Paving Stone Research Articles

Curtailing the Environmental Impact of Waste Plastics through Re-use for Sustainable Paving Stone Manufacture in Kinshasa City

In Kinshasa, attacks on the environment and human well-being continue to increase with the accumulation of thermoplastic waste (LDPE, HDPE and PET) mainly produced. Collected in unsanitary landfills, this waste pollutes the environment with all the consequences on health. This study makes it possible to reduce the socio-environmental impacts of thermoplastic waste by reusing them for the manufacture of paving stones for the sanitation of Kinshasa. Specifically, it initiates the collection of thermoplastic waste, recycling techniques for the production of paving stones and raising awareness among Citizens and Decision-Makers of the importance of their management. Thus, a survey questionnaire was administered to a sample of 1276 households. The proportions of materials used to obtain the resistant paving stones are: 60% fine sand, 35% LDPE and HDPE and 5% PET. Melted at 200°C, the thermoplastics are mixed with sand until a homogeneous paste is obtained to be poured into moulds prearranged on a metal table. The consolidated pavers are removed from the mould after 45 minutes using a hammer. The results obtained show that 4% of households manage their waste better and that 96% contribute to plastic pollution. 87.1% of households denounce the harmful effects of thermoplastics on the environment and point out the clogging of gutters (28.4%), the pollution of space (25%) and the pollution of rivers (16.5%). Twenty-two pavers with an average weight of 1953.33 ± 6.22 gr are manufactured. The weight loss of the materials is 14.2% (7.1 kg). The compressive strength of the pavers is 32.74 ± 0.94 N/mm². In short, reducing the socio-environmental impacts of thermoplastic waste in Kinshasa is complex and requires a multidimensional approach with the efforts of all stakeholders.

Comparative Study of Recycling between Waste of Granules and Raw Thermoplastics (LDPE, HDPE and PET) Mixed with Sand for the Manufacture of Paving Stones in the City of Kinshasa in DRC

Objectives: The utilization of waste LDPE, HDPE, and PET, either in their raw or granulated forms, for manufacturing paving stones raises several challenges, including the production of weaker and less durable paving stones, increased atmospheric pollution, and material loss. This research aims to identify the most advantageous process for employing thermoplastic waste in paving stone production.
 Research Design: The study is structured into five sections: introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion.
 Location and Duration: The study was conducted in the city of Kinshasa, and the experiments were carried out in July 2021.
 Methodology: Raw and granulated thermoplastic waste (LDPE, HDPEE and PET) were respectively mixed with fine grained sand (] 0.063 – 0.2 mm [).The mixture was heated to obtain homogeneous paste. The later was poured into molds in order to manufacture the paving stones which were tested for resistance.
 Results: On average, the ratio of thermoplastic granules to raw material yielded a recycling time of 17/22 minutes, producing 13/7 pavers. The weight loss of materials was 5.29±0.98/9.95±1.89 kg, and the strength was measured at 12.3±2.19/6.4±1.61 N/mm². The optimal material composition demonstrating the highest strength at 22.45 N/mm² comprised 30% LDPE and HDPE, 10% PET, and 60% sand.
 Conclusion: Comparing raw thermoplastic waste with granulated thermoplastic waste, the latter proves more beneficial. Granulated thermoplastic waste yields more consolidated pavers, reduces weight loss of materials, shortens recycling time, minimizes smoke emission, and provides a superior average strength of pavers.

북한의 권력구조 변화와 헌법개정에 관한 상관성 고찰

The Constitution of North Korea was enacted and promulgated on September 8, 1948 as the People's Democratic Constitution, and the Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was newly adopted on December 27, 1972, including the 2019 Constitution, which did not guarantee basic human rights such as life, liberty, and property of all people, or operate as a norm to control and limit the supreme power of the state. From a legal normative perspective, North Korea's supreme authority exists beyond the constitution and is not bound by the law, and he has no real limits to the exercise of his constitutional powers. It can be said to be a state system in which the policies of the party and the state and the state's official governance system, such as the constitution, must coincide with the will of the leader, the sole leader. Likewise South Korean rulers in the past amended the Constitution with political intentions to prolong the regime, this paper attempted to examine what the political implications of the supreme power in North Korea's constitutional amendment there were, and find out what role the Constitution played in establishing the hereditary system leading to Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il, and Kim Jong Un. In addition, it was a question about the North Korea system, how it gave legitimacy to the power succession by using the constitutional normative power for the unique national hereditary succession by blood in the socialist system. For this purpose, in particular, this paper employed North Korea's 1992 constitutional amendment, Kim Jong-il's succession to power, Kim Il-sung's posthumous rule and 1998 constitution, and Kim Jong-il's posthumous Kim Il-sung--Kim Jong-il's constitution as the main subject of research. To understand the correlation between changes in the power structure of North Korea and the constitution, this paper tried to investigate first of all, what there are in the contents of the constitutional paving stone for the succession of Kim Jong-il and Kim Jong Un, and find out Kim Jong-il's posthumous rule developed after Kim Il-sung's death and the intention of constitutionalization work for the deceased Kim Il-sung, and examine how the constitutional acceptance of the newly emerged state guidance guidelines was along with the hereditary succession of state power, and what intention there was in the constitutional reflection of the governing philosophy by deleting the previous highest state position and changing the new state position. It was because of the political intention shown in the amendment of the North Korea Constitution and the desire to approach the practical legal and normative environment of North Korea.

Sintering and Crystallization Intensifiers for Production of Ceramic Paving Blocks by Vibropressing Technology

The article presents the results of research on application of sintering and crystallization initiators based on a composition of blast-furnace granulated slag and glass wastes in the ceramic masses for production of ceramic paving blocks by vibro-pressing. The leading role of sintering and crystallization initiators in assuring the strong and dense structure of ceramic pieces was updated. The main laws of changes in physical and mechanical properties of ceramic paving stone samples depending on the amount of sintering and crystallization initiators in the burning temperature range 950–1000 °C have been established. It was determined that the availability of finely dispersed glass powder (fraction less than 0.1 mm) as a component of crystallization sintering initiators contributes to early emergence of liquid phase in the ceramic mass, as softening temperature of glass powder begins already at 720–750 °C. According to the results of X-ray phase and electron microscopic analysis it was determined that crystallization of low-temperature form of ß-wollastonite (CaSiO3) is observed in the samples burnt at the temperature range of 950–1000 °C. It was proved that the availability of ß-wollastonite in the ceramic mass serves as a reinforcing component. It has been established that high strength values are achieved in those compositions where ß-wollastonite crystallization in the burning products is the highest. As a result of scientific and experimental work the feasibility of producing the ceramic paving stones by vibropressing containing sintering and crystallization initiators that meet the requirements of quality, aesthetics, environmental friendliness, resource- and energy-saving was proved.

Comparative Study of Cement Replacement with Waste Plastic in Interlocking Paving Stone for Highway Construction in Nigeria

Portland cement remains the major binder used in the construction of concrete pavements, interlocking stones, and many other aspects of construction, and this implies a high dependence on the commodity thus making it scares and expensive and hence the need to explore other alternatives. This research compares the use of waste plastics and Portland cement for the production of paving stones. In this study, three cases were considered, each case having a study sample and a control sample. Case 1, case 2, and case 3 had mix ratios of (in order of, binder to sand to granite) 1:1:1, 1:1:1.5, and 1:1.5:2.5 respectively, of which the controls were made using Portland cement as the binder and the samples were made with waste plastic as the binder. The comparison was done using compressive strength and water absorption resistance values of the controls and the sample. The results showed that paving stones made from Portland cement have better compressive strength in all cases compared to the samples, the highest compressive strength obtained from the controls was 45N/mm2 while that of the sample was 25N/mm2, however, the study sample showed the highest water absorption resistance percentage of 5%, when compared to the control samples which had as low as 0.8%. This infers that paving stones made from melted waste plastics may not be as strong as those made from Portland cement can be used for roads expected to carry lighter traffic, and are also very suitable for areas of high water table or areas prone to flooding. The samples in this research were made locally and were limited to the three mix ratios mentioned. Further research can be done using a mechanized method to produce the samples, also partial replacement of cement with waste plastic may hence the strength of the paving stone.

Recycling of Waste Plastic for the Production of Road Interlocking Paving Stone in Nigeria

As the demand for construction materials increases, the need to find alternative construction materials that are readily available and cheaper is imperative. This research attempts to explore the recycling of waste plastic as a complete replacement for the Portland cement used in the production of pavement interlocking paving stones.
 Three specimens were produced, by varying the ratio of the waste plastic with the fine and coarse aggregates. The content of melted waste plastic in specimens A, B, and C was 33%, 29%, and 20% respectively. The specimens were crushed to determine their compressive strength. Specimen A having 33% melted waste plastic had the highest compressive strength of 25.7 N/mm2, For effective binding with the aggregates, the melted waste plastic should not be less than 30% of the mixture.

Pengendalian Kualitas Produk Paving Block untuk Meminimalkan Cacat Menggunakan Six Sigma pada UD. Meurah Mulia

A production process will not be free of difficulties with faulty goods during its implementation; this is a problem that is a major factor in the production process; if the process still has many problems with product defects, the process has not been adequately regulated. Moving on from the issues raised above, the author did research at UD. Meurah Mulia, a paving stone manufacturer. For the time being, the control process in the manufacturing process is inspection control, which is an inspection that just distinguishes good and faulty goods without improving the process. In this scenario, the authors advise using the Six Sigma approach to eliminate flaws, which is a process control method that can affect decisions connected to product manufacturing, namely the production and insfection functions. The results of the analysis through processing with the Six Sigma method, which goes through five stages, namely define, measure, analyze, improve, and control, show that the current control process is ineffective, as evidenced by the occurrence of numerous defects in the manufacturing of Paving Blocks.

Interlocking paving stones made of limestone sand and volcanic ash aggregates

This study highlights an investigation into using limestone sand and volcanic ash for the production of interlocking paving stones. According to the experimental test results, after combined curing for paving stones produced from limestone sand, the splitting tensile strength was found to be 4.2 MPa, abrasion was 13.4 cm3/50cm2 and the freeze – thaw measurement was 0.54 kg/m2. According to the experimental results, after combined curing for paving stones produced from volcanic ash, the splitting tensile strength was found to be 5.0 MPa, abrasion was 10.2 cm3/50cm2 and the freeze – thaw measurement was 0.41 kg/m2. The findings of this study validated the use of limestone sand and volcanic ash in the production of interlocking paving stones. According to this study, limestone sand and volcanic ash can be used in amounts that make up 100% of the aggregate mixture to fabricate interlocking paving stones. Abbreviations: LS: Limestone sand; VA: Volcanic ash; LSWC: Interlocking paving stone produced from only limestone sand without coarse aggregate and obtained from 3 days 20 ± 5°C standard water curing application; LSCC: Interlocking paving stone obtained by using a curing application combined with that of the LSWC interlocking paving stone; VAWC: Interlocking paving stone produced from only volcanic ash without coarse aggregate and obtained after a 3-day standard water curing application at 20 ± 5°C; VACC: Interlocking paving stone obtained using a curing application combined with that of the VAWC interlocking paving stone.

COVID-19 Viral Pneumonia Complicated with Acute Pulmonary Embolism: A Descriptive Study.

Objective To evaluate acute pulmonary embolism in patients with 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia using pulmonary CT angiography. Subjects and Methods. From 95 symptomatic patients confirmed with COVID-19 by RT-PCR from 1 May to 14 July 2020 in Dallah Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, CT angiography was done for 25 patients suspected to have pulmonary embolism and have no contraindication for contrast study. 11 cases of them showed CT evidence of acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Retrospectively, CT angiography was analyzed and detailed findings were recorded. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of our hospital, and the patient consent was waived. Results The mean age of the included patients was 49 ± 11 years; the youngest was 22 years, and the oldest was 64 years. Common symptoms in the 25 cases that underwent CT angiography were fever that was noted in 21/25 cases (84%), shortness of breath in 18/25 cases (72%), cough in 16/25 cases (64%), and severe myalgia/body fatigue in 13/25 cases (52%). The less common symptoms were sore throat in 11/25 cases (44%) and headache in 10/25 cases (40%). Regarding CT findings, 4/25 cases (16%) had unilateral lung disease and 21/25 cases (84%) had bilateral disease, with slight predilection for the right lower lobe (10/25 cases, 40%). Pure ground-glass opacity (GGO) was seen in 13/25 cases (52%), and GGO with consolidation was seen in 12/25 cases (48%). Common accompanying CT signs included crazy paving stone sign in 15/25 cases (60%) and air bronchogram in 12/25 cases (48%). From the 25 patients that showed respiratory deterioration and elevated serum D-dimer level, 11 cases confirmed to have acute pulmonary embolism, while 14 cases showed negative result for pulmonary embolism. 6/11 were male and 5/11 were female. Pulmonary embolism was diagnosed at a mean of 21 days from symptom onset. Unilateral acute pulmonary embolism was seen in 3/11 cases, while 8/11 cases showed bilateral distribution. Among 11 cases with acute pulmonary embolism, no emboli at the central level could be seen, but 3 cases showed pulmonary embolism at the lobar level, 3 cases at the segmental level, and 5 cases at lobar, segmental, and subsegmental levels. Conclusion In patients with confirmed COVID-19, we should maintain a high suspicion for its thromboembolic complications such as acute pulmonary embolism that was mainly diagnosed at the end of 3rd week from symptom onset. We suggest that whenever a CT evaluation of the parenchymal involvement of COVID-19 pneumonia is performed, a simultaneous evaluation of the pulmonary arteries is also essential in order to identify early signs of associated pulmonary embolism.

Clinical and computed tomography features in patients with coronavirus disease 2019.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has recently broken out in China. To describe the clinical and computed tomography (CT) characteristics in patients with COVID-19-induced pneumonia, the current study retrospectively analyzed the data of 152 patients with pneumonia between December 30, 2019 and February 29, 2020. Pharyngeal swabs for nucleic acid detection of respiratory secretions were used for all patients. A total of 65 cases were diagnosed as COVID-19, and 87 cases were non-COVID-19. When comparing the clinical and CT characteristics of the two groups of patients, only sex and history of exposure presented a statistically significant difference. The normal/low white blood cell count, low lymphocyte ratio and high C-reactive protein (CRP) exhibited a statistically significant difference between the two groups. A total of 62 patients in the COVID-19 group exhibited ground-glass opacity (GGO), which was higher than that in the non-COVID-19 group. In the COVID-19 group, 33 cases presented angiographic thickening in GGO, and 27 cases displayed a paving stone sign, which were higher than those in the non-COVID-19 group. Compared with the non-COVID-19 group, the lesions in the COVID-19 group were principally characterized by bilateral lungs, multifocal and subpleural distribution. The results of the present study revealed that when the male patients with contact history in the epidemic area exhibited fever and cough symptoms, the laboratory tests indicated normal/low white blood cell counts, low lymphocyte ratios and elevated CRP levels. CT scans were recommended for subsequent examination. GGO or GGO and consolidation with bilateral lungs were indicated to be primarily distributed in the multifocal subpleural area and were accompanied by angiographic thickening in GGO and paving stone sign. In conclusion, regardless of whether the viral nucleic acid test is positive, COVID-19 should be considered for medical treatment observation in isolation.

Nd3+ doped LuOF nanophosphors for bimodality imaging of NIR-to-NIR-II luminescence and X-Ray computed tomography

In this paper, we have designed dual-mode imaging agents LuOF: Nd3+ NPs, which can provided bimodality imaging of NIR-to-NIR-II luminescence and X-Ray computed tomography. The as-prepared samples prepared by hydrothermal method possessed irregular paving stone shapes with size distribution of 10–15 nm. The structure analysis showed the samples were pure cubic phase. Under the excitation of 808 nm laser (power of 500mW/cm2), Lu0.99OF: 0.01Nd3+ NPs exhibited excellent NIR-II luminescence, which main peak located at 1053 nm and NIR emission intensity reached 3.0 × 105 cps. At the same time, the X-ray attenuation value was 100HU when the content of Lu0.99OF: 0.01Nd3+ NPs was only 10 mg/mL. And, the MTT arrays have confirmed the excellent biological safety of Lu0.99OF: 0.01Nd3+ NPs. Furthermore, the in vivo imaging results have confirmed that Lu0.99OF: 0.01Nd3+ NPs possessed not only NIR–II luminescent deep tissue in vivo imaging ability but also good computed tomography imaging ability. All these results indicated that LuOF: Nd3+ NPs can be regarded as dual-mode imaging agents in future medical field.

Serbian Press in France during the 20th Century: Among the Cultural Diplomacy and the Information on the Diaspora

The aim of this paper is to explore, detect, describe and explain the path of Serbian press in France during the 20th century. The main hypothesis is that the press in the Serbian language was the paving stone from the cultural diplomacy to the information on the Serbian diaspora. The paper would explain how Serbian journals in French language and Serbian journals in Serbian language which were lanched in France became the paths of presentation of the Serbian people through mechanisms that would be recognized as elements of cultural diplomacy. Key issue is the role which Serbian journals played in the general circulation of men and ideas, the cultural transfers that they facilitated, as well as the hybrid identities they fostered. On the basis of contents of the journals and the reading public, as well as the intellectuals engaged in creation of the journals it would be shed light on the Serbian press in France during the 20th century.

Differential diagnosis of bilateral lungs opacities in the hospital for admission of community-acquired pneumonia – not only COVID-19

Due to the current epidemiological situation caused by the spread of the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, in March 2020 several Moscow hospitals were completely or partially redesigned to receive patients with community- acquired pneumonia.Purpose. The aim of the survey is to analyze clinical, laboratory and radiological data in patients with coronavirus infection at the early stages of its spread in Russia, and to clarify diseases for differential diagnosis mainly based on CT evidence.Materials and methods. We studied data from 21 patients with verified coronavirus infection admitted to the hospital for community-acquired pneumonia. Clinical symptoms, laboratory and physical indicators, as well as typical lung changes on the CT were evaluated.Results. Major clinical symptoms in coronavirus patients are fever (100%), cough (90.5%), shortness of breath (76.1%). Laboratory indicators showed increases in CRP (85.7%), leukocytosis (66.6%), and LDG (84.6%). According to CT, 95.2% of lung changes involved both sides, and 66.7% occurred in all lung fields. The sign of “ground glass” was observed in a 100% of the cases, its combination with the “paving stone” – in 61,9%, “ground glass” coupled with small areas of consolidations were detected in 33,3% of the cases. Changes such as nodules, cavities and massive areas of consolidation were not identified.Conclusion. On the basis of our own data we confirmed the main trends of diagnostics and clinical features, which were identified by authors from Asia and Europe, who faced this infection earlier, and also considered important CT characteristics useful for differential diagnosis of coronavirus lung damage and other lung diseases.

Sustainable utilization of crushed waste glass as sand replacement for production of eco-friendly interlocking paving stones

In an attempt to ensure sustainability of construction materials, efforts were being made to reuse some non-biodegradable waste materials as substitute materials in mortar production. Sand is a major constituents in the production of mortar, however, using waste materials such as glass as partial or complete substitute for sand in mortar production will ensure the reduction on the needs to dredge for it, thereby preserving the very valuable natural sand resources within the environment. Furthermore, the use of crushed waste glass as a replacement for sand in the production paving stones will ensure that the paving stones are eco-friendly thereby eliminating the challenges of discriminate dumping of glass wastes in landfill. This research investigates the utilization of crushed waste glass as partial and complete replacement for natural sand in cement mortar for the production of interlocking paving stones (IPS). The waste glass was varied at various percentage proportions by weight to replace the fine aggregate in the cement mortar mixes. Laboratory tests which includes chemical composition, particle size distribution, specific gravity, and compressive strength were carried out on the crushed glass materials, sand and paving stone samples respectively. The obtained results show that the both the load and non-load bearing interlocking paving stones containing 20% crushed waste glass exhibited better performance in strength development than the control and other paving stone mixes containing various content of waste glass materials. This study demonstrates clearly that waste glass can be adopted to produce eco-friendly interlocking paving stones, and this will help both in the sustainable management of glass wastes and greening of the environment.

Stranger Tongues

Stranger Tongues

The mechanism of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 reversed hepatocellular carcinoma cells epithelial mesenchymal transition and inhibited invasion and metastasis

Objective To investigate the effect of the somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2) on the migration and invasion of human Hepatocellular carcinoma cells MHCC-97H and the change of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).Methods Constructed 3FLAG-puromycin-LV and SSTR2-LV and transfected hunman Hepatocellular carcinoma cells (MHCC-97H) respectively.The expression of SSTR2 was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR) and Western blot.The migration and invasion of Non-transfected (blank control group),3FLAG-puromycin-LV transfected (negative control group) and SSTR2-LV (experimental group) transfected MHCC-97H cells was detected by Transwell invasion assay and Transwell migration assay.The changes in morphology of cells were observed by optical microscopy.The localization and expression of the epithelial markers and the mesenchymal markers were assayed by immunofluorescence and Western blotting.Results The stable mRNA and protein expression of SSTR2 was detected in the cells transfected with SSTR2-LV.The migration and invasion was restrained in the experimental group compared with control groups (P ＜ 0.05).Transfection of SSTR2-LV induced a morphologic change of MHCC-97H cells from fibroblastic shape with cell scattering to a paving stone structure with cell-cell adhesion.In SSTR2-LV-transfected cells,the localization of E-cadherin was altered from the cytoplasm to cell-cell contacts and the level of Vimentin decreased.Moreover,the expression of the epithelial marker,E-cadherin and β-catenin,were increased; the expression of the mesenchymal marker,N-cadherin and Vimentin,were reduced.Conclusion MHCC-97H re-expression of SSTR2 induced the increasing expression of epithelial marker and the decrease expression of mesenchymal marker reversed HCC EMT then suppressed the HCC cells migration and invasion. Key words: Somatostatin receptor subtype 2 ; Epithelial mesenchymal transition ; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Invasion; Metastasis

Safety rock: community-based art initiative to reduce driveway run over trauma

BackgroundA typical New Zealand child injured in a driveway incident is aged 0–4 years, of Māori or Pacific ethnicity and lives in an area of high socio-economic deprivation. In line...

Effects on evaporation rates from different water-permeable pavement designs

The urban water balance can be attenuated to the natural by water-permeable pavements (WPPs). Furthermore, WPPs have a 16% higher evaporation rate than impermeable pavements, which can lead to a better urban climate. Evaporation rates from pavements are influenced by the pavement surface and by the deeper layers. By a compared evaporation measurement between different WPP designs, the grain size distribution of the sub-base shows no influence on the evaporation rates in a significant way. On the contrary, a sub-base made of a twin-layer decreases the evaporation by 16% compared to a homogeneous sub-base. By a change in the colour of the paving stone, 19% higher evaporation rates could be achieved. A further comparison shows that the transpiration-effect of the grass in grass pavers increases the evaporation rates more than threefold to pervious concrete pavements. These high evapotranspiration rates can not be achieved with a pervious concrete paving stone. In spite of this, the broad field of application of the pervious concrete paving stone increases the importance in regard to the urban climate.

Photocatalytic degradation of air pollutants — From modeling to large scale application

Indoor as well as outdoor air quality and their limiting values remain a major problem to our present-day society. This paper addresses the modeling of the decomposition process of nitrogen monoxide (NO) on reactive concrete surfaces under the controlled exposition of a UV source. Within this model the external mass transfer of the pollutant and the internal molecule diffusion-reaction were considered. A first-order kinetics equation is derived with respect to the NO concentration and a site-competitive adsorption between NO/NO 2 and water molecules, resulting in a dependence of the reaction kinetics on the relative humidity. Using the proposed model, a reaction rate constant k and an adsorption equilibrium constant K d can be derived which describe an active paving stone accurately. Experimental results from a self-developed photoreactor with continuous flow mode were used to validate the proposed kinetic expression. Furthermore, the effect of variations in process conditions such as irradiance and relative humidity on the two constants k and K d is investigated. All modeling work provides a sound foundation for the translation of this process to real outside conditions. In this regard an upcoming project in a Dutch city is described in brief.

A Study on Distribution and Re-use of Tram's paving stone in Kitakyushu

The number of re-used and recycled construction material has increased since it is an age of the maintenance. Stone that is the construction material has been used for the stone wall and the base course material, etc.However, the research that is focused to distribution and re-use of stone is a little though a stone architecture of such as the cultural heritage is researched. This study paid attention to distribution and re-use of stone in civil engineering, and investigated process of production to skill of use, and re-use with tram's paving stone in Kitakyushu City. In conclusion, skill of pavement and historical process in combined use orbit is cleared. And process of skill of use and distribution and stock is cleared.