Patterns Of Superficial Veins Research Articles

Patterns of superficial veins in the cubital fossa and its clinical implications among southern Ethiopian population

Cubital fossa is the site where the venous accesses are frequently made. Superficial veins at this site display variations in their pattern among different populations. Knowledge of different venous pattern in the cubital fossa is important for diagnostic, surgical and therapeutic procedures. The purpose of this study was to report variations of the cubital superficial vein patterns in the southern Ethiopian subjects. An institution based cross-sectional study design was employed among 401 randomly selected patients presented at the triage room of Arba Minch General Hospital from January 15 to February 15, 2021. A questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data and images of the common and variant superficial venous patterns were recorded. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. P<0.05 was considered as statistical significance. In the present study, a total of 802 cubital fossae from 401 study participants were examined. Five patterns of superficial veins were identified. Type 2 was the most common pattern and observed in 55.0% of cubital fossae (42.1% right and 67.8% left cubital fossae). The least common, type 5 variant was detected in 2.6% cubital fossae (2.7% right and 2.5% left). Statistically significant association based on sex and laterality was noted. The current study concluded that type 2 and type 3 patterns were more frequent superficial venous patterns in the cubital fossa and more common in males than female. Awareness of these uncommon cubital venous patterns and their incidence is very useful for those performing venipuncture or venisection especially under emergency conditions.

Pattern of superficial venous arrangement in cubital fossa among preclinical Nepalese MBBS students at Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital

Background: The superficial veins of the cubital fossa are frequently variable in existence and arrangement. Many clinical procedures, such as reconstructive microsurgery and arterial bypass surgery, as well as intravenous injections or therapy, require the use of superficial veins. Aims and Objective: The aim of the study was to observe and describe the variations in anatomical distribution of the superficial veins of the cubital fossa in Nepalese pre-clinical medical students. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study included a total of 98 students between 18 to 24 years of age. A total of 196 anterior aspects of both arms were examined for cubital venous pattern. A tourniquet was applied at the mid-arm and drawing of the pattern of veins was made on a separate unglazed paper. The venous patterns in the cubital fossa were then categorized based on their gender. Results: Six patterns of superficial veins of the cubital fossa were observed. The commonest pattern in both genders was type I pattern. No statistical significant difference was observed between patterns of superficial veins on the right and left cubital fossa (P = 0.728 and 0.825 respectively) in both male and female subjects. Conclusion: Our research showed six venous patterns of superficial veins at the cubital fossa in Nepalese population. Understanding the common anatomy, patterns and variations of superficial vein anastomosis is imperative as this knowledge would help those needing venous access for various medical procedures.

Variation of superficial veins of cubital fossa among students of ardabil University of Medical Sciences

IntroductionThere is a wide variation in the superficial veins of the cubital area. These veins are used in many medical procedures and are clinically important. This study aimed to evaluate the variation of the superficial cubital veins in students of the Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. Material and methodsThe volunteers were 150 females and 160 males from students of different disciplines of the Ardabil University of Medical Sciences aged between 18 and 26 years. To observe the superficial veins of the cubital fossa, the tourniquet was fastened 10 cm above the medial epicondyle of the humerus. One to 3 min after fastening the tourniquet, superficial veins were visualized. The patterns of superficial veins in both arms of the participants were recorded using the vein finder (Vein Revealer Garrote (VRG) −115). ResultsSeven patterns of superficial cubital veins were identified. There was no significant difference between the right and left upper limbs among males and females. The most common type or pattern was N-type, which was more reported in males (70.1% in males and 64.7% in females). The I/0 was the second most observed pattern, which was more common in females (56.7% in females and 49.6% in males). M-shape pattern with a frequency of 46% in males and 31.5% in females was the third most patterns in our study. Other patterns make less than 10% of cases. ConclusionIn general, the present study results show that gender and ethnicity may affect the superficial veins pattern. However, despite the significant similarity between patterns obtained in our study and those of other authors, some differences may be observed, probably related to the examined sample (cadaveric material or living sample).

A Study of Variations in the Pattern of Superficial Veins on the Upper Extremity in Dakshina Kannada Population

A Study of Variations in the Pattern of Superficial Veins on the Upper Extremity in Dakshina Kannada Population

Patterns of superficial veins the cubital fossa among young adults in Tanzania

Background The cubital fossa can be seen superficially as a depression on the anterior side of elbow. It is a common site for removal of blood for analysis, for blood transfusion and intravenous therapy. The superficial veins of upper limbs follow three major veins which are cephalic, basilica and median cubital veins which are variable among individuals. Objectives The aim of the study was to observe and describe patterns of superficial veins in the cubital fossa of MUHAS students, and to assess if there were variations of patterns between left and right cubital fossas, also between male and female participants. Methodology The cross sectional study was designed. Convenient sampling was used to select 170 participants among Muhimbili University students ranging from 21-34 years of age who had visible superficial veins at the cubital fossa. A tourniquet was tied at mid arm level and superficial veins in the cubital fossa were photographed and described into various patterns. Results The commonest pattern was Type A which is N shaped, where median antebrachial vein divides to median cephalic and median basilica which joins cephalic and basilica veins respectively with the percentage of 37.6%. Incidences of type B, C, D, E and F were 17.1%, 26.5 %, 1.8%, 15.3% and 1.8% respectively on the left cubital fossa. There were variations between left and right cubital fossa patterns among same individual in some participants and no variations between male and female superficial venous patterns of cubital fossa. Conclusion Understanding various patterns of superficial veins in the cubital fossa is important in clinical practices since it helps easy locating of common superficial veins in procedures such as venipuncture, blood transfusion, intravenous therapy and arteriovenous fistula. Also there are few studies done in Africa and no studies done in Tanzania about superficial venous patterns in the cubital fossa. Key words: superficial veins, cubital fossa, patterns.

Patterns of Superficial Veins of the Middle Upper Extremity in Caucasian Population

Superficial veins of the middle upper extremity are frequently variable in existence and arrangement. The superficial veins are clinically important in many revascularization procedures, particularly reconstructive microsurgery and arterial bypass surgery as well as intravenous injection or therapy. The aim of this study was to assess the patterns of superficial veins of middle upper extremity in healthy volunteers. We examined both arms of 169 people. A tourniquet was applied at the mid-arm and a drawing made of the pattern of veins. It took about 1-3 min for each arm. We then examined the 338 drawings looking for similar patterns. The study took place in Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad, Serbia. We found nine patterns of middle upper extremity veins. The most common was an 'M'-shaped pattern (115/338, 34%) followed by an 'N'-shaped pattern (97/338, 29%). There are only nine basic patterns of middle upper extremity venous anatomy. Some are more common than others. This knowledge should help those needing venous access for medical procedures (venepuncture, transfusion, infusion, cardiac catheterization, placement of dialysis access).

A study on superficial veins of upper limb

Abstract Background: It is quite common to find many variations in the distribution of superficial veins in the body. Veins of the upper limbs are variable in number and position. The superficial veins are clinically important and are used for venaepuncture, transfusion and cardiac catheterization. Aim: The present study was mainly concentrated on cephalic, basilic and median cubital veins. The purpose of this study is to review the origin, course, termination and variations of these veins, as these veins play an important role in diagnostic, therapeutic and surgical procedures. Material and methods: The material used for the present study included twentyfive cadavers, from the department of Anatomy, Narayana Medical College (NMC), Nellore, and one hundred first MBBS students of NMC, Nellore. The data obtained from present study was compared with similar studies available in literature. Result: The various patterns of venous anastomoses observed in cubital fossa could be grouped into five types ie., Type I to Type V. Type I -was found in 88% of the cadavers and in 96% of living subjects. Type II -was found in 4% of the cadavers, Type III- in 2% of cadavers, and 4% of living subjects, Type IV- was found in 4% of cadavers, ans Type V- in 2% of living subjects. Conclusion: Knowledge of the patterns of superficial veins in cubital fossa is essential for clinicians, since they play an important role in diagnostic as well as therapeutic procedures.

English

Introduction: Variations in superficial veins of the lower limb are not uncommon. This report discusses a case of anomalous termination of a small saphenous vein associated with its abnormal course in the thigh. Case report: During a routine dissection of a cadaver, an abnormal small (short) saphenous vein was observed in the right lower limb of a 60-year-old male cadaver. The origin of the small saphenous vein and its course in the leg was normal. However, instead of draining into the popliteal vein, it continued onto the medial side of the thigh in the superficial fascia posterior to the great saphenous vein and finally it joined the great saphenous vein about a centimetre proximal to the saphenous opening. About 2 inches below its termination, this short saphenous vein was joined by a communicating vein which was connecting it with the great saphenous vein. Conclusion: Prior knowledge of such a variant pattern of superficial veins of the lower limb is useful for clinicians during coronary bypass procedures, as these vessels are commonly used in such surgeries.

Anomalous formation of external jugular vein and its clinical implication

Introduction:The superficial veins, especially the external jugular vein (EJV), are increasingly being utilized for cannulation to conduct diagnostic procedures or intravenous therapies. EJV is also used in microsurgical procedures,used as a recipient for the free flaps.Materials and Methods:During routine dissection a variation was observed in the formation of EJV unilaterally on the left side.Result:In the anterior triangle of the neck submandibular vein joined with the anterior jugular vein to form a large venous trunk (V1). Facial vein joined this venous trunk (V1) to form another common channel (V2). The retromandibular vein divided into unusually long anterior and posterior divisions. Anterior division did not join the facial vein but drained into the common channel V2.The posterior division of retromandibular vein also drained into V2 which further continued as EJV and drained into the subclavian vein.Conclusion:The knowledge of variations in the patterns of superficial veins is important for the surgeons to avoid any intraoperative error which might lead to unnecessary bleeding.

Facial vein draining into external jugular vein in humans: its variations, phylogenetic retention and clinical relevance.

The superficial veins, especially the external jugular vein (EJV), are increasingly being utilized for cannulation to conduct diagnostic procedures or intravenous therapies. Ultrasound-guided venipuncture is a viable possibility in cases of variations in the patterns of superficial veins, and their knowledge is also important for surgeons doing reconstructive surgery. This study was done on 89 dissected adult cadavers (178 sides) and variations in patterns of termination of the facial vein (FV) into the EJV were studied. The FV in 16 sides (9%) was found to drain into the EJV, in two main patterns: type I and type II. Type I had the FV draining into the EJV with varying degrees of obliquity in a Y-shaped (6 cases, 37.5%), U-shaped (3 cases, 18.7%), tuning-fork-shaped (2 cases, 12.5%) or N-shaped (1 case, 6.2%) pattern. Type II showed an inverted A-shaped pattern (2 cases, 12.5%) or a stepladder-shaped pattern (2 cases, 12.5%) depending on the presence of one or more connecting conduits between the FV and EJV respectively. In Macaca mulatta(rhesus monkey) a pair of vertically disposed, subcutaneous veins placed nearly side by side and of equal caliber were seen on each side of the neck. The lateral vein was the EJV while the medial one took the course of the FV in the upper oblique segment and ran parallel to the EJV in the lower segment over the sternocleidomastoid, with one or two transverse communications. The anomalous patterns found in our study could be explained in terms of the regression and retention of various parts of the veins found in the rhesus monkey, or the drainage pattern found in horse, ox and dog, where the vein from the face drain into the external jugular vein, the internal jugular vein being either absent or a small vessel accompanying the carotid artery.

Patterns of superficial veins of the cubital fossa in Malays.

Patterns of superficial veins of the cubital fossa in Malays.

Patterns of superficial veins of the cubital fossa in Malays.

Patterns of superficial veins of the cubital fossa in Malays.