Pattern Of Psychiatric Disorders Research Articles

The risks for major psychiatric disorders in the siblings of probands with major depressive disorder.

Using a case-controlled study including siblings of major depression (MD) and control probands, born 1970-1990 and followed through 2018, we sought to clarify the degree to which the familial liability to MD is reflected in its clinical features, and the pattern of psychiatric disorders at elevated risk in the siblings of MD probands. The study population included full-siblings of 197,309 MD and matched 197,309 control probands. The proband-sibling tetrachoric correlation of for MD was +0.20. Both linear and quadratic effects of younger AAO and number of episodes significantly increased the risk of MD in siblings. Male sex, anxiety disorder, alcohol use disorder (AUD), inpatient treatment, psychotic symptoms, severity, and antidepressant prescription in MD probands increased the risk of MD in siblings. Cox proportional hazard models (hazard ratios, 95% CI) revealed a significantly increased risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (1.82, 1.76-1.88), generalized anxiety disorder (1.79, 1.74-1.85), bipolar disorder (1.78, 1.70-1.85), MD (1.74, 1.72-1.76), obsessive-compulsive disorder (1.72, 1.65-1.80), phobic anxiety disorder (1.71, 1.65-1.76), and panic disorder (1.68, 1.64-1.72) in MD co-siblings. The HRs for AUD (1.64, 1.60-1.68), post-traumatic stress disorder (1.62, 1.59-1.66) were modestly lower, and the lowest was seen for schizophrenia (1.42, 1.30-1.54). The overall pattern of increased risk of these disorders was similar in reared-apart half-siblings and cousins of MD probands. Our findings suggest that MD is familial, and a range of important clinical factors predict its familial liability. The familial liability to MD, mostly due to genetic factors, is shared with a broad range of psychiatric disorders.

Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in Chhattisgarh: Findings from National Mental Health Survey.

Psychiatric disorders are among the leading contributors to disability in India and worldwide. The pattern, prevalence, and distribution of psychiatric disorders in the country and its regions need to be assessed to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment. No study on the epidemiology of psychiatric disorders has been conducted in the Chhattisgarh state. This paper, as part of the National Mental Health Survey (NMHS), discusses the prevalence and pattern of psychiatric disorders in Chhattisgarh state. A stratified random cluster sampling technique and random selection based on probability proportional to size (PPS) at each stage were adopted. Participants were from three selected districts of Chhattisgarh, such as Janjgir-Champa, Kabirdham, and Raipur. Adults (aged ≥18 years) residing in selected households were interviewed using Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (version 6.0), the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence, the WHO-SEARO screening questionnaire for generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and screening tools for intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorders. A total of 2841 individuals were interviewed. The state's lifetime and current prevalence of psychiatric disorders for adults were 14.06% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 13.83-14.29] and 11.66% (95% CI = 11.45-11.87), respectively. Prevalence of substance use disorders, tobacco use disorders, schizophrenia and related disorders, and mood disorders was 32.4% (95% CI = 32.09-32.71), 29.86% (95% CI = 29.56-30.16), 0.8% (95% CI = 0.75-0.86), and 4.44% (95% CI = 4.31-4.58), respectively. High risk for suicide was detected in 0.28% (95% CI = 0.25-0.31). Psychiatric disorders were twice more common in males than in females. The study gives authentic data on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Chhattisgarh. This shall pave the way for policymakers and planners to design state-specific plans for dealing with mental disorders and related issues.

Psychiatric disorders in adolescents living with HIV in Botswana

BackgroundAs children living with HIV transition from adolescence into adulthood, they face a considerable burden of psychiatric disorders (PDs) which may vary between the perinatally and behaviorally infected. The knowledge of the pattern of these PDs in relation to the varying needs of the adolescents living with HIV (ALWHIV) is unclear but necessary for maximizing their linkage to care and improving their quality of life in Botswana. AimTo determine the pattern of PDs in ALWHIV in Botswana; to compare and explore the differences in the pattern and their associated factors between congenitally infected adolescents (CIAs) and behaviorally infected adolescents (BIAs).MethodsA cross-sectional survey of 622 ALWHIV (399 CIA and 223 BIA) with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview-Kid Screen.ResultsThe participants' mean age (SD) was 17.71 (1.60) years, with more males (54%), of whom 52.9% had at least one PD, with depression (23.6%) and generalised anxiety disorder (18.0%) being the most prevalent. The externalising disorders were associated with being CIA (OR = 3.99; 95% CI:1.87–8.54), male gender (OR = 3.93; 95% CI:2.02–7.64), and a viral load of 400 and above copies (OR = 3.53; 95%CI:1.92–6.48). Internalising disorders were associated with being BIA (OR = 3.64; 95%; CI: 2.39–5.56), females (OR = 2.59; 95% CI:1.75–3.83), poor counselling (OR = 2.23; 95% CI: 1.42–3.51) and struggling to accept HIV status (OR = 1.73; 95% CI:1.14–2.62).ConclusionsDepression and anxiety disorders were the most prevalent PDs in ALWHIV, who differed in psychiatric presentations, the BIAs being more likely to present with internalizing disorders, while the CIAs had more externalizing disorders. Due to the varying needs of ALWHIV, individualized management plans that consider gender, mode of infection, and other psycho-social needs, should be further studied and encouraged.

Aspects of Psychiatric Comorbidities in Breast Cancer Patients in Tertiary Hospitals Due to COVID-19 Outbreak in South Korea: A Single Center Longitudinal Cohort Study.

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of mental disorders in patients with breast cancer at Ajou University Hospital. In addition, the patterns and prevalence of mental disorders according to the occurrence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) were analyzed. Materials and Methods: From 1 January 2008 to 30 June 2021, psychiatric disorders were identified in 5174 female patients diagnosed with breast cancer at Ajou University Hospital. Based on the time when COVID-19 occurred, the pattern of onset of mental disorders in patients with breast cancer was analyzed. In addition, the prevalence of mental disorders according to the time of breast cancer diagnosis and age was evaluated. Results: A year before the diagnosis of breast cancer, 371 patients were diagnosed with a mental disorder. Of these, 201 patients were diagnosed with stress and adjustment disorders, and 97 patients had anxiety disorders. The overall frequency of psychiatric disorders after breast cancer diagnosis peaked two months later. Among psychiatric disorders reported before the COVID-19 pandemic, the proportion of stress/adaptation disorders was 52%, and among psychiatric disorders reported after the pandemic, it was significantly higher at 94.7%. Anxiety was found to be high in the elderly group aged ≥ 60 years, and the prevalence of stress and adjustment disorders tended to increase in the non-elderly group. Conclusions: Breast cancer patients showed different patterns of psychiatric disorders according to age, time of breast cancer diagnosis, and the occurrence of COVID-19. Owing to the COVID-19 pandemic, delays in treatment and anxiety about infection have increased the rate of stress and adjustment disorders in cancer patients. Mental health management during the pandemic and after cancer diagnosis can improve the quality of life of patients with cancer.

Dimensional Analysis of Atypical Functional Connectivity of Major Depression Disorder and Bipolar Disorder.

Literatures have reported considerable heterogeneity with atypical functional connectivity (FC) pattern of psychiatric disorders. However, traditional statistical methods are hard to explore this heterogeneity pattern. We proposed a "brain dimension" method to describe the atypical FC patterns of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder (BD). The approach was firstly applied to a simulation dataset. It was then utilized to a real resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging dataset of 47 individuals with major depressive disorder, 32 individuals with BD, and 52 well matched health controls. Our method showed a better ability to extract the FC dimensions than traditional methods. The results of the real dataset revealed atypical FC dimensions for major depressive disorder and BD. Especially, an atypical FC dimension which exhibited decreased FC strength of thalamus and basal ganglia was found with higher severity level of individuals with BD than the ones with major depressive disorder. This study provided a novel "brain dimension" method to view the atypical FC patterns of major depressive disorder and BD and revealed shared and specific atypical FC patterns between major depressive disorder and BD.

The Psychological Impact of COVID-19 on Health-Care Workers in African Countries

In Africa, a systematic appraisal of the associated pattern of psychiatric disorders (PDs) among health-care workers (HCWs) is lacking. We, therefore, aimed to ascertain the pattern of PDs and their associated risk factors among HCWs in Africa during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic. We identified 12 studies for inclusion after searching four databases: Web of Science, PubMed, AJOL, and EBSCOhost for articles written in English from January 2020 to April 2021. Anxiety disorder with rates from 9.5% to 73.3% and depression, 12.5% to 71.9%, were the most reported PDs. Availability of protective gear and information regarding preventive measures reduced the risk of developing any PDs, while psychoactive substance use, history of chronic medical illness, low level of resilience, and low social support increased these risks. A considerable proportion of HCWs manifest various psychological problems such as their counterparts in other parts of the world. Multiple factors were also implicated as risk, albeit associations were not consistently established across the studies. There is a need to increase research capacity tailored to the HCW population's needs in the continent.

Psychiatric disorders following hysterectomy

Hysterectomy is one of the most commonly performed gynecological surgical procedures on the uterus which are thought to be an insult to the women’s emotional equilibrium. It leads to the feeling of reduced femininity which may develop psychiatric disorders. The objective of the study was to evaluate the proportion and pattern of psychiatric disorders among the hysterectomized women. This was a cross sectional and comparative study, conducted in the department of Psychiatry in collaboration with the outpatient department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College Hospital, Sylhet, Bangladesh during the period from January 2012 to December 2012. For this purpose 365 married women of reproductive age group, after 3 to 6 months of planned hysterectomy fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected consecutively as a case group and age matched 365 healthy women were selected as control group. The result showed that, the mean age of the respondents was 41.48 (SD±3.79) years which was almost identical to control group (p=0.953). Most (49.5%) of the women were below the age of 40 years. Psychiatric disorders were most frequent in hysterectomized group (38.3%) as compared to control group (28.1%) (p<0.001). The most common psychiatric disorder was major depressive disorder (26.5%) followed by panic disorder (5.2%), obsessive compulsive disorder (3.8%) and conversion disorder (2.7%).The results of this study suggest that a significant number of women suffer from psychiatric disorders after hysterectomy than the age matched control.Bang J Psychiatry December 2015; 29(2): 44-47

High Rates of Psychiatric Disorders and Below Normal Mental Capacity Associated With Spastic Peroneal Flatfoot: A New Relationship

Spastic peroneal flatfoot (SPFF) is a rare hindfoot pathology usually seen in the adolescent age group that is characterized by painful spasms in the peroneal muscles. We have clinically observed that patients with SPFF also have some behavioral and emotional difficulties and problems in their academic achievements. Because of these observations, we investigated the prevalence and patterns of psychiatric disorders and intellectual disability among young subjects with SPFF. Our cohort consisted of 16 patients with SPFF. Their mean age at presentation was 21 (range 13 to 31) years. Only 6 patients had a tarsal coalition as an underlying condition. The psychometric evaluation was conducted using validated instruments (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–revised form, Stanford Binet intelligence quotient [IQ] test, and Cattell IQ test). Psychiatric disorders were assessed using a semistructured diagnostic instrument (Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children Present and Lifetime Version). The testers and psychiatrists were unaware of the orthopedic condition and the preliminary psychiatric diagnoses. The ethical committee approved the study protocol. The mean follow-up period was 41 (range 12 to 97) months. The mean IQ score of the patients was 75.1 ± 17.9 (range 52 to 107). Compared with the general population, the rate of intellectual disability was significantly greater (p = .0001) and the rate of normal intelligence significantly lower (p = .0015) in our patient group. Furthermore, according to the community schooling ratio, our cohort also had lower junior high and secondary education rates compared with the general population. The rate of most psychiatric disorders diagnosed in the SPFF patients was greater than that in the normal population. The most commonly identified psychiatric disorders were social phobia and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (75%). Timely interventions of the psychosocial and academic problems of patients with SPFF might increase their compliance with orthopedic treatment and help with their psychological well-being and academic achievement. In addition, this relationship might be a clue for uncovering the etiology of this disease, which has not yet been clarified.

Pattern of psychiatric disorders among young persons attending psychiatric clinics in Benin city: implications for health

Background: Psychiatric disorders are one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. From a lifespan perspective, youth is the peak period for the onset of mental illness and it is the young who carry the burden of mental ill-health. This study was carried out to assess the pattern and determinants of psychiatric disorders among young persons attending psychiatric clinics in Benin City, Edo State. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among young persons attending psychiatric clinics in Benin City using a multi-stage sampling technique for selection. Pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS version 21.0 software. Bivariate analysis between socio-demographic variables/risk factors and the psychiatric disorders of the respondents was done. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Results: A total of 427 young persons with mean age (SD) of 20.3±4.0 years participated in the study. One hundred and six (24.8%) of the respondents suffered schizophrenia while depression, mania and unspecified psychosis accounted for 74 (17.3%), 49 (11.5%) and 36 (8.4%) respectively. One hundred and thirty eight (32.3%) of the respondents had a history of substance abuse and over three quarters 376 (88.1%) had family support. Majority of the respondents 412 (96.5%) were currently on psychotropic medications. Conclusions: This study showed that schizophrenia was the commonest psychiatric disorder followed by depression, mania and unspecified psychosis. Efforts should be made by relevant stakeholders to educate the public about mental health disorders and its predisposing risk factors.

Pattern of Psychiatric Disorders in Postpartum Women attending Obstetrics and Gynaecology OPD of M.M.Medical College & Hospital, Kumarhatti, Solan(H.P.) India

Pattern of Psychiatric Disorders in Postpartum Women attending Obstetrics and Gynaecology OPD of M.M.Medical College & Hospital, Kumarhatti, Solan(H.P.) India

Prevalence and Pattern of Psychiatric Disorders in School Going Adolescents

Background: Studies on prevalence and pattern of psychiatric disorders in adolescents using semi structured interview techniques and sound methodology is limited in developing countries. Knowing the magnitude of problem will help us for policy making. Aim: To study the prevalence and types of psychiatric disorders in school going adolescents Methods and materials: Adolescents from 8th, 9th and 10th standards of four schools in two districts of Kerala were selected by random sampling method. Students with Children Behaviour Questionnaire score (CBQ) more than 9 and their parents were evaluated using DISC-C and DISC-P for psychiatric disorders. Results: 38.3% of disturbed adolescents had psychiatric disorders. Most common psychiatric disorder was conduct disorder (12.5%) followed by oppositional defiant disorder (8.3%), depressive disorder (5%), generalized anxiety disorder (5%) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (3.3%) Conclusions: Psychiatric disorders are highly prevalent in school going adolescents in India. Such a high prevalence should be tackled using appropriate treatment and preventive strategies.

Psychiatric comorbidity in patients with substance use disorder: A hospital-based study

Background: Pattern of substance use, profile of substance users, and treatment-seeking differ across cultures and continents. These differences could potentially affect the pattern and perhaps prevalence of dual diagnosis. However, the study of dual diagnosis from de-addiction clinics in India is limited in number and methodology. In this study, we report the prevalence and patterns of psychiatric disorders in subjects attending a de-addiction clinic in a teaching hospital in Srinagar, Kashmir. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, 300 subjects (>18 years of age) seeking treatment for substance use disorders were screened with Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus for the presence of psychiatric comorbidity. Subjects were assessed after 4 weeks of complete abstinence from psychoactive substances. Results: Cannabis (26%) was the most common single-use substance. It was followed by polysubstance use (22.3%) and opioids (21.3%). Among the 300 subjects assessed for the purpose of the study, 174 (58%) were found to have dual diagnosis. Psychotic disorders (34%) were the most common psychiatric comorbidity, and it was followed by major depressive disorder (16%) and bipolar affective disorder (16%). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was present in 20 (11.5%) subjects. When the groups with or without dual diagnosis were compared, cannabis and benzodiazepine dependence was found to be significantly common in the dual diagnosis group. Conclusions: A high prevalence of dual diagnoses, especially psychotic disorders and also PTSD, in our predominantly cannabis-using subjects attending hospital located in a distinct sociocultural setting in India, highlights the importance of taking into consideration the sociocultural context in which substance use as well as dual diagnoses should be understood.

Psychiatric morbidity among rural and slum female population: A comparative study

Background: Psychiatric disorders are more prevalent among women than men worldwide. The lifetime risk of depres­sion and dysthymia are twice as common in women as men. Rural women usually undergoes more stressful situations and also scores more on stress scale than that of urban and slum population. Objectives: The research objectives of this study are: 1) To find out the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among the study population. 2) To compare the disorders among the rural and slum female population. 3) To find out the influence of existing socio-demographic factors on psychiatric disorders. Method: This is a community-based study, which is also cross sectional and descriptive in nature. The sample for the main study constituted 366 randomly selected respondents. A two-staged screening procedure was carried in the study. First, the total population was studied by screening test-Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ) to divide the sample into 'screen positive' and 'screen negative' subjects. In the second stage, full assessment of a mixture of all 'screen positive' and 25% 'screen negative' was carried out by structured clinical interview for diagnosis (SCID-NP). Later SCID filled by the respondents was assessed by consultant psychiatrists by using DSMIV in order to put exact clinical diagnosis. Stress was scored according to Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale (PSLE). The total duration of the study was from July 2010 to June 2011. Results: Higher prevalence of psychiatric morbidity was found among rural sample (22.8%) than slum (10.90%) population. Regarding pattern of psychiatric disorders among rural sample (22.8%) than slum (10.9%) population.See the PDF for the rest of the abstract.

Prevalence and Patterns of Psychiatric Disorders in Preschool Children Referred to an Outpatient Psychiatry Clinic / Psikiyatri Kliniğine Başvuran Okulöncesi Çocuklarda Psikiyatrik Bozuklukların Yaygınlığı ve Örüntüleri

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate prevalence and patterns of psychiatric disorders in preschool children (at or below 72 months of age) consecutively referred to a state hospital’s child psychiatry outpatient clinic in Trabzon, Turkey. Materials and Methods: Diagnostic assessment was conducted using a semi-structured instrument, Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). If needed, developmental evaluation was conducted using Denver Developmental Screening Test II (DDST). 200 preschool children (122 males, 61%; 78 females, 39%) with an age range of 17-72 months (48.52±13.44 months) were included in the study. Results: More than half of the subjects (n=130; 65%) received at least one psychiatric diagnosis. Of the children 34 % (68/200) met criteria for two or more diagnoses. Of males 71% (87/122), and of girls 55% (43/78) received at least one diagnosis. There were significant differences between boys and girls with regard to rates of overall psychopathology (p=0,0309) and rates of comorbidity (p=0,0022). Most frequent diagnoses were attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (n=54; 27%), language and speech disorders (n=34; 17%), anxiety disorders (n=33; 16.5%) and oppositional defiant disorder (n=21; 10.5%). Discussion and Conclusion : Findings of this study suggest that preschool children presenting to psychiatry clinics may have high rates of psychopathology and comorbidity that may be a source of concern for the subjects and parents. Boys are more likely to have multiple psychiatric diagnoses. Psychopathology in preschool children can be assessed using structured instruments such as K-SADS.

Psychiatric morbidity in school going children of Bikaner

Background: Psychiatry morbidity is a reality in our present day society. Its measurement requires a proper, standardized, screening tool and an extensively researched classification of psychiatric ailments. This study aims to determine prevalence of psychiatric disorders and pattern of psychiatric disorders, associated socio demographic variables in school going children. Methods: The study was undertaken during 2004-2005. The sample of 500 children was drawn from children in the age group of 4-11 years from schools of Bikaner. All children in the selected sample were subjected to a screening for psychiatric symptoms by interviewing the parents of the children using childhood psychopathology score (CPMS). A score of 10 or above indicates the possibility of psychiatric morbidity among Indian children. All collected data were tabulated and statically analyzed. Results: prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children was found to be 10.2%. conduct disorder was most common psychiatric disorder observed (31.4%) followed by anxiety disorders (21.6%).prevalence was more in children of male sex, nuclear families, higher birth orders and higher educated parents. Conclusion: epidemiological studies should start early in childhood and carried longitudinally for development of preventive, promotive and curative programme in the community.

Unrecognized psychiatric disorders among adult patients admitted into a general hospital in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria.

IntroductionPatients with unrecognized psychiatric disorders in general hospitals, suffer economic and psycho-social difficulties. This study aimed to determine (i) prevalence and pattern of psychiatric disorders, and (ii) prevalence of unrecognized psychiatric disorders among adult in-patients of a general hospital.MethodsIn this two-stage, cross-sectional study, we used (i) General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) to assess the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, and (ii) Patient Encounter Form to determine unrecognized psychiatric disorders, among patients admitted into a general hospital.ResultsOf the 283 respondents, 174 (61.5%) had GHQ scores of ≤ 4. Eighty seven respondents (31%) had psychiatric disorders of which 85 (98%) were not recognized. The frequency of Depression and Anxiety disorders were 61.5% and 26.2% respectively. Unmarried (2.3, 1.2-4.3; p < 0.00), females (2.1, 1.1-4.05; p = 0.01) and patients with “unexplained symptoms” (≤ = 8.4, p< 0.00, df = 1) were more likely to have diagnosis of depression and anxiety disorder.ConclusionWe conclude that one-third of the patients in the general hospital, had co-morbid psychiatric diagnoses, mostly unrecognized by their physicians. Unmarried, females and respondents with unexplained symptoms were associated with depression and anxiety disorders. We recommend the posting of psychiatric trainees to general hospitals, and training of general practitioners on the use of simple depression and anxiety screening instruments.

Prevalence, Pattern and Factors Associated with Psychiatric Disorders among Persons Arrested for Violent Crimes in Ife/Modakeke Area, Southwestern Nigeria

Background: Association between violence and mental disorders has contributed immensely to the stigma associated with mental illness in the society; because people erroneously see mentally ill individuals as dangerous, they will not want to associate with them. Aims: To assess the prevalence and pattern of psychiatric disorders among a sample of the violent offenders and to examine any relationship between psychiatric disorders and crimes. Method: This was a two-phase cross-sectional study in three police stations in Ile-Ife/Modakeke area of Nigeria. In the first phase, we screened 400 consecutive adults arrested for violent crimes using the General Health Questionnaire—30. In the second phase, all 36 persons with probable psychopathology were then interviewed with the Present State Examination to make a definitive diagnosis. Results: The mean age of all the subjects was 29.9 years (SD ± 7.3). The male to female ratio was 11:1. Respondents were mostly single (54%); most had secondary education or less (82%) and about 60% were currently using psychoactive substances (drugs). About 8.5% of all the subjects had a diagnosable psychiatric disorder; paranoid schizophrenia was the commonest psychiatric disorder (41.2%). Mentally ill subjects were three times more likely to commit homicidal offence than non-mentally ill subjects. Conclusion: There exists a significant but weak relationship between mental illness and violent crimes.

Prevalence and patterns of psychiatric disorders in referred adolescents with Internet addiction

To investigate prevalence and patterns of psychiatric disorders in young subjects with Internet addiction (IA). Subjects were taken from a sample of patients, aged 10-18 years old, referred to Istanbul Medical Faculty, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department due to a variety of behavioral and emotional problems alongside problematic Internet use. Inclusion criteria included IQ ≥70 and score ≥80 on Young's Internet Addiction Scale (YIAS). Psychiatric comorbidity was assessed using the Turkish version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version. Subjects were 45 boys (75%) and 15 girls (25%) with an age range of 10-18 years old (mean age, 13.38 ± 1.79 years). A total of 60% (n = 36) had been using Internet for ≥5 years. Mean hours/week spent on the Internet was 53.7 (range, 30-105 h) and the average YIAS score was 85. All subjects (100%) had at least one and 88.3% (n = 53) had at least two comorbid psychiatric disorders. The frequency of diagnostic groups were as follows: behavioral disorder, n = 52 (86.7%); anxiety disorder, n = 43 (71.7%); mood disorder, n = 23 (38.3%); elimination disorder, n = 16 (26.7%); tic disorder, n = 10 (16.7%); and substance use disorder, n = 4 (6.7%). The most common psychiatric disorders were attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (n = 53; 83.3%), social phobia (n = 21; 35.0%) and major depressive disorder (n = 18; 30.0%). High rates of psychiatric comorbidity, particularly behavioral, anxiety and mood disorders were found in young subjects with IA. Because the presence of psychiatric disorders may affect the management /prognosis of IA, assessment should include that for other psychiatric disorders.

Toward the integration of comprehensive mental health services in HIV care: An assessment of psychiatric morbidity among HIV-positive individuals in sub-Saharan Africa

Existing evidence from research supports the desirability of integration of mental health services into HIV care in order to mitigate the grave consequences of unattended mental health morbidity among People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). This study aims to find out the burden and pattern of psychiatric disorders that is prevalent among HIV-positive individuals attending a Nigerian-based HIV clinic. The study participants, consisting of 295 HIV-positive adults were recruited using systematic random sampling method. The participants were subjected to questionnaire to elicit demographic profile and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) to screen for probable psychiatric disorders. This was followed by Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Non patient (SCID-NP) to diagnose the presence of psychiatric morbidity in any of the participant with a GHQ-28 score ≥5 and 10% of those with GHQ-28 score <5. Data were analyzed with SPSS 17. Of the 295 participants interviewed, approximately one-quarter (25.1%) of the participants had diagnosable psychiatric illness based on SCID-NP. Depression was the commonest mental disorder detected as 44 (14.9%) met the DSM-IV Axis 1 diagnosis of major depressive disorders. Anxiety disorders, concurrent Nicotine with Alcohol dependence and cannabis abuse were elicited in 24 (8.1%), 4 (1.3%), and 2 (0.7%) participants, respectively. This study finds a higher burden of psychiatric disorders in PLWHA in comparison to what is obtainable in the general population based on previous research works in similar context. Thus further underscores the need for integration of comprehensive psychiatric services into HIV care. We advocate the support and commitment of key stakeholders in HIV care to the translation of this research-based evidence into practice among PLWHA.

A comparison of two screening instruments in detecting psychiatric morbidity in a Nigerian pediatric primary care service: Assessing clinical suitability and applicability

To improve poor attendance and underutilization of the child and adolescent psychiatric service in the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria, we compared a child behavior questionnaire (CBQ) with reporting questionnaire for children (RQC) for use in our primary care unit where the bulk of referrals come from to determine which is more applicable. This was a cross-sectional two-stage study on the prevalence and pattern of psychiatric disorders in children attending the primary care unit of University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, over a 6-month period. CBQ and RQC were completed by the mothers of 350 children aged 7-14 years in the first stage; in the second, a stratified subsample of 157 children based on scores on CBQ were interviewed using the children's version of the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia (Kiddie-SADS-PL). The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was carried out to determine the screening properties of CBQ and RQC. The optimal cutoff score for CBQ and RQC were 7 and 1, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, and misclassification rates at the cutoff for CBQ was 0.8 (80%); 0 96 (96%); 0.083 (8.3%), and RQC was 0.90 (90%); 0.78 (78%); 0.19 (19%). The discriminating ability of CBQ indicated by the area under the curve (AUC) in the ROC was 0.93 while RQC was 0.88. Even with the evident marginal superior discriminating ability of CBQ in our study in primary care, RQC has the advantage of brevity and ease of application for workers at this level. In the child and adolescent clinic CBQ may still be preferred.