondents were randomly selected for data collection through face-to-face interview. A logit model was used to estimate the visitors’ WTP entrance fee to PIW. The study results indicated that visitors’ level of income and bid price were the significant factors influencing visitors’ WTP. The mean WTP amount obtained was RM 7.12 per visitor. The findings also showed that the expected benefit of conservation program in PIW was estimated at RM 630,768 in 2012.

Assessing the Effects of Aquatic Vegetation Composition on Waterbird Distribution and Richness in Natural Freshwater Lake of Malaysia

Aquatic vegetation structure and composition is a major driven factor which plays a significant role in waterbird foraging sites and habitat selection. Assessing the effects of aquatic vegetation composition on the distribution and richness of waterbird in a freshwater lake is a useful tool to understand the habitat requirement and preference of waterbird species for future better conservation and management. A total of 19 aquatic plants was recorded in the Paya Indah lake using 10 X 10 m quadrant method. Eleocharis variegata (13.0%), E. dulcis (12.0%), Scirpus mucronatus (11.0%), and Fimbristylis globulosa (10.0%) were the most dominant aquatic plants which cover around 46.0% of the lake area. Likewise, a total of 1492 bird individuals represnting 24 waterbird species and 8 families was recorded through direct observation using 10X50 binocular. Porphyrio porphyrio (17.02%), Amaurornis phoenicurus (15.82%), and Ardea purpurea (8.31%) were three most common waterbird species in the study area. In contrast, three waterbird species, namely Hydrophasianus chirurgus (0.8%), Tachybaptus ruficollis (0.6%), and Gallirallus striatus (0.54%) were the rarest i.e., recorded only a few individuals. Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient test illustrated that aquatic vegetation species have strong positive correlationship (i.e., r = 0.9259, P > 0.05) with waterbird species distribution and richness in the lake area. This showed that higher waterbird richness could be due to the diversity of aquatic vegetation species composition. Overall, the finding of this study highlighted that Paya Indah Lake is rich in aquatic vegetation structure and composition that had attracted a wide array of waterbird to perform various activities such as food, water, habitat and reproduce.

Quantifying Tropical Wetlands Using Field Surveys, Spatial Statistics and Remote Sensing

Tropical wetlands support high biodiversity and ecological services, but in most areas they suffer from a paucity of baseline data to support management. We demonstrate how modern technology can be used to develop ecological baseline data including, landuse/landcover, water depth, water quality, lake-level fluctuation, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). For the first time we quantified and mapped these metrics for the Paya Indah Wetlands, Malaysia using the new high-spatial-resolution World View 2 imagery. Landuse/landcover classifications were validated by field visits and visual interpretation of the imagery. NDVI was extracted based on red and near infra-red 2 bands. Topo to Raster method was used for interpolation of water depths. Annual mean of a water-quality index and annual water-level fluctuation of lakes were interpolated across lakes using the inverse-distance weighting method. Qualitative and quantitative accuracy assessment of classification (75 % overall accuracy, user’s accuracies ranged from 60 % to 90 % and producer’s accuracy ranged from 60 % to 97 %) was promising and clearly illustrated that World View 2 imagery can yield fast and reasonably precise identification of ecosystem characteristics for ecological baselines.

Groundwater quality assessment of a freshwater wetland in the Selangor (Malaysia) using electrical resistivity and chemical analysis

Groundwater quality of the Paya Indah Wetland (PIW) was targeted for the present study using integrated two-dimensional electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) and hydrochemical surveys. Electrical resistivity and the influence of variations in the lake level were investigated using daily water balance measurements, water sampling and geochemical analysis, and well-logging. The geoelectrical resistivity surveys comprised 14 resistivity traverses in the PIW. The resistivity surveys predicted the high-permeability areas separated in order to provide pathways for lake drainage. The resistivity inverse model showed that the freshwater zone is extremely clear. Chemical analyses of the groundwater samples obtained from seven boreholes from 2010 to 2013 were studied. The total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity were represented as being less than 500 mg/L and 600 μmhos/cm, respectively, and freshwater was therefore indicated. The lake water level was proportionate to rainfall fluctuation with the level measured in 2010. The soil and groundwater confirmed there to be fresh and brackish water zones in the study area, this result being obtained from ERI and the hydrochemistry of the groundwater samples.