Pay Off Research Articles

How Many Checks Are Needed per Cycle in a Plant Breeding or Variety Testing Programme?

ABSTRACTCheck varieties are used in plant breeding and variety testing for a number of reasons. One important use of checks is to provide connectivity between years, which facilitates comparison among genotypes of interest that are tested in different years. When long‐term data are available, such comparisons allow an assessment of realized genetic gain (RGG). Here, we consider the question of how many check varieties are needed per cycle for a reliable assessment of RGG. We propose an approach that makes use of variance component estimates for relevant random effects in a linear mixed model and plugs them into an analysis of dummy datasets set up to represent the design options being considered. Our results show that it is useful to employ a larger number of checks and to keep the replacement rate low. Furthermore, there is intercycle information to be recovered, especially when there are few checks and replacement rates are high, so modelling the cycle main effect as random pays off.

Has the Euro Paid Off? A Study of the Trade‐Induced Welfare Effects of the EMU

Has the Euro Paid Off? A Study of the Trade‐Induced Welfare Effects of the EMU

Do CEO Connections to the Chinese Politburo Pay Off and How?

ABSTRACTResearch Question/IssueThis study investigates the effect of connections to the Politburo, the top 25 members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), on CEO compensation, pay‐for‐performance sensitivity, and turnover decisions using a comprehensive dataset of 3764 Chinese listed firms from 2007 to 2019.Research Findings/InsightsOur findings reveal that CEOs of privately owned listed firms who have connections to the Politburo via shared educational backgrounds receive significantly higher compensation (up to 20% more). However, such connections do not significantly affect CEO compensation in state‐owned enterprises (SOEs). CEOs who have connections to the Politburo also exhibit lower turnover rates, and their compensation is less sensitive to performance outcomes. Our measure of connections excludes reverse causality, as we leverage an exogenous shock—the promotion to the Politburo of an individual with whom the CEO is already connected—to investigate the gain associated with a political connection in the absence of CEO turnover in private firms. This event allows us to observe that CEO pay increases significantly in such cases. We also find that elite connections serve as a mechanism for resource allocation, as politically connected CEOs in private firms benefit from higher subsidies and lower tax rates, and politically connected CEOs in SOEs benefit by being appointed to larger SOEs. Additionally, we find that the positive relationship between CEO pay and elite connections is even stronger when the connection is stronger but is negative when the CEO is a CCP member.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsThis study enriches the literature on political connections by introducing a novel proxy for elite connections based on past educational ties to members of the political elite. It disentangles the influence of personal educational connections to the political elite from that of a more generic political membership of the CCP, offering a clearer understanding of their distinct impacts.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsOur study underscores the necessity of differentiating between private and SOEs in China due to their distinct characteristics and goals. Furthermore, it highlights the critical role of elite political connections in emerging economies such as China in resource allocation, labor market dynamics, and corporate governance.

Do Export Controls Pay Off in the Long Term? A Study of Trade Bans in Great Power Crises

Do Export Controls Pay Off in the Long Term? A Study of Trade Bans in Great Power Crises

Does Investment in Formal HRM Pay off for New Firms? A Meta-Analytic Review

Does Investment in Formal HRM Pay off for New Firms? A Meta-Analytic Review

The Weakness of Weak Ties: Do Social Capital Investments Among Leaders Pay off During Disasters

The Weakness of Weak Ties: Do Social Capital Investments Among Leaders Pay off During Disasters

Selection of Small and Diverse Suppliers and Contractual Performance: Do Set-Asides Pay Off?

Selection of Small and Diverse Suppliers and Contractual Performance: Do Set-Asides Pay Off?

Legal Protection of Debtors for Fiduciary Collateral Objects Whose Debts Have Been Paid Off Based on the Fiduciary Guarantee Law and Government Regulation Number 21 of 2015

Fiduciary Guarantee is an accessory agreement that follows the principal agreement it guarantees. If the principal agreement ends, the Fiduciary Guarantee agreement also ends. However, the recording of the encumbrance and granting of the Fiduciary Guarantee contained in the Fiduciary Guarantee Register Book at the Fiduciary Registration Office can be crossed out or deleted (roya) if requested by the Fiduciary Beneficiary (Article 25 paragraph (3) of Law No. 42/1999 on Fiduciary Guarantee). Legal protection is provided in the event of full repayment or repayment of the debt secured by the Fiduciary Guarantee Object. Based on Article 25 paragraph (1) of Law No. 42/1999, this is one of the reasons for fiduciary abolition. The Fiduciary is obliged to notify the abolition of the Fiduciary Guarantee to the Fiduciary Registration Office so that the Fiduciary Guarantee can be removed from the Fiduciary Guarantee Register Book. The nature of the Fiduciary Guarantee depends on the existence of the receivables whose repayment is guaranteed. If the receivables are written off due to debt repayment or disposal, the related Fiduciary Guarantee is automatically deleted. If the Creditor does not perform the deletion, the Debtor may take legal action, either through litigation or non-litigation. An obstacle to legal protection for the Fiduciary is if the Fiduciary does not complete the Fiduciary Guarantee Certificate online. Law No. 42/1999 and its implementing regulation, PP No. 21/2015, do not include sanctions for the Fiduciary or its representative if the Fiduciary Guarantee Certificate is not done. This results in no legal certainty over the object of the Fiduciary Guarantee if the Fiduciary does not perform it, because the object used as collateral remains registered with the Ministry of Law and Human Rights and the Fiduciary Guarantee Certificate is still considered valid and cannot be re-registered in accordance with Article 17 paragraph (2) of Government Regulation No. 21 of 2015.

Does School Academic Selectivity Pay Off? The Education, Employment and Life Satisfaction Outcomes of Australian Students

ABSTRACT The long-term benefits of academically selective schools have not been thoroughly explored in the Australian context. This research draws on data from a longitudinal study of Australian young people (n = 2933) and utilises Nearest-neighbour matching techniques to explore whether individuals who attend academically selective schools have better outcomes than those who attend non-selective schools. This research explores a range of post-school outcomes, including engagement in education or employment, years of education and life satisfaction. Participants who graduated from academically selective schools reported slightly higher general life satisfaction scores. Limitations around the available data and measures used for identifying selective schools are discussed, but these results indicate that attending an academically selective school is not associated with major benefits for individuals. We argue that academically selective schools contradict the principles of inclusive and equitable education which underpin Australia’s school system. The results speak to policy makers who play a key role in evaluating and regulating selective processes.

Does Readability of Textual Disclosures in Modern Slavery Reports Pay Off? Evidence from a Regulatory Setting

This study examines the association between textual disclosure readability in modern slavery reports and firm value. Using 212 Australian modern slavery statements for the financial year 2019–2020, a positive association is found between more readable textual disclosures in modern slavery reports and firm value. The study also finds that an optimistic tone in textual disclosures and better firm-level corporate governance accentuate this impact. Further analysis shows that the informative information component of textual disclosures in modern slavery reports is positively priced by investors. Our study’s findings contribute to the debate on why firms should consider improving the textual disclosure readability of modern slavery reports. The study also informs various regulators (e.g. Australian Border Force, Australian Securities and Investments Commission [ASIC], European Union [EU] and United Kingdom [UK] government agencies, etc.) and international organisations about firm-level efforts to promote high-quality reporting on the modern slavery risk.

Money in the 21st Century: Cheap, Mobile and Digital, by RichardHolden (University of California Press, Oakland, CA, 2024). 209 pages and The Pay Off: How Changing the Way We Pay Changes Everything, by GottfriedLeibbrandt and Natashade Terán (Elliott and Thompson, London, 2022). 292 pages

Money in the 21st Century: Cheap, Mobile and Digital, by RichardHolden (University of California Press, Oakland, CA, 2024). 209 pages and The Pay Off: How Changing the Way We Pay Changes Everything, by GottfriedLeibbrandt and Natashade Terán (Elliott and Thompson, London, 2022). 292 pages

How and When Does Engaging Customers in Environmental Sustainability Pay Off? The Role of Business Strategy

This study explores the influence of consumer engagement for sustainability purposes on customer satisfaction and firm performance. Our study utilized unique actual data on the study variables to test these relationships in the context of S&P 500 firms. We collected data from 405 firms from 2013 to 2022. The analysis revealed that customer engagement is positively related to firm performance and customer satisfaction. The OLS approach demonstrated that a one-unit increase in CE resulted in an 8.1% improvement in company value and a 4.7% improvement in customer satisfaction. It also revealed that the relationship between customer engagement and firm performance is stronger when the company integrates climate change into their strategies. These findings offer meaningful implications for theory and practice in the context of sustainability.

Will the Increased Investment in Early Childhood Education and Care in Canada Pay off? It Depends!

Le présent article explore l'impact potentiel d'une augmentation de l'investissement dans les services de soins éducatifs à la petite enfance au Canada. Avec un investissement de plusieurs milliards de dollars visant à rendre des soins de haute qualité accessibles, abordables, flexibles et inclusifs pour tous les Canadiens et toutes les Canadiennes, ce projet devrait refaçonner le paysage des services de garde au Canada. Une amélioration de l'accès aux services de soins éducatifs à la petite enfance est importante, mais ne suffit pas. La qualité doit être la pierre angulaire du programme, et les besoins de familles à faible revenu doivent faire l'objet d'une attention particulière. Des mesures incitatives stratégiques pour les fournisseurs de soins et un appui financier pour le personnel éducatif constituent des façons pratiques d'améliorer de façon significative l'efficacité et la portée des services de soins éducatifs à la petite enfance. L'objectif n'est pas simplement d'avoir plus de places en garderie, mais d'offrir de meilleurs soins pour tous. L'article tire parti de toute une gamme d’études de recherche et de documents de politiques pour explorer les défis et les bénéfices potentiels de cet ambitieux projet et pour offrir des recommandations sur la façon dont les intervenants peuvent travailler ensemble à assurer sa réussite. Note des rédacteurs : Le premier volume de Canadian Public Policy/Analyse de politiques a été publié en 1975. Ce volume-ci est le cinquantième. Pour commémorer cet événement, nous avons organisé une série de conférences qui sont publiées dans ce numéro spécial. La professeure Dhuey a donné cette conférence lors des réunions de l'Association canadienne d’économique à Winnipeg en juin 2023.

Green pays off: the impact of corporate carbon strategies on corporate financial performance

Green pays off: the impact of corporate carbon strategies on corporate financial performance

Being Happy Pays Off! Positive Affect Shaping Employee Creativity in the Hospitality Industry Through the Lens of Broaden-and-Build Theory

Service organizations, particularly in the hospitality sector, are constantly under pressure to meet the ever-increasing and ever-changing expectations of the customers, in an innovative manner; making employee creativity a mainstream demand. Researchers and practitioners are pondering ways to frame employee creativity in the hospitality industry. This study aims to empirically investigate the role of positive affect in framing employee creativity in the hospitality industry. The broaden-and-build theory was employed to explain the framework under study, examining relations between affective, cognitive, psychological, and social factors that may shape employee creativity in the hospitality industry. Data was collected from 391 employees, working in hotels and restaurants in Pakistan, on a structured survey, by using a purposive sampling approach. The PLS-SEM approach was considered for data analysis. The findings show a positive relationship between positive affect and perspective-taking. The previously understudied relationship between perspective-taking and thriving at work was found significant. The relationship of perspective-taking with structural and relational social capital was also found significant. Supporting prior research, our results show that thriving at work and relational social capital lead to employee creativity. Interestingly, the relationship between structural social capital and employee creativity was insignificant. This study provides valuable insights for practitioners and hospitality managers to shape employee creativity by considering positive affect as a stimulator.

Love of Work or Love and Work: Does a Business Owner’s Compulsion to Work Pay Off?

AbstractA business owner’s compulsion to work is a condition that can have jarring effects on business-owning families. A compulsion to work has been defined as a component of workaholism. A random sample of 478 small business owners in the United States were classified as “compulsive” and “non-compulsive” owners using cluster analysis. A probit regression was used to determine the characteristics associated with being a compulsive owner. The probability of being a compulsive owner was lower for female owners, was higher as the number of children in the house increased, and was inversely related to family-business functioning. Further analysis found that compulsive owners did not have higher business incomes than non-compulsive owners. Thus, a compulsion to work did not appear to pay off for small business owners. We contribute to the literature by identifying factors associated with compulsive owner tendencies and if those tendencies lead to higher business income.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis Before and After COVID-19 Pandemic: Has the Immunity Debt Been Paid Off?

Our aim was to hypothesize that the COVID-19 pandemic influenced the characteristics of viral bronchiolitis by comparing the last 3 epidemics with 3 pre-COVID-19 epidemics in infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis. We prospectively enrolled 637 consecutive infants (median age 3.0 ± 2.1 months, 58.5% males), hospitalized for bronchiolitis during 6 consecutive annual epidemic seasons from 2017 to 2023. All parents of the children were given a structured anamnestic questionnaire. A nasopharyngeal aspirate was tested for 15 respiratory viruses. As measures of severity, we evaluated the O 2 supplementation and the admission at the pediatric intensive care unit. A total of 166 were hospitalized with bronchiolitis in 2017-2018, 97 in 2018-2019, 69 in 2019-2020, 0 in 2020-2021, 129 in 2021-2022 and 176 in 2022-2023. Taking together the 332 bronchiolitis cases hospitalized during the 3 prepandemic seasons, they peaked between December and January; after the flat curve in 2020-2021, the cases of bronchiolitis peaked in November 2021 and in December 2022. While the 2021-2022 season registered a less severe clinical presentation, O 2 supplementation and pediatric intensive care unit admissions increased in 2022-2023 with respect to the prepandemic seasons ( P < 0.001). This study represents an important scientific demonstration of the impact of primary prevention measures on the epidemiology of viral infections; their fluctuations were related to the intensity of restrictive measures and to the changing trend of respiratory viruses. It is essential to predict the real temporal trend of bronchiolitis not to leave high-risk children uncovered and to guide hospitals to maintain a high level of readiness.

Does Investing in ESG Pay Off? Evidence from REITs

Does Investing in ESG Pay Off? Evidence from REITs

Does Packaging in Green Pay off? Role of Green Packaging on Firm Performance: Evidence from a Developing Economy

Purpose: Greening supply chains has become important more than ever among business firms carving out competitive niches. With the ever increasing complexity in business operations characterised by demand for higher value, supply chain firms are increasingly turning to green practices to not only achieve better results but also be socially responsible. While this is so, Euro monitor International report, 2020 discloses that globally, the manufacturing sector experienced 4.6% drop in market share by 2021, partly orchestrated by environmental upheavals due to business practices. The study sought to examine whether adopting green packaging pays off by establishing effect of green packaging on firm performance in a developing economy, Kenya.&#x0D; Methodology: The study achieved this through a mixed methods design on a population of 460 managers and 92 CEOs, interacted through a structured questionnaire and interview schedule. Standard linear regression in SPSS version 24 and thematic analysis were adopted. Results show that green packaging has significant positive effect on performance (R2=.394, β=.628, p&lt;.05), practically denoting that unit increase of packaging in green results to 0.628 units improvement in performance.&#x0D; Findings: The results provide sufficient evidence that indeed, packaging in green pays off. Further, the paper ground theoretical puts by Hart (1995) that green packaging is a pivotal resource.&#x0D; Unique contributor to theory, policy and practice: We provide interesting conclusions that green packaging pays off, advising managers and industry stakeholders to adopt policies of leveraging it. A research agenda is offered to further scholarly subsequent discussions.

Does Excellence Pay Off? Evidence from the Italian Wine Market

Abstract Considering the Italian wine market, we investigate the relationship between product quality, on the one hand, and profits and profitability, on the other hand. Using data from 1052 wineries over the period 2006–2015, we find robust evidence of a positive relationship between product quality, measured by the wineries’ reputation for quality, and profits, measured by the Earnings Before Interest, Depreciation and Amortization. By contrast, we observe no relationship between reputation and profitability, measured by the Return on Invested Capital.