Preference Patterns Research Articles

The relationship between visitors’ motivation and landscape preference for the pilgrimage route on the Mount Miaofeng, China

Many countries have recognized the significance of religious tourist destinations and actively included them into tourism systems. This study took the pilgrimage route on the Mount Miaofeng, a famous sacred place in northern China, as the research site to comprehensively understand visitors’ on-site experience when walking along it. The visitor-employed photography technique, supplemented by a questionnaire survey, was used to explore visitors’ preferences for landscape elements and spatial sequences. The landscape elements were identified in eight categories (including vegetation, religious symbol, mountain, route, human, village, temple fair, and facility), and the spatial sequences of photos along the route were divided into containing views at close, middle, and remote distances. Visitors were classified into three types: those motivated by religious purposes, recreational purposes, and multiple purposes. It was concluded that visitors normally preferred the vegetative landscape and religious symbol categories, and they preferred to take photos with views at close distance (with cultural and aesthetic significance) in human settlements. Visitors motivated by different purposes showed different patterns of preferences for landscapes which are in consistent with their travel motivations. This study contributed to an in-depth interpretation of the people-place relationships and the enrichment of tourism motivation theory, and it could provide valuable references for the conservation, management, and planning of religious tourism destinations.

Patterns of HIV treatment preferences among people with diverse demographic, social, and behavioral characteristics who are living with HIV in the United States.

New dosage form and frequency options may improve HIV treatment outcomes and reduce disparities in access and use. People with HIV (PWH) in the US completed a demographic and discrete choice experiment survey of preference for 13 hypothetical HIV treatment options: daily and weekly oral tablets; 1-, 3-, or 6-monthly injections by self or a health care provider; yearly implant; or combinations. Best-worst scaling and a latent class model were used to analyze overall preference choices and for groups of individuals with similar patterns of preferences; the model also predicted uptake of products. Among the diverse 829 respondents, weekly oral tablets and 6-monthly injections by an HCP were significantly more favored than daily oral tablets. Convenience of the treatment and being tired of taking pills were the top drivers of preference responses. Latent class analysis identified four groups of respondents with distinct preference patterns; approximately two-thirds belonged to groups strongly preferring products other than daily oral tablets. The modelled uptake of a monthly pill, yearly implant, 6-monthly Health Care Provider (HCP) injection, oral daily pill, and 3-monthly HCP injection were 24%, 24%, 24%, 18%, and 11%, respectively. Patterns of HIV medication preference can inform development of new forms of HIV therapy products as the majority of patients do not prefer the currently most available treatment option of daily oral tablets. Looking beyond population-level preferences and into similar groups of PWH increases the ability to develop patient-centered products to fill gaps in care and increase treatment effectiveness.

Trends in Korean Medicine Utilization for Chronic Rhinosinusitis Using National Health Insurance Service Data (2012-2022)

Objectives: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is often treated with Korean medicine (KM), but comprehensive utilization data is lacking. This study aimed to analyze the patterns of KM use for CRS using National Health Insurance Service data from 2012 to 2022.Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of claims data for CRS patients (International Classification of Diseases code: J32) who visited KM institutions. We examined demographic characteristics, visiting patterns, medical costs, treatment modalities, and concurrent use of Western medicine.Results: Of 138,647 patients (52.2% male, mean age 23.8 years), 41.8% were under 10 years old. Annual patient numbers ranged from 14,595-17,242 (2012-2019), decreasing sharply from 2020. Average costs increased 5% annually. Acupuncture was the most common treatment (661,455, 50.5%). The most frequently prescribed insured herbal medicine was Hyeonggaeyeongyo-tang (48,494, 48.5%). Notably, 87.0% (120,610 patients) concurrently received Western medical treatment, indicating a prevalent integrative approach in CRS management. 77.8% received their initial diagnosis at Western institutions.Conclusion: This comprehensive analysis of KM utilization for CRS in Korea reveals significant patterns in patient demographics, treatment preferences, and integration with Western medicine. The high rate of concurrent KM and Western treatment highlights the integrative nature of CRS management in Korea, providing valuable insights for health policy and clinical practice.

Motivating healthcare workers (HCWs) to ensure service delivery during public health emergencies: Insights from a discrete choice experiment during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh

The disruption of health service delivery during public health emergencies, like Ebola and COVID-19, due to hesitancy among healthcare workers (HCWs) is well-documented. While previous studies have identified motivating factors for HCWs, accommodating all is often unfeasible due to resource limitations. Thus, identifying precise preferences is crucial from a policy standpoint. This study aims to discern HCWs' preferences regarding working conditions and fringe benefits to ensure continued service during emergencies. Additionally, we investigate potential variations in preferences among HCWs who served in dedicated COVID-19 units versus those who did not, considering differences in perceived and realized risks. Conducting a discrete choice experiment (CE) and in-person interviews with 370 HCWs from four tertiary-level hospitals in Bangladesh, our findings reveal HCWs prioritize improving working conditions over fringe benefits. Notably, those in dedicated COVID-19 units exhibit a divergent preference pattern, indicating significant influence of perceived and realized risks. These insights offer valuable guidance for policymakers to address HCWs hesitancy and ensure optimal service delivery during national health crises.

Youth Unemployment in Bhutan: A Meta- Analysis of the Lessons and Perspectives

Unemployment is an economic issue worldwide. Bhutan is no exception; particularly during and after the Covid-19 pandemic the unemployment figures, particularly, youth unemployment rates in Bhutan were surprising. Despite efforts, the issue still looks elusive and wavering with no major reduction in national unemployment figures. To this end, a comprehension of the underlying issue, the nature of the Bhutanese labour market and an understanding contributing factors are essential. In addition, evaluating the government plans and policies is key. Thus, this study has attempted to analyse the data over the past 10 years, of relevant sources such as labour force surveys, policy documents of the Royal Government of Bhutan, and other related studies. The findings are presented as tables, graphs and descriptive statistics and discussed and concluded accordingly. The study identifies three critical elements referred to as the ‘employment triangle’ that significantly influence labour market dynamics in Bhutan. Moreover, they are demographic transformation, work attitudes and educational deficits. Precisely, youth unemployment in Bhutan is influenced by factors, such as demographic transformation (job security, employee protection, absence of employment-rich economy), work attitude (conventional job choice and preference patterns, negative role of society) and educational deficit (skills mismatch, inadequate national HRD planning and support, lack of skills development or school to work transition initiatives).

Global dynamics of functional composition in CITES-traded reptiles.

Global wildlife trade is a billion-dollar industry, with millions of individuals traded annually from a diversity of taxa, many of which are directly threatened by trade. Reptiles exhibiting desirable life-history or aesthetic traits, such as large body sizes or colorful morphologies, are traded preferentially. A key issue is understanding geographic and temporal variation between desirable species traits and their trade. Poor understanding of this can generalize patterns of consumer trait preferences and conceal functional consequences of wild harvest in ecosystems. Using records of legal, international trade in Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)-listed reptiles between 2000 and 2020, we examine geographic and temporal variation in the functional composition of traded assemblages, both captive- and wild-sourced, identifying key hotspots and routes of functional diversity in trade. We also identify associations between functional traits and species presence in trade. We find that functionally diverse trade assemblages are exported primarily from the tropics, with hotspots in sub-Saharan Africa, and imported across Asia, Europe, and North America. Patterns of functional composition in trade remained broadly stable from 2000 to 2020. Globally, the species most likely to be traded were large, fecund, generalists. Sustained wild harvest of functionally diverse reptilian assemblages in trade hotspots, such as Madagascar and Indonesia, places substantial pressure on large-bodied reptiles that fulfill important ecological functions, including population control and nutrient cycling, while also endangering harvest-vulnerable species with slow life histories. Despite limited species-specific descriptions of reptilian ecological functions, management in harvest hotspots can safeguard ecosystem functioning by prioritizing protection for threatened species that contribute disproportionately to local and regional functional diversity.

The HYBRID CONTENT-BASED FILTERING AND CLASSIFICATION RNN WITH PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION FOR TOURISM RECOMMENDATION SYSTEM

Economic recovery in the tourism sector after the COVID-19 pandemic is one of the main focuses of the Indonesian government at the moment, especially in Bandung City. This research aims to develop a personalized tourist spot recommendation system, by addressing the gaps in the existing literature through the integration of Content-Based Filtering (CBF) and Simple Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) methods that aim to improve recommendation accuracy. This study uses a hybrid approach that combines Term Frequency - Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) and word embedding with the Robustly Optimized BERT (RoBERTa) model to identify similarities between tourist destinations based on their content characteristics. Simple RNN is used to analyze user preference patterns over time, which is then further optimized using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). As a result, the Simple RNN model that has been optimized with PSO shows an increased accuracy of up to 94.37%, outperforming other optimizations such as Adam and SGD. This research makes a novel contribution by applying advanced machine learning techniques to improve personalization in travel recommendation systems.

Understanding patterns of use and preferences for technology among people who use opioids in Colombia: implications for mHealth interventions

ABSTRACT Background Colombia has seen an increase in heroin use, leading to higher HIV rates and challenges in accessing treatment for people who use opioids (PWUO). With widespread mobile phone ownership, technology-based interventions show promise in Colombia. This study aims to understand technology use patterns among PWUO in Colombia, aiding the development of targeted mHealth interventions for better treatment outcomes. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among adults with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) from harm reduction centers, inpatient detoxification units, and methadone maintenance treatment programs in three Colombian cities with high OUD prevalence. The survey covered sociodemographic characteristics, OUD treatment receipt, technology ownership and use patterns, and preferences for technology-based interventions. Results Among 247 participants, the majority were men, single, with a mean age of 29.9 years, and mainly had high school education. Smartphone ownership was reported by 43.6%, with preferences for social networking apps, internet browsers, and text messaging. Bivariate analysis showed associations between technology ownership and factors such as age, education, sex, and household stability. Conclusion These findings provide insights into the technology use patterns and preferences among PWUO in Colombia, highlighting implications for designing and implementing effective technology-based interventions to enhance OUD treatment outcomes.

Exploring Asymmetric Gender-Based Satisfaction of Delivery Riders in Real-Time Crowdsourcing Logistics Platforms

This study investigates gender-based differences in the satisfaction ranking of riders on real-time crowdsourcing logistics platforms, using online reviews from the Ele.me platform. Quantitative methods, including the frequency ratio-based Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), probabilistic linguistic term sets (PLTS), and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE), were applied to analyze satisfaction differences between men and women riders. The findings reveal an asymmetric pattern in satisfaction preferences: women riders place more emphasis on perceived value, while men riders prioritize service perceived quality. Although both groups rank platform image, product perceived quality, and rider expectations similarly, the importance of these factors varies significantly, indicating an underlying asymmetry in their expectations and values. Women riders express higher satisfaction with platform image, rider expectations, service perceived quality, and product perceived quality, with rider expectations showing the largest difference. Additionally, the multi-criteria decision-making methods used in this study offer insights for optimizing service performance in real-time crowdsourcing logistics platforms, particularly in handling uncertainty and enhancing system adaptability through fuzzy sets. These findings provide a basis for developing gender-specific strategies aimed at enhancing rider satisfaction, minimizing turnover, and improving platform adaptability—contributing to a more inclusive and sustainable logistics supply chain.

Metaplasticity and memory in multilevel recurrent feed-forward networks.

Network systems can exhibit memory effects in which the interactions between different pairs of nodes adapt in time, leading to the emergence of preferred connections, patterns, and subnetworks. To a first approximation, this memory can be modeled through a "plastic" Hebbian or homophily mechanism, in which edges get reinforced proportionally to the amount of information flowing through them. However, recent studies on glia-neuron networks have highlighted how memory can evolve due to more complex dynamics, including multilevel network structures and "metaplastic" effects that modulate reinforcement. Inspired by those systems, here we develop a simple and general model for the dynamics of an adaptive network with an additional metaplastic mechanism that varies the rate of Hebbian strengthening of its edge connections. The metaplastic term acts on a second network level in which edges are grouped together, simulating local, longer timescale effects. Specifically, we consider a biased random walk on a cyclic feed-forward network. The random walk chooses its steps according to the weights of the network edges. The weights evolve through a Hebbian mechanism modulated by a metaplastic reinforcement, biasing the walker to prefer edges that have been already explored. We study the dynamical emergence (memorization) of preferred paths and their retrieval and identify three regimes: one dominated by the Hebbian term, one in which the metareinforcement drives memory formation, and a balanced one. We show that, in the latter two regimes, metareinforcement allows the retrieval of a previously stored path even after the weights have been reset to zero to erase Hebbian memory.

Similar Age Preference but Different Attentional Control in Mandatory Hospitalized Individuals who Have Committed Sexual Offenses Against Children and Non-hospitalized Individuals With Self-Reported Sexual Interest in Children.

Thirty-two forensic persons who have committed sexual offenses against children (FP-SOC), 26 non-forensic persons of whom most have committed sexual offenses against children (NFP-SOC), 14 forensic persons who have not committed sexual offenses against children but have committed other offenses (FP-NSOC), and 53 non-forensic persons who have not committed sexual offenses against children (NFP-NSOC) were instructed to solve a cognitive task, while sexual distractors were presented simultaneously. Behavioral performance and eye movements were measured. FP-SOC and NFP-SOC exhibit same age preference patterns for children and adults, but both groups differ significantly with respect to sexual attentional control. Moderate discrimination accuracy and moderate effect sizes resulted for sexual interest, and good discrimination accuracy and large effect sizes were found for attentional control. Good attentional control in the NFP-SOC, probably reflecting superior sexual self-control and self-regulation abilities, might contribute to a better recognition and control of environmental factors in sexual risk situations, preventing them from being detected and convicted. Otherwise, strong cognitive distortions might serve for them as offense justification. We conclude that those non-forensic persons with sexual offense histories against children (NFP-SOC) with sexual interest in children, good attentional self-control and strong cognitive distortions represent a problematic group which should receive more attention regarding further research but also therapy. Future studies should include more suitable and larger control groups, appropriate instruments to measure independent variables, and investigate whether different classifications of pedophilic interest would be better suited to describe the eye movement patterns of our study participants.

Children's Preference Patterns and Opportunities for Sensory‐Led Reformulation of Chocolate Chip Cookies

ABSTRACTIn the context of the rising prevalence childhood obesity, this study investigated children's preferences for chocolate chip cookies, a high impact food category. The objective was to explore drivers of preferences and to identify potential pathways for reformulation. A home use test was conducted in four cities in France with 151 school‐aged children on eight commercial chocolate chips cookies. An external preference mapping analysis was performed using descriptive analysis data from a trained sensory panel and analyses of cookies' composition and physicochemical properties. Texture emerged as a critical driver of preference, with a majority of children favoring softer textures. Preferences were not particularly driven by sweetness, challenging the assumption that children always prefer the sweetest products. Cluster analysis revealed distinct preference patterns that were linked to children's BMI and demographic factors. Notably, children with higher BMIs showed preferences for sweeter cookies and higher sugar content.

Ensemble Predictability of Week 3/4 Precipitation and Temperature over the United States via Cluster Analysis of the Large-Scale Circulation

Abstract Forecasting the week 3/4 period presents many challenges, resulting in a need for improvements to forecast skill. At this distance from initial conditions, numerical models struggle to present skillful forecasts of temperature, precipitation, and associated extremes. One approach to address this is to utilize more predictable large-scale circulation regimes to make forecasts of temperature and precipitation anomalies, using the association between the regimes and surface weather obtained from reanalysis products. This study explores the utility of k-means cluster analysis on geopotential heights and their ability to make skillful regime predictions in the week 3/4 period. Using 14-day running means of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) 500-hPa geopotential heights for the wintertime December–February (DJF) period, circulation regimes are identified using k-means clustering. Each period is assigned a cluster number, allowing the compositing of any reanalysis or observation variable to form cluster maps. Maps of 500-hPa height, 2-m temperature, precipitation, and storm-track anomalies are some of the variables composited. The utility of these relationships in a dynamical forecast setting is tested via Global Ensemble Forecast System v12 (GEFSv12) hindcasts and real-time ensemble suite forecasts. Week 3/4 deterministic and probabilistic experimental forecasts are then derived from cluster assignments using several methods. We find, via a conditional skill analysis, forecasts strongly correlated with a cluster exhibit greater skill for both dynamical model and cluster-derived forecasts. Our preliminary results represent a step forward to aid forecasters make more skillful assessments of the circulation regime and its associated surface weather for this challenging forecast time scale. Significance Statement Our paper links the local statistics of 14-day precipitation and temperature within the United States to very broad preferred patterns of winds and pressure over the wide Pacific–North American region. Such patterns, known as “circulation regimes,” provide the background that heavily influences local surface conditions. We find that forecasts for which midatmospheric anomalies are closely aligned with one or more circulation regimes are better at predicting the U.S. weather probabilities than other week 3–4 forecasts. A tool based on this finding identifies forecasts for which confidence is higher. Future work will be designed to further exploit the links between circulation regimes and weather to improve the accuracy of week 3–4 forecasts.

Economic assessment of ecosystem services with a novel concept of elevation: An application of the discrete choice experiment method

AbstractThis research was conducted in the Hei River Basin of China to understand respondents' willingness to pay (WTP) for ecological services towards sustainable river system management. A discrete choice experiment is used to gauge respondents' preferences. In addition, elevation was introduced as a novel spatial attribute to account for heterogeneity. Primary data from 1680 respondents were collected across the Hei River Basin. The elevation of the river was categorized into five ad hoc elevation ranges to analyze the potential effects of elevation on environmental attributes. These samples were stratified as 1000–1600 m, 1601–2200 m, 2201–2800 m, 2801–3400 m, and 3401–4000 m. Pooled data results showed that the maximum WTP was for water quality, that is, 142.05 RMB, without considering the effect of elevation. However, when the interaction with elevation was included, the amount decreased to 133.52 RMB. Likewise, elevation‐based group estimates showed a varied pattern of spatial preference, with different preferences for each distinguishing attribute. Group A prioritized water quality (92.81 RMB) and the East Juyan area (4.12 RMB). In contrast, Group B preferred the guaranteed rate of irrigation of farmland (3.50 RMB) and reduced sandstorm frequency (17.90 RMB). Leisure and entertainment conditions had the lowest WTP across all groups (0.09–0.50 RMB). These findings highlight the importance of incorporating respondents' preferences in restoring and maintaining river systems. Additionally, it emphasized the need to consider respondents' socioeconomic characteristics when developing sustainable management policies.

Enhanced removal of biolabile oxygen-depleted dissolved organic matter by coagulation-adsorption process Improves biological stability of reclaimed water

Ensuring biological stability, signifying the maintenance of an unchanged bacterial concentration and composition during water distribution, is essential for mitigating the microbial hazards of reclaimed water. However, the interplay between chlorine-resistant bacteria (CRB) regrowth and molecular transformation of biodegradable organic matter in chlorinated reclaimed water distribution system remain unclear. This work investigated the transformation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in reclaimed water treated by coagulation and by coagulation-adsorption over a 20-day incubation following chlorination, as well as its interactions with CRB through high-resolution mass spectrometer and high-throughput sequencing. The DOM biotransformation profile and DOM-bacteria interaction network collectively revealed the overall substrate preference and metabolic pattern of CRB (e.g., Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum, Acidovorax, and Sphingomonas), which evinced a propensity for utilizing oxygen-depleted DOM (O/C < 0.5) and producing oxygen-enriched DOM (O/C > 0.4). The incorporation of powdered activated carbon during coagulation markedly decreased the level of biodegradable DOM (4.33 mg C/L) and subsequently retarded the regrowth of CRB by one day compared to coagulation alone, attributable to the selective adsorption of DOM molecules with low O/C onto the activated carbon. This work underscores the critical role of the enhanced removal of oxygen-depleted DOM in ameliorating the biological stability of waters.

Assessing personalized molecular portraits underlying endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition within pulmonary arterial hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive and rapidly fatal disease with an intricate etiology. Identifying biomarkers for early PAH lesions based on the exploration of subtle biological processes is significant for timely diagnosis and treatment. In the present study, nine distinct cell populations identified based on gene expression profiles revealed high heterogeneity in cell composition ratio, biological function, distribution preference, and communication patterns in PAH. Notably, compared to other cells, endothelial cells (ECs) showed prominent variation in multiple perspectives. Further analysis demonstrated the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in ECs and identified a subgroup exhibiting a contrasting phenotype. Based on these findings, a machine-learning integrated program consisting of nine learners was developed to create a PAH Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition Signature (PETS). This study identified cell populations underlying EndMT and furnished a potential tool that might be valuable for PAH diagnosis and new precise therapies.

Social Media Preferences and Usage Behaviour among Indonesians Insights and Implications for Business Strategies

This study explores social media preferences and behaviors among Indonesian users aged 18 to 64, surveyed between August and September 2024. Utilizing a sample of 156 respondents, the research aims to uncover patterns in platform usage, content preferences, and receptivity to advertisements. The results reveal that Instagram is the most used and preferred social media platform among respondents, positioning it as a crucial channel for businesses targeting the Indonesian market. These findings offer valuable insights into the social media habits of Indonesian users, providing practical implications for businesses looking to optimize their digital marketing strategies. By identifying key trends in platform popularity, user behavior, and engagement with specific types of content, businesses can better tailor their digital outreach and advertising efforts. The study also highlights that users are most engaged during particular times of the day and show a strong preference for content related to entertainment, education, and career development. These insights allow businesses to strategically target users with personalized content that aligns with their interests and maximizes engagement. Furthermore, the importance of understanding consumer preferences in shaping effective advertising campaigns is emphasized, particularly in the rapidly evolving digital landscape of Indonesia. This study shows the dominance of Instagram platform among social users.

Ámbito de hogar, preferencia de hábitat y patrones de actividad del zorro de Sechura Lycalopex sechurae (Mammalia: Canidae) en el Desierto de Sechura, noroeste del Perú

The Sechura fox (Lycalopex sechurae) is a little-studied species despite being common in northwestern Peru and listed as Near Threatened internationally. This study presents the home range, habitat preference, and activity patterns of L. sechurae in two locations of the Sechura Desert: The Mangroves of San Pedro de Vice (MSPV) and the Illescas National Reserve (RNI). Using GPS collars, the minimum convex polygon method, and the Kernel estimator (KE), the home range of four female individuals (two from each site) was calculated. Additionally, the GPS location data were used to estimate activity patterns and habitat preferences for each individual. The home range of females from MSPV was 0.6 and 1 km² (95% KE), whereas, for the RNI, it was 3.5 and 25.1 km² (95% KE). Females from MSPV preferred dry forest (54.8% and 76.1%), while those from RNI favored desert scrub (64.3% and 64.5%). All individuals exhibited cathemeral behavior, with increased nocturnal activity. Our results demonstrate variability in home range sizes, similarity in activity patterns compared to other studies, and highlight the importance of dry forest and desert scrub as resource-rich habitats for Lycalopex sechurae.

Тенденции развития потребительских предпочтений на рынке мяса и мясных продуктов

The article examines the trends in the development of consumer preferences for meat and meat products. During the analysis of the structure of the food market, consumer surveys and research on production technology and consumption statistics, the main patterns of changing preferences of domestic consumers were identified. The data on the dynamics, structure, volumes of production and consumption of meat and meat products are presented. The data on the volumes of meat and meat products consumption recommended by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and their actual consumption are presented. Statistical data illustrating the dynamics of the volume of state support for agricultural producers are presented.

Corpus-Based Studies on Translator’s Style: Retrospect and Prospect

The past 20 years have seen significant advances in the corpus-based studies on translator’s style, an important subfield of corpus-based translation studies. However, there is still a lack of a coherent and clear understanding of the research models, objects of study, and methodologies. This paper classifies different research models, reviews the representative achievements of the studies, analyzes the limitations of current research, and provides suggestions for future studies. This paper argues that the existing research methods need to be expanded, the objects should be enriched, and the research model requires further investigation. Studies in the future should expand the current research methodology from primary quantitative studies to semantic, pragmatic and socio-cultural parameters. Greater focus should be placed on analyzing the translator’s style as demonstrated by linguistic features, such as language collocation and semantic prosody, as well as the subtext of the translated work, and non-linguistic features, such as the translator’s choice of material for translation. Furthermore, attention must be paid to the examination of both the preferred linguistic patterns that the translator uses to reproduce the source text and the recurrence of these patterns across the translator’s other translations of works by different authors.