Patterns Of Spatial Organization Research Articles

Molecular pixelation: spatial proteomics of single cells by sequencing

The spatial distribution of cell surface proteins governs vital processes of the immune system such as intercellular communication and mobility. However, fluorescence microscopy has limited scalability in the multiplexing and throughput needed to drive spatial proteomics discoveries at subcellular level. We present Molecular Pixelation (MPX), an optics-free, DNA sequence-based method for spatial proteomics of single cells using antibody–oligonucleotide conjugates (AOCs) and DNA-based, nanometer-sized molecular pixels. The relative locations of AOCs are inferred by sequentially associating them into local neighborhoods using the sequence-unique DNA pixels, forming >1,000 spatially connected zones per cell in 3D. For each single cell, DNA-sequencing reads are computationally arranged into spatial proteomics networks for 76 proteins. By studying immune cell dynamics using spatial statistics on graph representations of the data, we identify known and new patterns of spatial organization of proteins on chemokine-stimulated T cells, highlighting the potential of MPX in defining cell states by the spatial arrangement of proteins.

Exploring patterns of female house mouse spatial organisation among outbreaking and stable populations.

The size and distribution of home ranges reflect how individuals within a population use, defend, and share space and resources, and may thus be an important predictor of population-level dynamics. Eruptive species, such as the house mouse in Australian grain-growing regions, are an ideal species in which to investigate variations in space use and home range overlap between stable and outbreaking populations. In this study, we use spatially explicit capture-recapture models to explore if space use and home range overlap among female mice could serve as indicators of changes in population density leading into summer. Additionally, we assess the sensitivity of space use and home range estimates to reduced recapture rates. Our analysis did not reveal variations in the spring spatial organisation of female mice based on existing capture-mark-recapture data. However, our study highlights the need to balance monitoring efforts within regions, emphasising the importance of exploring studies that can improve spatial recaptures by optimising trapping efforts. This is particularly important in Australian agricultural systems, where varying farm management practices may drive differences in population dynamics.

Analysis of a Multiple Traffic Flow Network’s Spatial Organization Pattern Recognition Based on a Network Map

Detecting the spatial organization patterns of urban networks with multiple traffic flows from the perspective of complex networks and traffic behavior will help to optimize the urban spatial structure and thereby promote the sustainable development of the city. However, there are notable differences in regional spatial patterns among the different modes of transportation. Based on the road, railway, and air frequency data, this article investigates the spatial distribution and accessibility patterns of multiple transportation flows in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Next, we use the TCD (Transportation Cluster Detection) community discovery algorithm and integrate it with the Baidu Maps API to obtain real-time time cost data to construct a community detection model of a multiple traffic flow network. We integrate the geographical network and topological network to perform feature extraction and rule mining on the spatial organization model of the urban network in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The results show that: (1) The multiple traffic flow network of the Yangtze River Economic Belt has significant spatial differentiation. The spatial differentiation of aviation and railway networks is mainly concentrated between regions and within provinces, while the imbalance of highway networks is manifested as an imbalance within regions and between provinces. (2) The accessibility pattern of the highway network in the Yangtze River Economic Belt presents a “core–edge” spatial pattern. The accessibility pattern of the railway network generally presents a spatial pattern of “strong in the east and weak in the west”. Compared with sparse road and railway networks, the accessibility pattern of the aviation network shows a spatial pattern of “time and space compression in western cities”. (3) A total of 24 communities were identified through the TCD algorithm, mainly encompassing six major “urban economic communities” located in Guizhou, Yunnan, Anhui, Sichuan–Chongqing, Hubei–Hunan–Jiangxi, and Jiangsu–Zhejiang–Shanghai. (4) The urban network space organization model of the Yangtze River Economic Belt can be roughly divided into three models: the “single-core” model, with Guizhou, Kunming, and Hefei as the core, the “dual-core” model, constructed by Chengdu–Chongqing, and the “multi-core” model, constructed by Changsha–Wuhan–Nanchang and Shanghai–Nanjing–Hangzhou. This model of urban network spatial organization holds indicative significance in revealing the spatial correlation pattern among prefecture-level city units.

Evolutionary insights into 3D genome organization and epigenetic landscape of Vigna mungo.

Eukaryotic genomes show an intricate three-dimensional (3D) organization within the nucleus that regulates multiple biological processes including gene expression. Contrary to animals, understanding of 3D genome organization in plants remains at a nascent stage. Here, we investigate the evolution of 3D chromatin architecture in legumes. By using cutting-edge PacBio, Illumina, and Hi-C contact reads, we report a gap-free, chromosome-scale reference genome assembly of Vigna mungo, an important minor legume cultivated in Southeast Asia. We spatially resolved V. mungo chromosomes into euchromatic, transcriptionally active A compartment and heterochromatic, transcriptionally-dormant B compartment. We report the presence of TAD-like-regions throughout the diagonal of the HiC matrix that resembled transcriptional quiescent centers based on their genomic and epigenomic features. We observed high syntenic breakpoints but also high coverage of syntenic sequences and conserved blocks in boundary regions than in the TAD-like region domains. Our findings present unprecedented evolutionary insights into spatial 3D genome organization and epigenetic patterns and their interaction within the V. mungo genome. This will aid future genomics and epigenomics research and breeding programs of V. mungo.

Evaluating Large‐Domain, Hecto‐Meter, Large‐Eddy Simulations of Trade‐Wind Clouds Using EUREC4A Data

AbstractThe meso‐scale variability in cloudiness of the marine trade‐wind layer is explored with large‐eddy simulations of regional extent and validated against observations of the EUREC4A field campaign. 41 days of realistically forced simulations present a representative, statistical view on shallow convection in the winter North Atlantic trades that includes a wide range of meso‐scale variability including the four recently identified patterns of spatial organization: Sugar, Gravel, Flowers and Fish. The results show that cloud cover is on average captured well but with discrepancies in its vertical and spatial distribution. Cloudiness at the lifting condensation level depends on the model resolution with the finer one producing on average a more realistic cloud profile. Independent of the resolution, the variability in cloudiness below the trade inversion is not captured, leading to a lack of stratiform cloudiness with implications on the detectability of meso‐scale patterns whose cloud patches are characterized by stratiform clouds. The simulations tend to precipitate more frequently than observed, with a narrower distribution of echo intensities. The observed co‐variability between cloudiness and environmental conditions is well captured.

New Insights into the Layering Process of Urban Environment and Private Garden Transformations: A Case Study on the Bubbling Well Road Area in Early Modern Times, Shanghai

The surrounding area of Bubbling Well Road in early modern times, Shanghai, served as an important transportation hub connecting the western and central districts of Shanghai’s International Settlement. It also marked the beginning of a half-century trend of profit-oriented private gardens. The development process from rural outskirts to bustling commercial areas is exemplified by the area of Bubbling Well Road, making it significant for the study of urban transformation in early modern times in Shanghai. In this work, private gardens in the vicinity of Bubbling Well Road are examined as hierarchical elements of urban subdivision using the layering approach of the Historic Urban Landscape. Based on summarizing the trajectory of different types of private gardens under urbanization, typical time nodes were extracted and then horizontally correlated with the process of urbanization to elucidate the hierarchical logic underlying the symbiotic interaction between private gardens and cities. The results show that private gardens have created new hot spots and gathered a lot of popularity for the Jing’an Temple area, prompting this area to gradually evolve from a traditional town to a “backyard garden” of Concession dominated by the entertainment industry. Through the rapid development of the modern entertainment, commerce, and real estate industries, the Jing’an Temple area successfully embraced the trend of developing Concession to the West while achieving transformations in business models and urban style. Finally, with the assistance of the transitional entertainment space, such as profit-oriented gardens, the Jing’an Temple area has successfully undergone a transformation into a modern entertainment industry hub and solidified its commercial status as the “consumption circle” of Shanghai. We systematically investigated the significance of the urban subdivision layer in relation to the temporal changes in the urban environmental structure and the evolution of spatial organization patterns at the macro level; this helps deepen the historical urban landscape approach from an ideological framework level to the practical level.

Trophic interactions shape the spatial organization of medium-chain carboxylic acid producing granular biofilm communities.

Granular biofilms producing medium-chain carboxylic acids (MCCA) from carbohydrate-rich industrial feedstocks harbor highly streamlined communities converting sugars to MCCA either directly or via lactic acid as intermediate. We investigated the spatial organization and growth activity patterns of MCCA producing granular biofilms grown on an industrial side stream to test (i) whether key functional guilds (lactic acid producing Olsenella and MCCA producing Oscillospiraceae) stratified in the biofilm based on substrate usage, and (ii) whether spatial patterns of growth activity shaped the unique, lenticular morphology of these biofilms. First, three novel isolates (one Olsenella and two Oscillospiraceae species) representing over half of the granular biofilm community were obtained and used to develop FISH probes, revealing that key functional guilds were not stratified. Instead, the outer 150-500 µm of the granular biofilm consisted of a well-mixed community of Olsenella and Oscillospiraceae, while deeper layers were made up of other bacteria with lower activities. Second, nanoSIMS analysis of 15N incorporation in biofilms grown in normal and lactic acid amended conditions suggested Oscillospiraceae switched from sugars to lactic acid as substrate. This suggests competitive-cooperative interactions may govern the spatial organization of these biofilms, and suggests that optimizing biofilm size may be a suitable process engineering strategy. Third, growth activities were similar in the polar and equatorial biofilm peripheries, leaving the mechanism behind the lenticular biofilm morphology unexplained. Physical processes (e.g., shear hydrodynamics, biofilm life cycles) may have contributed to lenticular biofilm development. Together, this study develops an ecological framework of MCCA-producing granular biofilms that informs bioprocess development.

Diversity of Cultural Landscape and Potency of Sustainable Tourism Development in Rural Area of Lombok Island, Indonesia

Interaction between humans, nature, and culture creates a cultural landscape that provides various benefits. The pressure and threat to the existence of the cultural landscape is getting higher. This study aims to identify and analyze the diversity of cultural landscapes and determine potency of sustainable tourism development based on cultural landscape in rural area of Lombok Island, Indonesia. The area inhabited by the Sasak tribe is a rural area with ditinctive pattern of spatial organization. Kinds of cultural landscapes observed in this research are ricefield (bangket), settlement (gubuk) and homegarden (leah), meadow (gumi pupak), garden (kebon), and forest (gawah) and sacred area (simbit). Research findings indicate that the cultural landscape of the Sasak tribe in rural of Lombok Island is the traditional settlements that are built and depend on the biodiversity and its environment. Sasak people in rural of Lombok Island still maintain the cultural traditions. Through their involvement in this area, Sasak people can carry out the preservation of their cultural landscape. The development of cultural landscape as sustainable tourism can play an important role in preserving regional cultural values as a national cultural asset, preserving plant diversity and landscape, and improving the welfare of local communities.

Motor Synergies in the Control System of Complex Sports Balance Postures

The paper presents the motor synergies’ structure at the muscular and kinematic levels of their study during performing various sports balance postures. The features of the formation and modification of synergetic modules depending on the motor task are considered. An attempt is made to combine some computational aspects applied according of various concepts of synergetic control. The tools for identifying and analyzing synergy parameters included regression analysis and data factorization methods. It has been established that differing in biomechanical structure balance exercises can be realized using common patterns of kinematic synergies spatial organization, however, at the muscular level, the existence of common spatial activation profiles is not obvious. The presence of several different time patterns of synergy activation in the structure of each balance exercise has been revealed, which may be associated with various motor control strategies in the central nervous system. The structure of kinematic synergies may be influenced by artificial degrees of freedom restriction, unrelated to central control processes. It is shown that the inclusion of the concept of “variables’ area” in the motor control modular organization theory contributes to the convergence of existing motor control concepts based on synergy principle.

Abstract 3138: Topological analysis of spatial transcriptomics reveals different spatial interaction patterns in tumor microenvironment of lung cancer

Abstract Background: As the tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of various cell types with complex spatial interaction, its spatial organization patterns affect response to immune-oncology treatment. Therefore, describing the spatial composition and interaction of cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is necessary. Here, we developed a tool, STopover, which adopts topological analysis in spatial transcriptomics to reveal cell-cell colocalization patterns in TME and capture the key components and niche of intercellular communication, and applied it to human lung cancer data. Methods: The spatial colocalization pattern of pairs of features was defined using topological data analysis with Morse filtration. The spatial network of spatial gene expression data was generated for each sample and then the patterns were summarized as connected components (CCs) based on the spatial distance between unit tissue regions and the persistence of each CC. The global and local extent of spatial overlap of a feature pair was calculated as Jaccard indices between extracted CC pairs. We applied STopover to 11 barcode-based spatial transcriptomic data of human lung adenocarcinoma with different PD-L1 expressions. Spatial mapping of cell types in TME was performed by CellDART. In addition, image-based spatial transcriptomic data of lung cancer were also used to find key spatial molecular interactions in TME using STopover. Results: First, STopover disclosed the distinct immune and stromal infiltration patterns in lung cancer tissues. Spatial colocalization of cancer cells and T-cells was heterogeneous and correlated with the immune-related markers such as MHC class I signature. The cancer types were clustered according to spatial colocalization patterns of various immune cells with cancer cells, which showed different infiltration patterns of immune cells. Moreover, STopover could estimate the top cell-cell interaction and emphasize the key locations based on the literature-supported ligand-receptor database. Conclusion: STopover is expected to account for significant spatial cell interactions in tumor-immune and tumor-stromal components and could be utilized as a platform to decipher the mechanisms underlying immune-oncology treatment response. Citation Format: Sungwoo Bae, Hyekyoung Lee, Kwon Joong Na, Dong Soo Lee, Hongyoon Choi, Young Tae Kim. Topological analysis of spatial transcriptomics reveals different spatial interaction patterns in tumor microenvironment of lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3138.

Influence of human peripheral blood samples preprocessing on the quality of Hi-C libraries.

The genome-wide variant of the chromatin conformation capture technique (Hi-C) is a powerful tool for revealing patterns of genome spatial organization, as well as for understanding the effects of their disturbance on disease development. In addition, Hi-C can be used to detect chromosomal rearrangements, including balanced translocations and inversions. The use of the Hi-C method for the detection of chromosomal rearrangements is becoming more widespread. Modern high-throughput methods of genome analysis can effectively reveal point mutations and unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements. However, their sensitivity for determining translocations and inversions remains rather low. The storage of whole blood samples can affect the amount and integrity of genomic DNA, and it can distort the results of subsequent analyses if the storage was not under proper conditions. The Hi-C method is extremely demanding on the input material. The necessary condition for successfully applying Hi-C and obtaining high-quality data is the preservation of the spatial chromatin organization within the nucleus. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal storage conditions of blood samples for subsequent Hi-C analysis. We selected 10 different conditions for blood storage and sample processing. For each condition, we prepared and sequenced Hi-C libraries. The quality of the obtained data was compared. As a result of the work, we formulated the requirements for the storage and processing of samples to obtain high-quality Hi-C data. We have established the minimum volume of blood sufficient for conducting Hi-C analysis. In addition, we have identified the most suitable methods for isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and their long-term storage. The main requirement we have formulated is not to freeze whole blood.

A classification-based multifractal analysis method for identifying urban multifractal structures considering geographic mapping

Identifying urban multifractal structures are helpful for understanding urban spatial organization patterns as complex systems. Multifractal analysis is a powerful tool to model multifractal structures. However, due to the use of statistical moments to delineate the multifractal spectrum for multifractal analysis, the great majority of existing studies cannot map urban multifractal structures to geographic space. Lack of geographic mapping makes it difficult to interpret the causes of the anomalous scaling characteristics of urban multifractal structures. For the few mappable multifractal structure modeling methods, they model multifractal structures from a global or local perspective that generates inadequate or redundant scaling characteristics. Here, a classification-based multifractal analysis method (CMFA) was proposed to overcome the shortcomings. It classifies the urban areas into zones according to the density of urban elements and builds up the multi-scaling relationships of urban elements for each zone. The corresponding multifractal structures can be mapped according to the spatial distribution of zones across scales. A case study was conducted to identify the multifractal structures of nighttime light in Beijing, China, to verify the CMFA method. In conclusion, when there are abnormal scaling characteristics reflected by the multifractal spectrum, the multifractal structure maps can diagnose the land use problems leading to disordered spatial organization patterns. Urban planners should focus on such problem land parcels and carry out urban renewal to optimize urban spatial structures.

Методология геоинформационного мелкомасштабного картографирования геосистем для управления экологическими рисками

Within the framework of the thematic section “Ecological state of the natural environment, natural environmental risks” of the electronic geographical Atlas of North and Northeast Asia, a methodology for small-scale mapping of geosystems has been developed as a procedure for preparing scientific information about a natural geographical object to ensure environmental risk management. The scientific basis of the research is the theory of spatial and temporal organization and the methodology of constructive integration mapping of geosystems. Natural ecological risk is understood as the probability of negative changes in the structure and functioning of geosystems in the case of natural or anthropogenic phenomena and processes in the habitat. The methods of creation, structure, and content of the unified information and cartographic system of the Mongolian-Siberian region of geosystem content of scale 1:5 000 000 have been developed. For these purposes, geographically and conceptually inconsistent maps of the geosystems of the regions of Siberia and Mongolia were analyzed. The patterns of spatial and temporal organization, regional features of functional differentiation of natural systems are revealed. Based on the results of the study, scientific generalizations were made concerning the description of geosystems of regional rank, their typification, classification, and zoning. The prognostic potential of small-scale maps of geosystems in relation to geographical studies of natural environmental risks based on the procedure for analyzing geosystems by typological functional, structural, and dynamic features is revealed. The characteristics of natural factors of the intensity of functioning, ecological functions of geosystems served as indicators in the environmental regulation of the use of natural systems, allowed to correctly substantiate environmental recommendations to minimize undesirable consequences. A specialized classification is demonstrated—a legend and a zoning map of the territory of the Mongolian-Siberian region, reflecting the sequence of multi-stage cartographic studies of natural environmental risk and the structuring of physical and geographical information. The created maps make up the basic set in the structure of spatial data of the electronic Atlas, new maps of geosystems can be created on their basis.

Designed for Home: Opportunities for Enhanced Ontological Security in Permanent Supportive Housing Apartments

To maximize the number of new dwelling units for people experiencing long–term homelessness, permanent supportive housing (PSH) developers have minimized the floor area of such units, creating very small studio apartments in purpose–built, single–site housing projects. The objective of this study was to reveal the variety of spatial organization patterns of these apartments and to assess if theoretical hallmarks of ontological security—constancy, the ability to conduct day–to–day routines, identity construction, freedom from surveillance—may be supported by design decisions. This is the first study to closely examine the interior layouts of such dwellings, despite 1,840,000 PSH apartments having been built in the past 13 years. The dataset is a representative sample of 24 PSH studio apartment floor plans. The archival plan analysis examined typological features of the apartments and the affordances and attributes related to the hallmarks of ontological security. A key finding is that overall layout is determined primarily by entry sequence decisions: constancy and freedom from surveillance may be enhanced by close attention to the layering of this space. A second key finding is that the ability to conduct day–to–day routines and construct identity may be enriched by apartment layout and storage provision. Thus, despite the size constraints of PSH apartments, designers could possibly enhance ontological security affordances through defined layout, ample storage, and a layered entry sequence. For PSH residents, achieving ontological security in their dwellings is a necessary step toward recovery from long–term homelessness.

Modern Peculiarities of the Spatial Organization Pattern of the Beauty and Personal Care Industry in Russia and Other Countries around the World

Modern Peculiarities of the Spatial Organization Pattern of the Beauty and Personal Care Industry in Russia and Other Countries around the World

FRACTAL PARAMETERS OF SLUM SETTLEMENTS: WAVE-SPECTRUM ANALYSIS (STUDY OF KARACHI)

Fractal parameters of slum settlements, such as those in Karachi, can provide valuable insights into these communities' spatial organization and growth patterns. In this research, considering the slum areas or Kachi Abadies (KAs) as an ‘urban malignancy’ the spectral (spectrum) analysis method and the Fourier transform is used to analyse the patterns of population distribution in Karachi city based on its spatial dynamics. The study uses mathematical experiments and empirical analysis to calculate the fractal dimension for exploring urban fractal parameter relationships form and growth. The population data and land use data of Karachi Kachi Abadis (KKAs) are used to attain the numerical values of all parametric relations. The calculated results showed a close numerical coherence.

Dissecting recurrent waves of pertussis across the boroughs of London.

Pertussis has resurfaced in the UK, with incidence levels not seen since the 1980s. While the fundamental causes of this resurgence remain the subject of much conjecture, the study of historical patterns of pathogen diffusion can be illuminating. Here, we examined time series of pertussis incidence in the boroughs of Greater London from 1982 to 2013 to document the spatial epidemiology of this bacterial infection and to identify the potential drivers of its percolation. The incidence of pertussis over this period is characterized by 3 distinct stages: a period exhibiting declining trends with 4-year inter-epidemic cycles from 1982 to 1994, followed by a deep trough until 2006 and the subsequent resurgence. We observed systematic temporal trends in the age distribution of cases and the fade-out profile of pertussis coincident with increasing national vaccine coverage from 1982 to 1990. To quantify the hierarchy of epidemic phases across the boroughs of London, we used the Hilbert transform. We report a consistent pattern of spatial organization from 1982 to the early 1990s, with some boroughs consistently leading epidemic waves and others routinely lagging. To determine the potential drivers of these geographic patterns, a comprehensive parallel database of borough-specific features was compiled, comprising of demographic, movement and socio-economic factors that were used in statistical analyses to predict epidemic phase relationships among boroughs. Specifically, we used a combination of a feed-forward neural network (FFNN), and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values to quantify the contribution of each covariate to model predictions. Our analyses identified a number of predictors of a borough’s historical epidemic phase, specifically the age composition of households, the number of agricultural and skilled manual workers, latitude, the population of public transport commuters and high-occupancy households. Univariate regression analysis of the 2012 epidemic identified the ratio of cumulative unvaccinated children to the total population and population of Pakistan-born population to have moderate positive and negative association, respectively, with the timing of epidemic. In addition to providing a comprehensive overview of contemporary pertussis transmission in a large metropolitan population, this study has identified the characteristics that determine the spatial spread of this bacterium across the boroughs of London.

SPATIAL ORGANISATION OF KYIV’S OFFICE BUILDINGS

Problem statement and purpose. During the post-socialist period Kyiv began to demonstrate itself not only as an industrial centre, but also as a business centre, which had contributed to the dynamic development of the office real estate. During the second half of the 1990s, most of the offices were concentrated in the Central Business District, and after the financial crisis of 2008, the emphasis in office construction had shifted to the middle and peripheral areas of the city. These shifts were caused by the lack of suitable areas for the office construction, compact building design, high land cost, transport problems, the lack of opportunity to create the ap propriate infrastructure for new construction or reconstruction in the capital central part. That’s why the industrial areas of the middle and peripheral city zones with abandoned industrial enterprises are especially important for the study of expediencyof their usage in the modern economic realities not only for creating innovative industrial enterprises, but also for business centres, office centres and business units. The purpose of the study is to find out the patterns of the office real estate spatial organisation in the large city. Data & Methods. The information base of the research is the statistical data of the Main Department of Statistics in Kyiv, analytical materials of the commercial real estate agency Colliers International, the consulting company Ukrainian Trade Guild and field research results. During the research such methods as field research, historical-geographical, comparative-geographical, statistical, cartographic, GIS‑technologies were used. Results. The transformation of Kyiv’s urban space in the period of post-socialist transformations is accompanied by significant changes in the urban space structure. The significant concentration of business centres and office centres is observed in the city central part, which is mainly the result of a new construction, which has affected the planning structure and architectural heritage in a bad way. The transformation have occurred in the industrial areas, where as a result of deindustrialization the share of construction under industrial enterprises have declined and under commercial buildings continues to increase. Mostly such industrial areas are located near the important highways and the subway lines. It is proved that the peripheral areas, which are located near the main transport arteries, have a significant potential for the construction of business centres and office centres. Taken into account the negative processes observed in the city central part, the interests of investors should be focused on creating areas specialised in the business services within degraded industrial areas in distant city zones, which is the strategic interests of the large city spatial development.

Tsarskoye Selo Military Necropolis in the Cultural and Historical Context of the Development of Sofia

The article explores the actual for St Petersburg agglomeration problem of preserving and using specialized objects of landscape architecture-historically equipped cemeteries, some of which have the status of a historical and cultural monument. The solution of this problem involves conducting interdisciplinary studies of these architectural and planning forms in order to establish their real value. There are objects the oldest cemeteries of the Pushkin district — Alexandrovskoye, Kuzminskoye, Moskovskaya Slavyanka, Pavlovskoye, Pokrovskoye, Shusharskoye and the most studied and therefore well-known to the Kazanskoye urban community in Pushkin (Tsarskoye Selo). The emergence and functioning of the latter is related to the cultural, historical and urban development of Tsarskoye Selo Sofia. The article presents the results of historical, architectural, urban planning and cultural researches carried out by the authors using a significant number of primary sources: textual, iconographic, statistical, cartographic and planographic archival documents, a large volume of which was first introduced into scientific circulation. The result of the work was the identification of the military memorial object of national significance — the Tsarskoye Selo military necropolis as an independent architectural and planning form of special purpose. The features of its formation are determined as part of cemeteries of the Tsarskoye Selo Military Hospital (mid-19th century), the Tsarskoye Selo military Cemetery (1887), the new cemetery of the Tsarskoye Selo garrison (1914) and the Tsarskoye Selo Fraternal Cemetery (1914). The specifics of its institutionalization and design and construction implementation, the patterns of spatial organization and architectural and landscape design, the trends of modern use are established. The study is carried out taking into account the phenomenology of the gradotypological transformation of Tsarskoye Selo Sofia: the district city of the St Petersburg province, the paramilitary suburb of Tsarskoye Selo, the prestigious residential district of Pushkin.

Comparing China’s urban aviation and innovation networks

AbstractTo date, comparative research of multiple urban networks are constantly emerging, but the relationship between virtual networks and physical networks still remains a riddle to be discovered. To step into this field, we used flight data and patent transaction data of prefecture‐level cities in China from 2010 to 2015 to construct the aviation network and the innovation network. After conducting a comparative study, we found that the structure of these two networks is different: the aviation network is a “hub‐and‐spoke network” structure while the innovation network is a diamond‐shaped structure; the spatial organization pattern of the aviation network is decentralized, while the innovation network shows a high geographic agglomeration; furthermore, the connectivity of the aviation network contributes to the balanced regional development, but that of the innovation network shows a preferred trend, with more concentration given to the development of eastern China. Finally, we also found that the innovation network and the aviation network are not completely interdependent, which reveals that the coupling relationship between the “virtual network” and the “physical network” in the urban network is also affected by other factors.