Rotation Pattern Research Articles

Regulation of crop rotation patterns on soil labile organic carbon, carbon-degrading microorganisms and their roles in organic carbon mineralization

Regulation of crop rotation patterns on soil labile organic carbon, carbon-degrading microorganisms and their roles in organic carbon mineralization

AGN feeding along a one-armed spiral in NGC 4593

Context. We investigate active galactic nuclei (AGN) feeding through the molecular gas (CO(2−1) emission) properties of the local Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4593, using Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) observations and other multi-wavelength data. Aims. Our study aims to understand the interplay between the AGN and the interstellar medium (ISM) in this galaxy, examining the role of the AGN in steering gas dynamics within its host galaxy, evaluating the energy injected into the ISM, and determining whether gas is inflowing or outflowing from the galaxy. Methods. After reducing the ALMA CO(2−1) images, we employed two models, 3D-BAROLO and DISCFIT, to construct a disc model and fit its emission to the ALMA data. Additionally, we used photometric data to build a spectral energy distribution (SED) and apply the CIGALE code to derive key physical properties of the AGN and its host. Results. Our analysis reveals a complex interplay within NGC 4593, including a clear rotational pattern, the influence of a non-axisymmetric bar potential, and a central molecular zone (CMZ)-like ring. We observe an outflow of CO(2−1) gas along the minor axis, at a distance of ∼220 pc from the nucleus. The total molecular gas mass is estimated to be 1 − 5 × 108 M⊙, with non-circular motions contributing 10%. Our SED analysis indicates an AGN fraction of 0.88 and a star formation rate (SFR) of 0.42 M⊙ yr−1. Conclusions. These findings highlight the complex dynamics in the centre of NGC 4593, which are significantly influenced by the presence of the AGN. The overall physical properties of this system suggest that the AGN has a substantial impact on the evolution of NGC 4593.

Imprinted atomic displacements drive spin–orbital order in a vanadate perovskite

AbstractPerovskites with the generic composition ABO3 exhibit an enormous variety of quantum states, such as orbital order, magnetism and superconductivity. Their flexible and comparatively simple structure allows for straightforward chemical substitution and cube-on-cube combination of different compounds in atomically sharp epitaxial heterostructures. Many of the diverse physical properties of perovskites are determined by small deviations from the ideal cubic perovskite structure, which are challenging to control. Here we show that directional imprinting of atomic displacements in the antiferromagnetic Mott insulator YVO3 can be achieved by depositing epitaxial films on different facets of the same isostructural substrate. These facets were chosen such that other well-known control parameters, including lattice and polarity mismatch with the overlayer, remain nearly unchanged. We observe signatures of staggered orbital and magnetic order and demonstrate distinct spin–orbital ordering patterns on different facets. We attribute these results to the influence of specific octahedral rotation and cation displacement patterns, which are imprinted by the substrate facet, on the covalency of the bonds and the superexchange interactions in YVO3. Our results show that substrate-induced templating of lattice distortion patterns constitutes a pathway for materials design beyond established strain-engineering strategies.

Anisotropy and symmetry in the elastoplastic deformation of single crystals under scratching: Unravelling the microscopic deformation mechanisms

The nanoscratch test, as an established technique for assessing material tribological properties has received significant attention. However, the symmetry and anisotropy in scratching performances as well as the quantitative correlation between the orientation-dependent deformation and inherent microscopic deformation mechanism remain unexplored. Herein, crystal plasticity simulations can quantitatively capture scratching forces, elastic recovery, and surface pile-ups, as well as accurately describe inner deformation fields and lattice rotation patterns, as confirmed by experimental results. The simulation results reveal that surface pile-up and elastic recovery mappings on (001)-, (011)-, and (111)-oriented samples exhibit eight-fold, four-fold, and six-fold symmetries, respectively. The orientation-dependent location and intension of both slip activities and lattice rotation, determine the features of macroscopic elastoplastic deformation under scratching.

Soil microbial community composition by crop type under rotation diversification

BackgroundCrop rotation is an important agricultural practice that often affects the metabolic processes of soil microorganisms through the composition and combination of crops, thereby altering nutrient cycling and supply to the soil. Although the benefits of crop rotation have been extensively discussed, the effects and mechanisms of different crop combinations on the soil microbial community structure in specific environments still need to be analyzed in detail.Materials and methodsIn this study, six crop rotation systems were selected, for which the spring crops were mainly tobacco or gramineous crops: AT (asparagus lettuce and tobacco rotation), BT (broad bean and tobacco rotation), OT (oilseed rape and tobacco rotation), AM (asparagus lettuce and maize rotation), BM (broad bean and maize rotation), and OR (oilseed rape and rice rotation). All crops had been cultivated for > 10 years. Soil samples were collected when the rotation was completed in spring, after which the soil properties, composition, and functions of bacterial and fungal communities were analyzed.ResultsThe results indicate that spring cultivated crops play a more dominant role in the crop rotation systems than do autumn cultivated crops. Crop rotation systems with the same spring crops have similar soil properties and microbial community compositions. pH and AK are the most important factors driving microbial community changes, and bacteria are more sensitive to environmental responses than fungi. Rotation using tobacco systems led to soil acidification and a decrease in microbial diversity, while the number of biomarkers and taxonomic indicator species differed between rotation patterns. Symbiotic network analysis revealed that the network complexity of OT and BM was the highest, and that the network density of tobacco systems was lower than that of gramineous systems.ConclusionsDifferent crop rotation combinations influence both soil microbial communities and soil nutrient conditions. The spring crops in the crop rotation systems had stronger dominating effects, and the soil bacteria were more sensitive than the fungi were to environmental changes. The tobacco rotation system can cause soil acidification and thereby affect soil sustainability, while the complexity of soil microbial networks is lower than that of gramineous systems. These results provide a reference for future sustainable applications of rotation crop systems.

A reproducible representation of healthy tibiofemoral kinematics during stair descent using REFRAME – Part II: Exploring optimisation criteria and inter-subject differences

Kinematic analysis is a central component of movement biomechanics, describing the relative motion of joint segments during different activities, in different subject cohorts, and at different timepoints. Establishing whether two sets of kinematic signals represent fundamentally similar or different underlying motion patterns is especially challenging, given 1) the lack of consensus around reference frame and joint axis definition, and 2) the substantial effect that minimal variations in frame position and orientation are known to have on signal magnitude and characteristics. As such, enormous variability in the reporting of tibiofemoral kinematics has resulted in joint movement patterns that remain controversially discussed. Previously, we demonstrated the ability of the REference FRame Alignment MEthod (REFRAME) to reorientate and reposition differently aligned local segment frames to achieve convergence in signals representing the same underlying motion, thereby offering a novel approach to consistently report joint motion. In this study, for the first time, we apply REFRAME to assess the rotational and translational in vivo tibiofemoral motion of ten healthy subjects during stair descent based on kinematic signals collected using a moving videofluoroscope. Kinematics were analysed before and after different REFRAME implementations, revealing generally neutral ab/adduction behaviour, accompanied by varying degrees of a sinusoidal int/external tibial rotation pattern over the activity cycle. Our data demonstrate that different selected implementations of REFRAME are able to highlight different characteristics of the motion patterns: Minimisation of the translational root-mean-square revealed proximodistal translation patterns with overall neutral progression, while anteroposterior translation showed seemingly different levels of correlation with flexion/extension in different subjects. On the other hand, REFRAME minimisation of translational variances exposed differences in the relative mean displacement between the femoral and tibial origins between subjects, highlighting differences in mean centre of rotation positions. This early application of REFRAME for providing an understanding of tibiofemoral kinematics demonstrates the potential of this novel approach to bring clarity to an otherwise complex representation of highly variable time-series signals, while highlighting the philosophical challenges of clinically interpretating kinematic signals in the first place.

Optimizing Indoor Comfort and Energy Efficiency using Right-Angled Triangular Responsive Facades in Cairo, Egypt

Building energy consumption has been rapidly increasing in recent years due to several factors such as climate change and global population growth. Besides, the majority of buildings are not designed with the consideration of the alteration of the severe conditions of the external surrounding environment, which affects the indoor environment negatively. As a result, excessive HVAC systems are utilized in order to maintain the indoor environment and achieve the indoor human comfort. Thus, large amounts of energy are being consumed and the rates of the energy consumption are increasing rapidly. Responsive architecture is considered as one of the solutions that architects, and façade designers use in order to block the excessive solar radiation and direct natural light and thus enhance the indoor comfort zone. However, the majority of the façade’s pattern designs are not following specific guidelines. This study contributes to the field by identifying an optimal right-angled triangular façade design that effectively enhances indoor thermal comfort, reduces solar radiation, and minimizes energy consumption, thereby providing a practical solution for improving building performance in response to climate change and urban growth challenges. This article will study four different façade pattern cases, which are common in the rotational movement, façade orientation and pattern dimensions; however, they differ in the orientation of the axes of movement. The four-façade pattern proposals will be investigated through simulating the solar radiation, consumed cooling energy and the indoor operative temperature during the maximum solar exposure day. A comparative analysis will be conducted between the results in order to highlight the most efficient right-angled triangular pattern that can be used on the south façade in Cairo, Egypt in order enhance the indoor thermal comfort, enhance the energy consumption rates, reduce the solar radiation and improve the building performance.

Complex nonlinear dynamics of a multidirectional energy harvester with hybrid transduction

Abstract Mechanical energy harvesting has increasing scientific and technological interests due to novel energetic challenges. A critical issue in classical cantilever-based mechanical energy harvesting systems is the lack of multidirectional energy conversion capabilities and, due to that, deviations from the excitation source can drastically reduce their performance. This limitation has led to the development of energy harvesters with attached pendula, serving as a direction coupling mechanism. Nevertheless, the pendulum structure itself can act as an energy absorber, drastically reducing the harvester performance in certain scenarios. In order to overcome this issue, a hybrid transduction multidirectional pendulum-based energy harvester is proposed integrating a piezoelectric element, to capture energy from the principal direction, and an electromagnetic transducer, to harness rotational energy from the pendulum. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the hybrid multidirectional pendulum-based energy harvester using a nonlinear dynamics perspective to evaluate the energy harvesting performance. A reduced-order model is proposed to represent the essential characteristics of such systems. A parametric analysis using a nonlinear dynamics perspective is carried out to map the system dynamics and performance. The emergence of complex and rich dynamics is observed, including chaos and hyperchaos. Results reveal the most and least effective combinations of structural parameters in terms of energy conversion. Additionally, the dynamical responses and patterns associated with high performance are identified. These responses are often characterized by a blend of irregular complex behaviors, coupled with a mix of oscillatory and rotational patterns of motion, resulting in wider bandwidth systems.

Physiological rotation patterns of the thoracolumbar spine across different ages: A detailed analysis using upright CT

BackgroundThe rotational motion of the spine plays a crucial role in daily activities. Understanding the mechanisms of spinal rotation is essential for evaluating normal spinal function, especially in standing positions due to the influence of gravity. However, previous studies on spinal rotation have been limited. Research QuestionWhat are the differences in thoracolumbar rotation during trunk rotation in a standing position among different age and gender groups? MethodsThis cross-sectional study involved 49 healthy volunteers without back pain, including 24 younger participants (13 males, 11 females) and 25 elderly participants (12 males, 13 females). Upright and trunk-rotated CT (right-rotated standing positions) scans were taken. Vertebral rotation was measured using the femoral head center as an axis. ResultsAnalysis of spinal alignment in the standing position revealed mild rotation from the lumbar to thoracic vertebrae. The lumbar spine exhibited left rotation at apex of L3 (L3: −1.3±3.8°, p=0.01), while the lower thoracic spine showed right rotation at apex of T8 (T8: 1.9±2.4°, p<0.001) and the upper thoracic spine showed left rotation at apex of T3 (T3: −2.6±2.9°, p<0.001). The lumbar spine showed minimal rotation during maximum trunk rotation, with significant rotation noted above T10 (16 % vs 84 %). The total thoracolumbar spinal rotation at T1 showed significant differences by gender and age (male vs. female: 23.9±° vs. 30.3±°, p=0.001; young vs. elderly: 29.2±° vs. 25.0±°, p=0.028; elderly male vs. elderly female: 19.2±° vs. 30.4±°, p<0.001). Younger participants did not show significant gender differences, while elderly females retained more rotation compared to males. SignificanceThis pioneering study provides the first detailed report on the range of spinal rotation in a physiological standing situation, highlighting significant differences by gender and age. These findings offer new insights into the natural patterns of spinal rotation and their potential implications for diagnosing and treating spinal disorders.

Infrared Spectra Prediction for Functional Group Region Utilizing a Machine Learning Approach with Structural Neighboring Mechanism.

Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a pivotal technique in chemical research for elucidating molecular structures and dynamics through vibrational and rotational transitions. However, the intricate molecular fingerprints characterized by unique vibrational and rotational patterns present substantial analytical challenges. Here, we present a machine learning approach employing a structural neighboring mechanism tailored to enhance the prediction and interpretation of infrared spectra. Our model distinguishes itself by honing in on chemical information proximal to functional groups, thereby significantly bolstering the accuracy, robustness, and interpretability of spectral predictions. This method not only demystifies the correlations between infrared spectral features and molecular structures but also offers a scalable and efficient paradigm for dissecting complex molecular interactions.

The role of limb alignment on natural tibiofemoral kinematics and kinetics.

This study aimed to analyze kinematics and kinetics of the tibiofemoral joint in healthy subjects with valgus, neutral, and varus limb alignment throughout multiple gait activities using dynamic videofluoroscopy. Five subjects with valgus, 12 with neutral, and ten with varus limb alignment were assessed during multiple complete cycles of level walking, downhill walking, and stair descent using a combination of dynamic videofluoroscopy, ground reaction force plates, and optical motion capture. Following 2D/3D registration, tibiofemoral kinematics and kinetics were compared between the three limb alignment groups. No significant differences for the rotational or translational patterns between the different limb alignment groups were found for level walking, downhill walking, or stair descent. Neutral and varus aligned subjects showed a mean centre of rotation located on the medial condyle for the loaded stance phase of all three gait activities. Valgus alignment, however, resulted in a centrally located centre of rotation for level and downhill walking, but a more medial centre of rotation during stair descent. Knee adduction/abduction moments were significantly influenced by limb alignment, with an increasing knee adduction moment from valgus through neutral to varus. Limb alignment was not reflected in the condylar kinematics, but did significantly affect the knee adduction moment. Variations in frontal plane limb alignment seem not to be a main modulator of condylar kinematics. The presented data provide insights into the influence of anatomical parameters on tibiofemoral kinematics and kinetics towards enhancing clinical decision-making and surgical restoration of natural knee joint motion and loading.

High-Precision Determination of NMR Interaction Parameters by Measurement of Single Crystals: A Review of Classical and Advanced Methods.

In this review, the process of extracting precise values for NMR interaction tensors from single crystal samples is systematically explored. Starting with a description of the orientation dependence of the considered interactions, i.e., chemical shift, dipolar, and quadrupole interaction, the techniques for acquiring and analysing single-crystal spectra are outlined. This includes the 'classical' approach, which requires the acquisition of three rotation patterns around three rotation axes that are orthogonal to each other, as well as more recent strategies aimed at reducing the number of required NMR spectra. One such strategy is the 'single-rotation method', which exploits the symmetry relations between tensors in the crystal structure to reduce the necessary amount of orientation-dependent data. This concept may be extended to additionally include the orientation of the goniometer axis itself in the data fit, which may be termed the 'minimal-rotation method'. Other, more exotic schemes, such as the use of specialised probe designs or the investigation of single crystals under magic-angle-spinning, are also briefly discussed. Actual values of NMR interaction tensors as determined from the various single-crystal methods have been collected and are provided in tables for spin I=1/2, I=1, and half-integer spins with I>1/2.

Expandable rotational origami nano-boxes made by giant shape amphiphile

Dynamic cavity is widespread in living matter and supramolecular scaffolds. Generally speaking, flexible building block as a segment is used to realize dynamic cavities building in artificial molecules and materials. However, the incorporation of rigid synthetic supramolecular scaffolds with flexible cavity motion remains rare. Inspired by rotational origami patterns, giant shape amphiphile (GSA), POSS-NDI-POSS (PNP), assembled into an origami nano-box with feature of rotational expansion. The open/close of cavity and size control of PNP host can be adjusted by rotational offset between adjacent PNP in supramolecule entities. The rotational offset of 150°, 130° and 0° were observed when the host nano-box presented close, half-open and fully-open state, respectively. The rotational expansion of PNP trigged by gaseous arenes makes PNP as a novel nonporous crystal. Compared with conformation change in flexible building segment, rotational expansion in acyclic host (PNP) provides a new strategy for the development of rigid segment to build adaptive host-guest recognition.

Geospatial analysis of California strawberry fields reveals regional differences in crop rotation patterns and the potential for lengthened rotations at current levels of production

Geospatial analysis of California strawberry fields reveals regional differences in crop rotation patterns and the potential for lengthened rotations at current levels of production

Maize, Peanut, and Millet Rotations Improve Crop Yields by Altering the Microbial Community and Chemistry of Sandy Saline-Alkaline Soils.

Crop rotation increases crop yield, improves soil health, and reduces plant disease. However, few studies were conducted on the use of intensive cropping patterns to improve the microenvironment of saline soils. The present study thoroughly evaluated the impact of a three-year maize-peanut-millet crop rotation pattern on the crop yield. The rhizosphere soil of the crop was collected at maturity to assess the effects of crop rotation on the composition and function of microbial communities in different tillage layers (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm) of sandy saline-alkaline soils. After three years of crop rotation, the maize yield and economic benefits rose by an average of 32.07% and 22.25%, respectively, while output/input grew by 10.26%. The pH of the 0-40 cm tillage layer of saline-alkaline soils decreased by 2.36%, organic matter rose by 13.44%-15.84%, and soil-available nutrients of the 0-20 cm tillage layer increased by 11.94%-69.14%. As compared to continuous cropping, crop rotation boosted soil nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism capacity by 8.61%-88.65%. Enrichment of Actinobacteria and Basidiomycota increased crop yield. Crop rotation increases microbial community richness while decreasing diversity. The increase in abundance can diminish competitive relationships between species, boost synergistic capabilities, alter bacterial and fungal community structure, and enhance microbial community function, all of which elevate crop yields. The obtained insights can contribute to achieving optimal management of intensive cultivation patterns and green sustainable development.

Analysis of the beneficial effects of prior soybean cultivation to the field on corn yield and soil nitrogen content.

Corn-soybean rotation is a cropping pattern to optimize crop structure and improve resource use efficiency, and nitrogen (N) fertilizer application is an indispensable tool to increase corn yields. However, the effects of N fertilizer application levels on corn yield and soil N storage under corn-soybean rotation have not been systematically studied. The experimental located in the central part of the Songnen Plain, a split-zone experimental design was used with two planting patterns of continuous corn (CC) and corn-soybean rotations (RC) in the main zone and three N application rates of 0, 180, and 360 kg hm-2 of urea in the secondary zone. The research has shown that RC treatments can enhance plant growth and increase corn yield by 4.76% to 79.92% compared to CC treatments. The amount of N fertilizer applied has a negative correlation with yield increase range, and N application above 180 kg hm-2 has a significantly lower effect on corn yield increase. Therefore, a reduction in N fertilizer application may be appropriate. RC increased soil N storage by improving soil N-transforming enzyme activity, improving soil N content and the proportion of soil organic N fractions. Additionally, it can improve plant N use efficiency by 1.4%-5.6%. Soybeans grown in corn-soybean rotations systems have the potential to replace more than 180 kg hm-2 of urea application. Corn-soybean rotation with low N inputs is an efficient and sustainable agricultural strategy.

On the Emergence of Ferromagnetism in LaCoO3 Ultrathin Films

AbstractIt is well known that the properties of a crystal evolve as it increases in size from a single atomic plane to that of the bulk. Such size‐dependent transitions can stem from many different origins and depend on minute changes to crystal bonding and composition. A model example is that of LaCoO3, which is non‐magnetic in the bulk but can display ferromagnetism at the nanoscale. Here, the evolution of structure‐property relationships is studied in the LaCoO3−δ/SrTiO3 (001) system as the thickness of LaCoO3−δ is increased from a single plane to 10 unit cells. In situ synchrotron X‐ray studies are performed during and post‐deposition to probe changes in the interactions between structure, stoichiometry, and magnetic behavior. Structural quantification indicates that the oxygen octahedral rotation pattern evolves with thickness, due to inherent differences in crystal symmetry between the film and substrate. The change in rotation modifies the required energy barrier for the spin state transition via the Co–O bond length and Co–O–Co bond angle, affecting the appearance of ferromagnetism. Our results highlight the contributions of high spin Co2+ and/or high spin Co3+ to respective weak and robust ferromagnetism and the evolution of properties with size in ultrathin LaCoO3−δ heterostructures.

Effects of the rice-mushroom rotation pattern on soil properties and microbial community succession in paddy fields.

Currently, straw biodegradation and soil improvement in rice-mushroom rotation systems have attracted much attention. However, there is still a lack of studies on the effects of rice-mushroom rotation on yield, soil properties and microbial succession. In this study, no treatment (CK), green manure return (GM) and rice straw return (RS) were used as controls to fully evaluate the effect of Stropharia rugosoannulata cultivation substrate return (SRS) on soil properties and microorganisms. The results indicated that rice yield, soil nutrient (organic matter, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available nitrogen and available potassium) and soil enzyme (urease, saccharase, lignin peroxidase and laccase) activities had positive responses to the rice-mushroom rotation. At the interannual level, microbial diversity varied significantly among treatments, with the rice-mushroom rotation significantly increasing the relative alpha diversity index of soil bacteria and enriching beneficial microbial communities such as Rhizobium, Bacillus and Trichoderma for rice growth. Soil nutrients and enzymatic activities were significantly correlated with microbial communities during rice-mushroom rotation. The fungal-bacterial co-occurrence networks were modular, and Latescibacterota, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadota and Patescibacteria were closely related to the accumulation of nutrients in the soil. The structural equation model (SEM) showed that fungal diversity responded more to changes in soil nutrients than did bacterial diversity. Overall, the rice-mushroom rotation model improved soil nutrients and rice yields, enriched beneficial microorganisms and maintained microbial diversity. This study provides new insights into the use of S. rugosoannulata cultivation substrates in the sustainable development of agroecosystems.

Discovery of the interstellar cyanoacetylene radical cation HC3N+

We report the first identification in space of HC3N+, the simplest member of the family of cyanopolyyne cations. Three rotational transitions with half-integer quantum numbers from J = 7/2 to 11/2 have been observed with the Yebes 40 m radio telescope and assigned to HC3N+, which has an inverted 2Π ground electronic state. The three rotational transitions exhibit several hyperfine components due to the magnetic and nuclear quadrupole coupling effects of the H and N nuclei. We confidently assign the characteristic rotational spectrum pattern to HC3N+ based on the good agreement between the astronomical and theoretical spectroscopic parameters. We derived a column density of (6.0 ± 0.6)×1010 cm−2 and a rotational temperature of 4.5 ± 1 K. The abundance ratio between HC3N and HC3N+ is 3200 ± 320. As found for the larger members of the family of cyanopolyyne cations (HC5N+ and HC7N+), HC3N+ is mainly formed through the reactions of H2 and the cation C3N+ and by the reactions of H+ with HC3N. In the same manner than other cyanopolyyne cations, HC3N+ is mostly destroyed through a reaction with H2 and a dissociative recombination with electrons.

A New Coding System for the Identification of Left Ventricular Rotation Patterns and Their Relevance to Myocardial Function

Rotational mechanics is a fundamental determinant of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The coding system currently employed in clinical practice does not distinguish between rotational patterns. We propose an alternative coding system that makes possible to identify the rotational pattern of the LV and relate it to myocardial function. Echocardiographic images were used to generate speckle tracking-derived transmural global longitudinal strain (tGLS) and rotational parameters. The existence of twist (basal and apical rotations in opposite directions) is expressed as a rotational gradient with a positive value that is the sum of the basal and apical rotation angles. Conversely, when there is rigid rotation (basal and apical rotations in the same direction) the resulting gradient is assigned a negative value that is the subtraction between the two rotation angles. The rotational patterns were evaluated in 87 healthy subjects and 248 patients with LV hypertrophy (LVH) and contrasted with their myocardial function. Our approach allowed us to distinguish between the different rotational patterns. Twist pattern was present in healthy controls and 104 patients with LVH and normal myocardial function (tGLS ≥ 17%, both). Among 144 patients with LVH and myocardial dysfunction (tGLS < 17%), twist was detected in 83.3% and rigid rotation in 16.7%. LVEF was < 50% in 34.7%, and all patients with rigid rotation had a LVEF < 50%. The gradient rotational values showed a close relationship with LVEF (r = 0.73; p < 0.001). The proposed coding system allows us to identify the rotational patterns of the LV and to relate their values with LVEF.