Pauli's Theorem Research Articles

Pauli's theorem in Clifford algebras of odd dimension

Pauli's theorem in Clifford algebras of odd dimension

Time Operator, Real Tunneling Time in Strong Field Interaction and the Attoclock

Attosecond science, beyond its importance from application point of view, is of a fundamental interest in physics. The measurement of tunneling time in attosecond experiments offers a fruitful opportunity to understand the role of time in quantum mechanics. In the present work, we show that our real T-time relation derived in earlier works can be derived from an observable or a time operator, which obeys an ordinary commutation relation. Moreover, we show that our real T-time can also be constructed, inter alia, from the well-known Aharonov–Bohm time operator. This shows that the specific form of the time operator is not decisive, and dynamical time operators relate identically to the intrinsic time of the system. It contrasts the famous Pauli theorem, and confirms the fact that time is an observable, i.e., the existence of time operator and that the time is not a parameter in quantum mechanics. Furthermore, we discuss the relations with different types of tunneling times, such as Eisenbud–Wigner time, dwell time, and the statistically or probabilistic defined tunneling time. We conclude with the hotly debated interpretation of the attoclock measurement and the advantage of the real T-time picture versus the imaginary one.

О теореме Паули в алгебрах Клиффорда

О теореме Паули в алгебрах Клиффорда

Clifford Algebras and Their Applications to Lie Groups and Spinors

In these lectures, we discuss some well-known facts about Clifford algebras: matrix representations, Cartan's periodicity of 8, double coverings of orthogonal groups by spin groups, Dirac equation in different formalisms, spinors in $n$ dimensions, etc. We also present our point of view on some problems. Namely, we discuss the generalization of the Pauli theorem, the basic ideas of the method of averaging in Clifford algebras, the notion of quaternion type of Clifford algebra elements, the classification of Lie subalgebras of specific type in Clifford algebra, etc.

Calculation of Elements of Spin Groups Using Generalized Pauli’s Theorem

We formulate generalizations of Pauli's theorem on the cases of real and complex Clifford algebras of even and odd dimensions. We give analogues of these theorems in matrix formalism. Using these theorems we present an algorithm for computing elements of spin groups that correspond to elements of orthogonal groups as double cover.

Pauli theorem in the description of n-dimensional spinors in the Clifford algebra formalism

We discuss a generalized Pauli theorem and its possible applications for describing n-dimensional (Dirac, Weyl, Majorana, and Majorana-Weyl) spinors in the Clifford algebra formalism. We give the explicit form of elements that realize generalizations of Dirac, charge, and Majorana conjugations in the case of arbitrary space dimensions and signatures, using the notion of the Clifford algebra additional signature to describe conjugations. We show that the additional signature can take only certain values despite its dependence on the matrix representation

Conjugate dynamical systems: classical analogue of the quantum energy translation

An aspect of quantum mechanics that has not been fully understood is the energy shift generated by the time operator. In this study, we introduce the use of the eigensurfaces of dynamical variables and commutators in classical mechanics to study the classical analogue of the quantum translation of energy. We determine that there is a conjugate dynamical system that is conjugate to Hamilton's equations of motion, and then we generate the analogue of the time operator and use it in the translation of points along the energy direction, i.e. the classical analogue of the Pauli theorem. The theory is illustrated with a nonlinear oscillator model.

Bypassing Pauli's theorem

We define a quantum-mechanical time operator that is selfadjoint and compatible with the energy operator having a spectrum bounded from below. On their common domain, the operators of time and energy satisfy the expected canonical commutation relation. Pauli's theorem is bypassed because the correspondence between time and energy is not given by the standard Fourier transformation, but by a variant thereof known as the holomorphic Fourier transformation.

Time in quantum mechanics and quantum field theory

W Pauli pointed out that the existence of a self-adjoint time operator is incompatible with the semi-bounded character of the Hamiltonian spectrum. As a result, there has been much argument about the time–energy uncertainty relation and other related issues. In this paper, we show a way to overcome Pauli's argument. In order to define a time operator, by treating time and space on an equal footing and extending the usual Hamiltonian Ĥ to the generalized Hamiltonian Ĥμ (with Ĥ0 = Ĥ), we reconstruct the analytical mechanics and the corresponding quantum (field) theories, which are equivalent to the traditional ones. The generalized Schrodinger equation i∂μψ = Ĥμψ and Heisenberg equation d/dxμ = ∂μ + i[Ĥμ, ] are obtained, from which we have: (1) t is to Ĥ0 as xj is to Ĥj (j = 1, 2, 3); likewise, t is to i∂0 as xj is to i∂j; (2) the proposed time operator is canonically conjugate to i∂0 rather than to Ĥ0, therefore Pauli's theorem no longer applies; (3) two types of uncertainty relations, the usual ΔxμΔpμ ≥ 1/2 and the Mandelstam–Tamm treatment ΔxμΔHμ ≥ 1/2, have been formulated.

Pauli's theorem and quantum canonical pairs: the consistency of a bounded, self–adjoint time operator canonically conjugate to a Hamiltonian with non–empty point spectrum

In single Hilbert space, Pauli's well-known theorem implies that the existence of a self-adjoint time operator canonically conjugate to a given Hamiltonian signifies that the time operator and the Hamiltonian possess completely continuous spectra spanning the entire real line. Thus the conclusion that there exists no self-adjoint time operator conjugate to a semibounded or discrete Hamiltonian despite some well-known illustrative counterexamples. In this paper we evaluate Pauli's theorem against the single Hilbert space formulation of quantum mechanics, and consequently show the consistency of assuming a bounded, self-adjoint time operator canonically conjugate to a Hamiltonian with an unbounded, or semibounded, or finite point spectrum. We point out Pauli's implicit assumptions and show that they are not consistent in a single Hilbert space. We demonstrate our analysis by giving two explicit examples. Moreover, we clarify issues sorrounding the different solutions to the canonical commutation relations, and, consequently, expand the class of acceptable canonical pairs beyond the solutions required by Pauli's theorem.

Fermion-boson symmetry through superluminal transformations

We consider the Pauli theorem on the spin-statistics connection for faster-than-light particles. As the consequence of the unlocalizability of tachyons in space we conclude that their spin-statistics correlations are inverted.

The exclusion principle and indistinguishability of identical particles in quantum mechanics

The connection between the exclusion principle and the principle of indistinguishability of identical particles in quantum mechanics is discussed. It is shown with the aid of a density matrix defined for states with arbitrary permutation symmetry that the particles are indistinguishable only for one-dimensional representations of the permutation group (symmetrical and antisymmetrycal), and are distinguishable in all the states that are degenerate in the permutations. It is demonstrated by the same token that the exclusion principle follows from the principle of indistinguishability of identical particles and the Pauli theorem on the connection between spin and statistics.