Global Trade Patterns Research Articles

Transformation of trading patterns in global agricultural markets

The article analyses the key aspects of changes in international agricultural trade patterns, with the main emphasis on the analysis of modern factors shaping the agricultural market situation. The analysis of international trade is conducted in the context of the need to ensure food security and counteract various exogenous shocks (decreasing crop yields, escalating geopolitical conflicts, food crises). This analysis has allowed us to formulate the main determinants that will have a decisive impact on international agricultural trade in the future. It has been established that as a result of international trade, global demand for agricultural land has decreased, and imports are increasingly used by developing countries to solve food security problems. It is shown that geopolitical restrictions and climatic shocks are a key factor influencing global supply chains and changing patterns of international trade in agricultural raw materials and food. The uncertainties that have arisen make it difficult to adequately forecast global flows of agricultural exports and imports, while the current agricultural policies of countries around the world remain virtually unchanged. In prospective studies of international agricultural trade, considerable attention should be paid to issues of supply stability.

Evolution and sustainability analysis of global tungsten trade pattern from the perspective of industry chain

Tungsten is an irreplaceable primary material and strategic resource for national economic development and modern national defense security. The endowment of tungsten ore resources in various countries is different; we should not only focus on the availability of tungsten ore itself but also the sustainability of its entire process from upstream supply to downstream industry demand. Analyzing the evolution of the supply and demand patterns of tungsten ore trade from the perspective of the industrial chain, identifying the key supply and demand subjects, and exploring the influencing factors of trade has become an important research topic. Therefore, we construct global tungsten trade networks based on the industrial chain, analyze its overall characteristics, explore critical trade supply and demand entities, and identify China’s trade position. We got some meaningful results: (1) The global tungsten trade networks have prominent power-law distribution characteristics. The trend of trade globalization is evident, but the dominance is still in the hands of a few developed countries or developing countries with developed manufacturing industries. (2) In different parts of the tungsten industry chain, the impact of resource endowment, industrial technology level, and geographical location on the country’s trade role is different. (3) China’s position in the global tungsten resource industry chain and value chain is constantly improving, but there is still a risk of high-end technology being “stuck.” This provides some suggestions for the systematic understanding of the evolution of the trade pattern of the tungsten industry chain and how countries occupy a dominant position in the game of tungsten resources.

Changes in global trade patterns increase global inequality towards Sustainable Development Goals

Reaching the UN's sustainable development goals (SDGs) is influenced by a country's position in global value chains and its involvement in international trade. Here, we assess how changes in global trade patterns (CGTP) during 2004 and 2014 impacted 13 SDG indicators in 141 countries/regions which are further divided into four income groups. Trade pattern is characterized by the direction, composition, and magnitude of trade, indicating an economy imports what types (composition) and magnitudes of goods or services from where (direction). We find that CGTP aggravated socioeconomic and environmental inequality between countries in two ways: 1) the amount of indicators that significantly worsened due to CGTP decreased from 8 indicators (2004–2007) to 1 (2011–2014) for high-income and upper-middle-income countries, but increased from 5 to 14 for lower-middle-income and low-income countries; 2) CGTP led to a coupling of value added with most natural resource consumption and environmental pollution indicators for low-income countries, while they strengthened decoupling or reducing coupling for other countries. The findings imply one key to achieving SDGs is to address the inequality between rich and poor countries through implementing policy interventions that influence import and vertical supply chain thereby shifting the trade patterns towards environmental-economic decoupling in poor countries.

AFGHANISTAN'S POLITICAL CHANGE AND THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE: AN OVERVIEW OF THE SITUATION

This article explores the intricate relationship between Afghanistan's evolving political landscape and the ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Situated at the crossroads of geopolitical complexities, Afghanistan has undergone enduring political transformations, prompting a critical review of its international role. As the nation grapples with transformative political journeys, this study scrutinizes the interplay between internal changes and the broader goals of the BRI. Initiated by China, the BRI represents an unprecedented effort in global connectivity and economic cooperation. The article outlines the dynamics of Afghanistan's political scenario and its potential impact on the BRI, revealing the complex relationship between political changes and the future trajectory of this ambitious initiative within Afghanistan's borders. Central to this exploration is the Belt and Road Initiative, a historic initiative spanning continents with the aim to reshape global trade patterns and strengthen economic cooperation. Originating from China, the BRI vision goes beyond infrastructure development, encompassing diplomatic, economic, and cultural dimensions. Understanding the goals and mechanisms of the BRI is fundamental to assessing how Afghanistan's political transformation might align with this transformative initiative. This article aims to dissect the point where Afghanistan's political trajectory converges with the aspirations of the BRI. By detailing the complex interplay between these two dynamic forces, the study explores synergies, conflicts, and potential implications for Afghanistan's geopolitical position and the broader goals of the BRI. As a scholarly endeavor, it contributes nuanced insights to the ongoing discourse on global politics, international cooperation, and the transformative potential of large-scale infrastructure projects in regions undergoing significant political change. Keywords: Afghanistan, Political Change, Belt and Road Initiative, Geopolitics, Infrastructure Development, Economic Dynamics, Regional Cooperation.

РОЛЬ И МЕСТО ЖЕНЩИН ЭТНИЧЕСКИХ СООБЩЕСТВ В КОНСТРУИРОВАНИИ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ В КАЗАХСТАНЕ

This article explores the intricate relationship between Afghanistan's evolving political landscape and the ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Situated at the crossroads of geopolitical complexities, Afghanistan has undergone enduring political transformations, prompting a critical review of its international role. As the nation grapples with transformative political journeys, this study scrutinizes the interplay between internal changes and the broader goals of the BRI. Initiated by China, the BRI represents an unprecedented effort in global connectivity and economic cooperation. The article outlines the dynamics of Afghanistan's political scenario and its potential impact on the BRI, revealing the complex relationship between political changes and the future trajectory of this ambitious initiative within Afghanistan's borders. Central to this exploration is the Belt and Road Initiative, a historic initiative spanning continents with the aim to reshape global trade patterns and strengthen economic cooperation. Originating from China, the BRI vision goes beyond infrastructure development, encompassing diplomatic, economic, and cultural dimensions. Understanding the goals and mechanisms of the BRI is fundamental to assessing how Afghanistan's political transformation might align with this transformative initiative. This article aims to dissect the point where Afghanistan's political trajectory converges with the aspirations of the BRI. By detailing the complex interplay between these two dynamic forces, the study explores synergies, conflicts, and potential implications for Afghanistan's geopolitical position and the broader goals of the BRI. As a scholarly endeavor, it contributes nuanced insights to the ongoing discourse on global politics, international cooperation, and the transformative potential of large-scale infrastructure projects in regions undergoing significant political change. Keywords: Afghanistan, Political Change, Belt and Road Initiative, Geopolitics, Infrastructure Development, Economic Dynamics, Regional Cooperation.

АНАЛИЗ ПОЛИТИК ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ С ДИАСПОРОЙ ЗА РУБЕЖОМ: ОПЫТ ДЛЯ КАЗАХСТАНА

Abstract. This article explores the intricate relationship between Afghanistan's evolving political landscape and the ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Situated at the crossroads of geopolitical complexities, Afghanistan has undergone enduring political transformations, prompting a critical review of its international role. As the nation grapples with transformative political journeys, this study scrutinizes the interplay between internal changes and the broader goals of the BRI. Initiated by China, the BRI represents an unprecedented effort in global connectivity and economic cooperation. The article outlines the dynamics of Afghanistan's political scenario and its potential impact on the BRI, revealing the complex relationship between political changes and the future trajectory of this ambitious initiative within Afghanistan's borders. Central to this exploration is the Belt and Road Initiative, a historic initiative spanning continents with the aim to reshape global trade patterns and strengthen economic cooperation. Originating from China, the BRI vision goes beyond infrastructure development, encompassing diplomatic, economic, and cultural dimensions. Understanding the goals and mechanisms of the BRI is fundamental to assessing how Afghanistan's political transformation might align with this transformative initiative. This article aims to dissect the point where Afghanistan's political trajectory converges with the aspirations of the BRI. By detailing the complex interplay between these two dynamic forces, the study explores synergies, conflicts, and potential implications for Afghanistan's geopolitical position and the broader goals of the BRI. As a scholarly endeavor, it contributes nuanced insights to the ongoing discourse on global politics, international cooperation, and the transformative potential of large-scale infrastructure projects in regions undergoing significant political change. Keywords: Afghanistan, Political Change, Belt and Road Initiative, Geopolitics, Infrastructure Development, Economic Dynamics, Regional Cooperation.

Research on China-Sri Lanka Economic and Trade Cooperation Based on SWOT Analysis

This paper systematically explores the economic and trade cooperation between China and Sri Lanka based on the SWOT analysis framework. Against the backdrop of globalization and the “Belt and Road” initiative, China-Sri Lanka economic and trade cooperation shows great potential and broad prospects. By using the SWOT analysis method, the paper comprehensively analyzes the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of China-Sri Lanka economic and trade cooperation. The strengths include complementary geographical locations, complementary trade structures, and a solid foundation of political mutual trust; the weaknesses mainly lie in trade imbalances, unstable investment environments, and cultural and communication barriers; opportunities mainly arise from the promotion of the “Belt and Road” initiative, the deepening of regional cooperation, and changes in the global trade pattern; threats mainly come from changes in the international political and economic environment, external shocks such as pandemics, and the rise of trade protectionism. Finally, the paper proposes targeted strategic suggestions based on the actual situation, aiming to promote the sustainable and healthy development of China-Sri Lanka economic and trade cooperation and enhance the economic prosperity and well-being of the two countries.

Climate policy stringency and trade in energy transition minerals: An analysis of response patterns

Climate policies directly affect cleaner energy technology markets, affecting price signals for greener electricity production. In turn, the manufacturing of energy technologies relies heavily on mineral inputs, posing challenges in securing mineral ores and concentrates either from local mines or overseas. This paper contributes to the mineral-energy literature by examining the impact of climate change policies on the net import demand for five essential minerals used in cleaner energy technologies: copper, aluminium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese. We examined country-level panel data from 33 countries from 1992 to 2015 to understand patterns in net imports relative to renewable generation. This metric allows the examination of technological improvements that contribute to more efficient use of imported mineral inputs in renewable energy systems. Results suggest that while both net import volumes and renewable generation have increased over time, net imports per renewable generation have continuously declined on average, suggesting that nations may have efficiently utilized imported resources to generate more than proportionate increases in cleaner energy. Moreover, results from a cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag model show that the stringency of environmental policies significantly affects net mineral imports per renewable generation, with marked variations across minerals and countries. Notably, with stricter policies, import reliance on cobalt and aluminium per renewable energy increases in the short run and eventually declines in the long run. Import reliance for copper declines per unit of renewable energy in the short run but increases in the long run. These findings emphasize the need for tailored policies to navigate mineral trade dynamics effectively. The research contributes valuable insights to the ongoing discussions surrounding sustainable energy transitions and global mineral trade patterns.

Unveiling the complex web: exploring the international fossil fuel trade network and its impact on CO2 emissions and trade patterns

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the structure of the international fossil fuel trade network (IFFTN) and assess its effects on CO2 emissions and global trade patterns. This research integrates complex network theory with econometric analysis to explore the dynamics of fossil fuel trade and its implications for environmental quality across various countries. Specifically, the study analyses the roles of different countries within this global network, examines the relationship between trade volumes and environmental impacts and evaluates how advancements in renewable energy generation could mitigate these effects. Through this comprehensive examination, the study seeks to provide an in-depth understanding of the trade-environment nexus.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses data on international fossil fuel trade from 2005 to 2020, which includes 74 countries categorized as high-income, low-income and Asian economies based on their roles in the global market. This research constructs the IFFTN, where countries are depicted as nodes and trade links as edges. The authors analyse network parameters, such as degree, density and clustering coefficient, along with trade metrics like strength and centrality. These parameters are integrated into a panel fixed effects model, with the robustness of the findings confirmed through dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) analysis.FindingsThe study finds that the dynamic fossil fuel trade network includes key players such as the USA, China, France, India, the Netherlands and South Korea. It demonstrates increased connectivity and dependence among these countries, directly correlating with higher CO2 emissions. However, this correlation is mitigated by the adoption of renewable energy, particularly in Asia and high-income countries. The impact on environmental quality is mediated through scale, technique and composition effects, suggesting significant environmental improvements through enhanced industry structure, technological progress and economies of scale.Research limitations/implicationsThis study recognizes several limitations. First, the categorization of countries into Asian economies, low-income and high-income groups may oversimplify the intricate effects of economic status on environmental impacts. Second, focusing primarily on per capita CO2 emissions may neglect other critical environmental indicators. Future research should consider examining regional variations and including a wider range of environmental metrics. This approach would offer a more detailed perspective on the nuanced interactions between economic development and environmental sustainability, enhancing the depth and applicability of the findings.Practical implicationsTo address the challenges of the IFFTN and CO2 emissions, several practical policy measures are recommended. Governments should enhance international cooperation by establishing global platforms for sharing best practices and initiating technology transfer agreements to accelerate the adoption of energy-efficient technologies. Additionally, a phased transition towards more sustainable energy sources is crucial, involving increased investment in the renewable energy sector alongside incentives for adopting green technologies. On the trade front, governments should modify trade partnerships to address congestion externalities, fostering a shift towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly trade practices.Social implicationsThe social implications of the IFFTN are profound. As global reliance on fossil fuels continues, communities face heightened health risks due to increased pollution. Transitioning to renewable energy can alleviate these health concerns and the creation of green technologies, enhancing social well-being. Moreover, equitable access to energy-efficient solutions can reduce energy poverty, particularly in low-income countries, fostering greater societal resilience and inclusivity.Originality/valueThis study offers a pioneering examination of the trade-energy nexus across 74 countries, using complex network models to analyse diverse economic settings, particularly in Asian economies dominated by non-renewable energy. It identifies key market players and assesses their impact on dynamics such as congestion and market power. Additionally, the study explores the positive effects of renewable energy capacity on these relationships, highlighting its crucial role in driving sustainable energy transitions and enhancing the understanding of indirect trade-environment interactions.

NAVIGATING CHANGE: INVESTIGATING THE ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF PANAMA CANAL EXPANSION

The expansion of the Panama Canal, completed in 2016 with the introduction of the Third Set of Locks, represents a significant milestone in global maritime infrastructure. This original article, titled "Navigating Change: Investigating the Economic, Social, and Environmental Implications of Panama Canal Expansion," provides a comprehensive analysis of the far-reaching impacts associated with the monumental project. The study examines the economic analysis, explores changes in shipping costs, shifts in global trade patterns, and the contribution of the expanded canal to Panama’s national revenue. It evaluates the social consequences, including the effects on local communities, workforce dynamics, and regional development initiatives. Furthermore, environmental ramifications, focusing on the increased water usage, potential for pollution, and ecosystem disruptions due to larger vessel traffic. Through a multidisciplinary approach, this research paper presents a nuanced understanding of the expansion's impacts. The findings highlight the complexities and interdependencies of economic, social, and environmental factors, offering valuable insights into the broader implications of large-scale infrastructure projects. This study aims to inform policymakers, industry stakeholders, and academics about the sustainable development challenges and opportunities posed by the expanded Panama Canal, contributing to the discourse on balancing economic growth with environmental stewardship and social equity.

Exploring the endogenous structure and evolutionary mechanism of the global coal trade network

The uneven distribution of global coal supply and demand markets has driven coal trade. Effectively characterizing the global coal trade pattern and exploring its evolutionary mechanisms are important for economic development and international energy security. Therefore, this study adopts complex network methods to construct global coal trade network (GCTN) from 1995 to 2021. Based on exploring the overall, individual, and motif structural characteristics of the network, the temporal exponential random graph model is adopted to explore the impact mechanism of endogenous and exogenous variables on the evolution of the GCTN. The research findings demonstrate that (1) at the overall level, the network size, closeness, accessibility, and reciprocity of global coal trade exhibit an increasing trend; (2) at the motif level, aggregation and bilateral reciprocity are the primary trade patterns that affect the formation and evolution of the GCTN that is different from the steady-state structures of the four common super-families and possesses unique characteristics; (3) at the individual level, the United States and European economies possess a higher degree of diversification in coal trade, while Australia and emerging economies exhibit higher coal export trade volumes. The RCEP economies, represented by Japan and South Korea, possess a higher import share. Additionally, the Netherlands plays a “transit station” role in the network; (4) the formation and evolution of the GCTN are influenced by endogenous mechanisms. Reciprocity, transmission closure, and convergence effects have a significant promoting effect on network construction. Ignoring endogenous mechanisms can lead to significant bias in empirical results.

Interdependence and specialization in the global semiconductor industry

Interdependence between the United States (U.S.), European Union (EU) and Asia in the semiconductor industry, driven by specialization, can serve as a preventive measure against disruptions in the global semiconductor supply chain. Moreover, with rising geopolitical tensions, the cost-intensive nature of the semiconductor industry and a slowdown in demand, interdependence and partnership provide countries with opportunities and benefits. Specifically, by analyzing global trade patterns, developing the Interdependence Index within the semiconductor market, and applying the Grubel-Lloyd Index to the U.S., the EU, and Asian countries from 2011 to 2022, our findings reveal that interdependence enhances regional semiconductor supply chains, such as the establishment of semiconductor foundries in the U.S., Japan, and the EU; reduces dependence on a single supplier, such as the U.S. distancing from China; and increases market share in different semiconductor segments, as demonstrated by Taiwan in automobile chips. The evidence indicates that China heavily depends on foreign sources to meet its semiconductor demand, while Taiwan and South Korea specialize as foundry service providers with lower Interdependence Index values. The U.S. maintains a moderate level of dependence on semiconductor imports due to its strong presence in manufacturing and research, while the EU exhibits a relatively higher level of interdependence, emphasizing its reliance on semiconductor imports. The stage-specific analyses indicate that the U.S. and the EU rely on Asia for semiconductor devices, while China and Taiwan have a higher dependence on American intermediate inputs and European lithography machines.

How will global trade patterns evolve in the long run?

AbstractIn this paper, the evolution of global trade patterns until 2050 is projected with a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. Feeding the model with exogenous projections on macroeconomic, demographic, sectoral and trade cost variables, the evolution of trade patterns emerges endogenously from the model. The approach is innovative in both modelling approach and exogenous inputs. GDP growth emerges endogenously in the model because of diffusion of ideas as a result of international trade and trade cost changes are based on estimates of technology and trade policy changes. The projections indicate that (i) because of projected reductions in trade costs, trade will grow more than GDP, generating a global trade‐to‐GDP growth rate of 1.1; (ii) because of structural change, the global share of manufacturing trade falls from 64% in 2020 to 52% by 2050, whereas the share of services trade rises substantially from 24% to 38%; and (iii) because of technological catch‐up, the share in global trade of both developing and least‐developed countries (LDCs) will rise (with developing countries overtaking developed economies around 2035), the share of intra‐developed country trade will fall, whereas the share of intra‐developing country trade and those between developing and developed countries will rise.

Future Prospects and Scope of China Pakistan Economic Corridor in Modern Maritime Silk Road

The China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) stands as a master project within the broader framework of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), envisioning connectivity and economic cooperation across the Eurasian landmass. With a focus on the maritime dimension, this study explores the future prospects and scope of CPEC within the context of the Modern Maritime Silk Road (MSR). By examining key infrastructure projects, policy frameworks, and geopolitical dynamics, it assesses the potential impacts and opportunities arising from enhanced maritime connectivity between China and Pakistan. The analysis begins by demarcation the strategic importance of maritime routes in economic development and facilitating trade, mainly in the framework of global maritime trade patterns. Additionally, the study explores the consequences of CPEC for regional dynamics, mainly in the Indian Ocean region, where geopolitical competition and maritime security concerns intersect. It examines the potential for transshipment opportunities, economic integration and the growth of regional supply chains helped by CPEC-linked maritime infrastructure.

Global Value Chains and Trade Patterns: A Comparative Analysis between Developed and Developing Countries

With the continuous deepening of economic globalization, the economic interconnections among countries worldwide are increasingly close, making it impossible for any country's development to exist in isolation. The degree of economic interdependence and permeation between countries continues to deepen. In recent years, with the reduction of transportation and communication costs, the "fragmented" production model has rapidly spread globally. More and more goods are no longer produced and sold by a single country but are completed through vertical division of labor cooperation among multiple countries, with each country undertaking different stages of product production. This production model has driven the formation and development of global value chains. The deepening of global value chains has made the mutual influence between international economic cycles increasingly apparent. However, with the rise of the "anti-globalization" sentiment and trade protectionism, especially against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic sweeping the globe and sluggish world economic growth, the external environment facing China's participation in the global value chain division of labor has undergone profound changes. In this situation, how to effectively respond to various risk challenges to maintain the steady and sustainable development of the Chinese economy has become an urgent and important issue that needs to be addressed.

Global trade patterns in the wake of the 2018-2019 U.S.-China tariff hikes

In 2018, the U.S. government announced bilateral tariff increases on a number of Chinese goods. Thus began a tit-for-tat exchange of increasing bilateral tariffs between the U.S. and China until, by the end of 2019, most of the goods traded between the U.S. and China were subject to additional tariffs. In this note, we use Census and UN Comtrade data to study the effects of the 2018-19 U.S.-China tariff hikes on global trade patterns.

Impact of global heterogeneity of renewable energy supply on heavy industrial production and green value chains

On the path to climate neutrality, global production locations and trade patterns of basic materials might change due to the heterogeneous availability of renewable electricity. Here we estimate the ‘renewables pull’, that is, the energy-cost savings, for varying depths of relocation for three key tradable energy-intensive industrial commodities: steel, urea and ethylene. For an electricity-price difference of €40 MWh−1, we find respective relocation savings of 18%, 32% and 38%, which might, despite soft factors in the private sector, lead to green relocation. Conserving today’s production patterns by shipping hydrogen is substantially costlier, whereas trading intermediate products could save costs while keeping substantial value creation in renewable-scarce importing regions. In renewable-scarce regions, a societal debate on macroeconomic, industrial and geopolitical implications is needed, potentially resulting in selective policies of green-relocation protection.

The role of technology in supply chain risk management: Innovations and challenges in logistics

The review delves into the pivotal role of technology in revolutionizing supply chain risk management practices within the logistics sector. The paper explores the myriad of risks faced by modern supply chains, ranging from natural disasters and geopolitical tensions to cyber threats and disruptions in global trade patterns. It investigates how technological innovations such as blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and predictive analytics are reshaping traditional risk management approaches by providing real-time visibility, data-driven insights, and proactive mitigation strategies. Through a comprehensive analysis, the study examines the transformative potential of these technologies in enhancing supply chain resilience, agility, and responsiveness to unforeseen disruptions. It highlights the benefits of leveraging blockchain technology for secure and transparent supply chain transactions, IoT sensors for real-time monitoring of goods in transit, AI algorithms for predictive risk modeling, and predictive analytics for identifying and mitigating potential disruptions before they escalate. Furthermore, the paper delves into the challenges and complexities associated with adopting and integrating these technologies into existing supply chain processes, including interoperability issues, data privacy concerns, and the need for specialized expertise. By providing practical insights, case studies, and best practices, the study aims to empower logistics professionals, policymakers, and industry stakeholders to harness the full potential of technology-driven solutions in managing supply chain risks effectively and ensuring business continuity in an increasingly uncertain and volatile global environment.

Dependency on imported agricultural inputs—global trade patterns and recent trends

Abstract Industrial food production systems depend on inputs such as fertilisers, pesticides, and commercial animal feeds that are highly traded commodities in global markets. Disturbances in international trade can threaten the local food production if the imports of the key agricultural inputs were drastically reduced. However, despite the importance of the topic, a comprehensive analysis focusing on the import dependency of multiple agricultural inputs at the global level and thus revealing the vulnerability of regions and individual countries does not exist. Here, we analyse the temporal trends of agricultural input trade globally at the national scale from 1991 to 2020 by applying statistics of the use and trade of synthetic fertilisers (N, P, and K), pesticides and livestock and aquaculture feeds (grouped into oilseed feeds and other feed crops). The results show that the import dependency of agricultural inputs has increased over the past 30 years, but there is high variation between countries. Countries with high import dependency combined with high use of these inputs, such as many industrial agricultural producers in South America, Asia as well as Europe, show high vulnerability to trade shocks. Also, our findings highlight that potential agricultural intensification in Sub-Saharan African countries—currently with low use of the inputs per cropland area but high import dependency—can lead to higher dependency on imported agricultural inputs. Therefore, understanding of the past trends and current risks associated with the dependency on imported agricultural inputs should be highlighted to mitigate the risks and build more resilient and sustainable food systems.

THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN SUPPLY CHAIN RISK MANAGEMENT: INNOVATIONS AND CHALLENGES IN LOGISTICS

The review delves into the pivotal role of technology in revolutionizing supply chain risk management practices within the logistics sector. The paper explores the myriad of risks faced by modern supply chains, ranging from natural disasters and geopolitical tensions to cyber threats and disruptions in global trade patterns. It investigates how technological innovations such as blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and predictive analytics are reshaping traditional risk management approaches by providing real-time visibility, data-driven insights, and proactive mitigation strategies. Through a comprehensive analysis, the study examines the transformative potential of these technologies in enhancing supply chain resilience, agility, and responsiveness to unforeseen disruptions. It highlights the benefits of leveraging blockchain technology for secure and transparent supply chain transactions, IoT sensors for real-time monitoring of goods in transit, AI algorithms for predictive risk modeling, and predictive analytics for identifying and mitigating potential disruptions before they escalate. Furthermore, the paper delves into the challenges and complexities associated with adopting and integrating these technologies into existing supply chain processes, including interoperability issues, data privacy concerns, and the need for specialized expertise. By providing practical insights, case studies, and best practices, the study aims to empower logistics professionals, policymakers, and industry stakeholders to harness the full potential of technology-driven solutions in managing supply chain risks effectively and ensuring business continuity in an increasingly uncertain and volatile global environment.
 Keywords: Technology, Supply Chain, Risk Management, Innovations, Challenges, Logistics.