Patterns Of Gender Relations Research Articles

Study of Female Consciousness in Female Gothic Literature

The female characters in Gothic novels are usually the representatives of fear or even the persecuted, while Female Gothic literature aims to establish the standard of female own value. The heroines achieve self-salvation through their own wisdom and calm attitude, and finally awaken their self-consciousness to form female subjectivity. This is a challenge to the gender hierarchy and the culture of male control.The style of Female Gothic runs through Angela Carter’s life of writing. She pays attention to the sufferings of female, delving into areas where other female writers have not or dare not explore, boldly and frankly addressing topics such as incest, sexual abuse, and pornography. From her point of view, female’s body and desire are subjects that cannot be bypassed in feminist writing and research. Through analyzing Carter’s work, The Company of Wolves, this paper focuses on the power of female as subversive to the established value system and the guiding role they play as constructors of a new order and has a deep thinking of female in deconstructing patriarchal centralism to construct harmonious relations between male and female.In The Company of Wolves, the author also creates a new Little Red Riding Hood with a rebellious spirit, but here, the little girl is more about exploiting the fighting potential contained in the female “sexual energy”. The seduction of Little Red Riding Hood by a Wolf disguised as a hunter can also be directly interpreted as a sexual seduction. Carter’s rewriting is to release the repressed potential desire of the female subject in the traditional fairy tale, so as to break the traditional pattern of gender relations. For a long time, female have grown up under the discipline of male power, in a position of oppression and constraint, being taught to restrain their desires, learn to protect themselves and be a good girl, and being instilled with the idea that “it is their natural duty to bear and raise children and do a good job at home”. Female are bound by the “feminine virtues” of self-sacrifice, obedience and docility, while their individual needs and desires are denied and hidden. Carter’s new Red Riding Hood is not bound by moral norms, but boldly follows her own desires, using “sex” as a tool to gain a new life, so that sexual liberation is achieved and sexual reconciliation with men is completed. Female’s self-consciousness and subjectivity are realized in this process.

Space, Emotion, and Gender

This article examines Kym Ragusa’s The Skin between Us: A Memoir of Race, Beauty and Belonging as a gendered transcultural narrative from the standpoint of spatial theory. In order to do so, it contextualizes the text within the framework of memoir writing and subsequently analyzes the representation of varied emotional spaces in the process of recovering one’s identity as displayed by the narrative voice. This research contends that the use of memoir, a genre particularly used by ‘marginal’ voices, is an adequate means to critically reflect on the (de)construction of identity as well as convey alternative patterns of gender relations and cultural negotiations. In addition, it stresses the central role of space and emotions in reflecting the transculturality and intersectionality of the diasporic and gendered subject.

Changing gender relations in 1950s Ankara: an inside view

This article examines patterns of gender relations in Ankara in the early 1950s. Based in part on the unpublished memoirs of Kemal Tanyolaç, who provided extensive details of his bachelor years in Ankara, this article explores a wide variety of relationships between men and women, from traditional marriage-oriented matchmaking and modern dating, through business relationships as work colleagues or landlord and tenant, to different types of illicit sexual relations. We look at changes in how men and women viewed each other and their relationships, and what effects that had on the ongoing social changes of the time. We argue that all types of relationships and the possibilities they entailed, including prostitution, need to be understood in complex, nuanced ways in order to understand the society that was emerging in post-Second World War urban Turkey.

Learning from poor single women’s autonomous households in Mexico in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

ABSTRACT What is the ability of poor single women today to maintain an economically autonomous household? In the context of gender power relations, the literature often employs the concept of de-familialisation, which is the degree to which a woman is able to maintain an autonomous household without having to depend on a male breadwinner. Scholars argue that current welfare reforms deliberately aim at re-establishing the family as the primary source of economic security and encourage a traditional model of gender relations where women have to be dependent on male breadwinners. By reinstating the nuclear family as the primary source of economic security and a comprehensive alternative to the welfare state, women’s ability for agency and resistance becomes narrower and heavily limited by their inferior gender and class positions. Today, studies clearly indicate the problematic condition of poor women. It seems that without a massive reform in the labour market as well as welfare state expansion, de-familialisation among poor women will become almost impossible. In the current article, we explore the possibility that low-income women, whose common survival strategies are very limited, nonetheless could engage in alternative ways of providing for themselves and their children. We ask to learn from the experience of poor Mexican women in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries about the ability of de-familialisation. Drawing on historical data, we argue that the formation of alternative household arrangements – sisterhoods – women-only households, enabled women to develop new family models and to maintain an extended household headed by women, without the need to depend on a male breadwinner. By learning from history, this article offers insights that may enhance poor women’s economic and social conditions today, and suggests that women’s joint power can resist traditional patterns of gender relations, even in times when conservative values are reemphasized.

Pola Relasi Gender dan Ketangguhan Masyarakat Suatu Kajian Gender dalam UMKM di Kecamatan Tanjung Mutiara, Kabupaten Agam

Abstract: This study analyzes the pattern of gender relations and community resilience in the development of micro enterprises in Tanjung Mutiara District, Agam Regency. The analysis was carried out at the household and community level by conducting interviews with women entrepreneurs, FGDs with women's micro-business groups and limited observation of the conditions of the living environment and the social context of the South Tiku community. The results showed that in general there was a clear division of labor between men and women. Men are involved in temporary productive activities of women in reproductive activities. As a result, women do a greater variety of jobs with a longer duration than men. Productive businesses carried out by women are considered to be only part of the reproductive ladder, so that male involvement and participation are also very low and make women's burdens more severe. Gender relations at the household and community level are relatively equal, this is because women have access and control over resources and also the values ​​and norms that develop in the community facilitate the creation of equality. However, changes in attitudes that are more gender sensitive to the actor's level have not been followed by changes at the community level. It is recommended that an effort to raise awareness for men both at the household and community level is more gender sensitive. Both efforts to provide assistance to micro-enterprises carried out by women need to be optimized especially for individuals or groups of women who really want to develop their businesses.

The role of women in the management of Family Hope Program fund in Surabaya

This study examines the role of women in the utilization and management of the Family Hope Program fund and describes the process of gender relations constructed in beneficiary families in Surabaya. This qualitative study has two objectives, namely: (1) identifying the role of women in the utilization and management of Family Hope Program funds in Surabaya; and (2) describing the process of gender relations constructed in the beneficiary families. The results indicate that the role of women in managing Family Hope Program funds in Surabaya remains stagnant. Women benefiting from the fund plays a dual role of working in formal and informal sectors and carrying out domestic functions such as caring for babies, cooking, and the likes. These women do not carry out the role in managing the Family Hope Program fund as they are supposed to, such as managing finances and planning needs and spending. This indicates that men still dominate the role of determining the amount of allocation, whereas women are only executors. In addition, the Family Hope Program still cannot restructure the existing gender relations among the people of Surabaya. The program also does not change the pattern of gender relations in decision making in the household. This can be seen from family planning participation. Women benefiting from the fund are reluctant to use family planning contraception due to the husband’s prohibition.

GENDER MAINSTREAMING IN THE HERMENEUTICS OF ISLAMIC FAMILY LAW

The problem of gender discrimination for women can occur in all spaces, both public and private spaces as well as in family life. This problem is not only caused by biased socio-cultural construction but can also be caused by biased interpretation of Islamic teachings. Even Though in the Qur'an and the Hadith itself highly upholds the equality of existence between men and women. There are two main objectives in this study. First, to find gender mainstreaming in the construction of Amina Wadud's al-Qur'an hermeneutic method. Second, to understand the application of Amina Wadud's hermeneutic method in interpreting verses about the pattern of gender relations in the family. This research is qualitative in the form of a literature study with a philosophical normative approach. The primary source used is an explanation of Amina Wadud's hermeneutic method in her book entitled Qur'an and Woman Rereading the Sacred Text from a Woman's Perspective. Meanwhile, secondary sources used are various relevant studies. There are two big conclusions of this research. First, Amina Wadud's hermeneutic al-Qur'an method considers three aspects as the basis for the interpretation of a text (verse), among others, the context in which the text was written and interpreted, the grammatical text, and the weltansanschaung . By considering these three aspects, Wadud tried to reinterpret a theological basis (verses of the Qur'an) related to the pattern of gender relations that have been interpreted by many classical commentators. Secondly, Wadud better understood the verses of gender relations in the family as functionalist relations. The functional relationship in question is the cooperative relationship over the distribution of rights and responsibilities between men and women based on their potential. Keywords: Hermeneutics; Amina Wadud; Gender Relations; Family.

Women's Economic Empowerment in the Informal Sector

Women's empowerment program in Indonesia has essentially been started since 1978. In its development, this effort has resulted in improvement in various ways. Some examples of the improvement are the improvement in conditions, degrees, and quality of life of women in various strategic sectors such as education, employment, economy, health, and family planning participation. Improvement in the empowerment process does not necessarily change the pattern of gender relations between men and women. To improve gender equality in the economy, women's economic actors need to be empowered. The purpose of this study is to examine the appropriate empowerment model for women in the informal sector. This is a case study involving observation, interviews, and Focus Group Discussion. The results of the study showed that women in the informal sector are not yet independent even though they have obtained facilitation from the government. The absence of government’s assistance in managing business resulted in the limited empowerment activities carried out by the government. This research offers a model of economic empowerment for women towards independence in economic activities.

The influence of gendered emotional relations on gender equality in sport governance

The aim of this article is to investigate the influence of gendered emotional relations on gender equality in the governance of Australian sport organizations. Theoretically the study draws on the concept of a gender regime, a pattern of gender relations characterized by four interwoven dimensions of social life: production, power, emotions, and symbolism. This article reports on two case studies: sport boards C and E. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the two CEOs and nine directors of two Australian national sport organizations, sport C and sport E. Sport board C exhibited a gender regime of masculine hegemony in transition while sport board E had a regime of gender mainstreaming in progress. Supportive emotional relations between directors offered positive prospects for gender equality in the governance of sport organizations; however, they needed to operate in conjunction with other gender dimensions.

The Feminization of Employment through Export-Led Strategies: Evidence from Viet Nam.

The early successful experiences of the East Asian NICs confirmed the role of exports as an engine of growth. Surprisingly, most of the earlier studies omit one important empirical fact, namely that the feminization of work contributed significantly to their rapid industrialization. Feminist trade theories argue that export-oriented development strategies have so far been exploitative of cheap female labour in the South. As globalization gathers pace, an increasing number of women in Developing Countries (DCs) have been absorbed into labour-intensive, export-oriented manufacturing sectors. However, the structural changes that go hand in hand with export promotion, as well as the international environment the South faces today, have dramatically modified the inner drives behind the phenomenon. This paper reviews the salient mechanisms at work through a structuralist approach of gender. By examining women’s labour force participation rate in Viet Nam, we show how patterns of gender relations stemming from structural characteristics, as well as social and institutional practices, is related to export-oriented industrialization.

Access and Control of Farm Households in the Management of Private Forest Resources

Differences in access of natural resources between men and women is one of the causes of gender unequality. This condition may have an impact on the lack of control, benefit, and participation of women on farming activities. This study aims to analyze the gender relation pattern in private forest management in Banyumas and Banjarnegara Districts.. Data were collected by using questionnaire, interview with farmer (men and women) and farmer groups with Socio Economic and Gender Analysis (SEAGA) instrument. Total respondents were 64 private forest farmers who were randomly selected. Data were analzsed by tabulation, percentage dan Equality adn Equity Index (EEI). The results showed that acces in private forest management were dominated by men e.g acces on land, crops cultivated, education, training, extension services, capital, credit, equipment, nursery, fertilization, cropping pattern, and pest and disease control. In contrary, women were more dominant in post harvest processing, and marketing activities. In Banyumas District, women control were dominant in marketing, while in Banjarnegara Distric, there was no dominance in both resources and stage activities but access and control were undertaken jointly between men and women in crops cultivation, watering, fertilization and marketing.The pattern of gender relations in general was more dominant both in terms of resources and the stages activies of private forest as indicated by EEI value tha is less than 0,5.

RELASI GENDER PADA RUMAH TANGGA PETANI CENGKEH

Abstract This study aims to (1) identify the pattern of gender relations in the structure of work allocation and the allocation of time on clove farming, (2) to analyze the association between gender relations with revenue allocation on men and women in clove farming. This research was conducted in June 2016, with 34 respondents who are located in Seppong Village, District of Tammero'do, Majene. The method used is quantitative descriptive analysis and chi-square test. This study shows that gender relations in work allocation of clove farming are dominated by male at 50% of activity weeding, replanting, fertilizing, harvesting and transporting the ladder manufacture crop yields; the domination of female at 20% of activities, such as sorting and drying; men and women are equal to 30% of activities like watering, harvesting and sales. Gender relations in the farming clove time allocation dominated by male at 60% of activities such as weeding, replanting, watering, harvesting staircase manufacture, harvesting and transporting the crop; the domination of female at 20% of activities, such as sorting and drying; men and women are equal at 20% at sales activities, and fertilization. There was no association between gender relations with the allocation of income.Keywords: gender relations; male; female; clove farming.

Doing Kinship and Gender in a Comparative Context

Leela Dube (1923-2012) was an Indian social anthropologist / sociologist whose primary interest was in the field of family and kinship studies. This essay traces the zig-zag process of her intellectual evolution over five decades into one of the leading feminist anthropologists of her day – in India, in the Asian region, and indeed globally. Crucial turning points in this evolution were: (i) her self-initiated field study of the accommodation of the matrilineal kinship system of the Lakshadweep islanders with the androcentric legal apparatus of Islam; (ii) her role as the ‘sociologist’ member of the famous Committee on the Status of Women in India, an experience that convinced her that the best contribution she could make to the emerging women’s studies discourse was through the conceptual and methodological resources of her own discipline, anthropology; and (iii) her self-conscious deployment of the so-called ‘comparative method’ of anthropology to explore the contrasting patterns of gender relations in strongly ‘patrilineal’ South Asia versus ‘bilateral’ Southeast Asia. She saw this ambitious comparative exercise, largely ignored by both her admirers and her critics, as enabling an emancipatory rethinking of some of the dominant paradigms of Western feminism. It was also, incidentally, a bold step in the disciplinary evolution of Indian social anthropology.

Storing up Citizens: The Myth of Soviet Motherhood and Childhood in A. P. Platonov’s Dramas of the 1920s–1930s

This article considers the formation of a new Soviet mythology of maternity and infancy in the post-revolutionary literary and artistic discourse and its deconstruction in the dramas of A. P. Platonov in the 1920s and 1930s. The changes of the family and marriage topoi and the dynamic patterns of gender relations in Soviet Russia were a result of a radical transformation of ideology and the structure of society. The author discusses the criticism of this part of the Soviet project that originated inside the system and was expressed by a writer associated with socialist construction. The methodology is based on historico-literary, historical, cultural, comparative, typological, and mythopoetic analysis. This analysis is conducted with reference to works of literature that provide an image of post-revolutionary families and models of mother (parents) – children relationships. The basic thesis of the analysis is that the concept of “emancipation of women” and the upbringing of a “new man” had a powerful life-constructing, constitutive, and utopian meaning. This gave rise to a new mythology of motherhood and infancy, where both parts correlate with and are supported, among other things, by high mass art. The author reveals criticism of the Soviet policy of motherhood and children in Platonov’s plays. The way in which myth is deconstructed in the comedy Fools on the Periphery is revealed through the collapse of an attempt by commune members to raise a child. Platonov shows the fetishization of a baby as a showpiece, and its death as a result of a utopian educational experiment. Promiscuity and juridical mess add to the world’s lack of foundation and total alienation. There is an apparent discrepancy with the 1930s myth about a happy mother-toiler in the play Fourteen Little Red Huts: mass starvation and children’s deaths leave their ever-caring mother, head of a collective farm, devastated. The semantics of a child victim and an inhabitant of a proletarian paradise are profaned: the abstract mankind of the future becomes an object of irony. Platonov uses parody, hyperbole, travesty, symbols, and plots based on casus in order to recodify the new mythology and establish new authentic humanistic and aesthetic values.

Women graduates and the workplace: continuing challenges for academic women

This article discusses the persistence of a gender gap among university-based academics, despite the development of equity policies and ‘family-friendly’ initiatives. Over four decades of research are reviewed from the liberal states of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, USA and the UK, including my own qualitative interviews in Canada in 1973 and in New Zealand in 2008. The paper summarizes some of the structural, relational and interpretive factors contributing to the perpetuation of the gender gap. I argue that academic work has been influenced by similar global trends visible in other workplaces and that academics share the prevalent patterns of gender relations contributing to the gender gap. Despite over four decades of social change, including policy initiatives to improve the status of academic women, this article shows that the gender gap continues in these countries for similar reasons.

Business Suit, Briefcase, and Handkerchief: The Material Culture of Retro Masculinity in <em>The Intern</em>

Business Suit, Briefcase, and Handkerchief: The Material Culture of Retro Masculinity in <em>The Intern</em>

The Sun and Satellite: A Study of Gender Relations in Television Advertisements and its Relationship to the Position of Women in Indian Households

While the contemporary Indian feminists are busy in on-street protests and campaigns regarding woman’s mobility, what is going on inside the Indian households assumes more importance due to its major role in shaping the attitudes and outlook of men and women participating in such events. Advertisements, in a globalized India, act as a major platform for selling the products of MNC’s. The brain surgeons sitting in ad agencies position various products by targeting Indian families and portraying images of their values, patterns of relationship and space shared by the members. And television being a living room mass medium with high reach multiplies its scope of touching different aspects of personal and public life of the families. Gender relations are one of them. Previous studies in this field have been confined to sex roles, stereotypes and portrayal of women as a mother, wife and working lady in the ads. This paper attempts to study the patterns of gender relations portrayed in television advertisements and its relationship to the current positon of women in Indian households. The study is undertaken with broader reference to the division of labor, decision-making, help, advice, mobility and interpersonal communication between male and female partners in the family. Method of content analysis, both quantitative and qualitative, was used to analyze 500 Hindi television advertisements using codes based on these four parameters. For the second part, a survey was conducted from 500 respondents in the metropolitan capital city of Delhi. The questionnaire listed various tasks and decisions of routine family life on a nominal scale. Another Section contained attitudinal statements about women with reference to various roles and decisions involved in domestic, financial and outdoor situations between husband and wife. The agreement of respondents was measured using 5-point Likert Scale. It was found that the position of Indian women in the capital city is like a satellite which depends on the Sun to receive light. And the same pattern is reflected in television advertisements. It was concluded that with the motive of increasing their sales, advertisers are trying to encourage anti-feminist mindset by portraying male dominance in both public and private spaces of the society

Athletes in the Pool, Girls and Boys on Deck

Few studies have examined how groups of individuals enact different patterns of gender relations within and across contexts. In this article, I draw upon nine months of fieldwork and 15 semistructured interviews conducted with eight- to 10-year-old swimmers on a co-ed youth swim team. During focused aspects of swim practice, gender was less salient and structural mechanisms encouraged athletes to interact in ways that illuminated girls’ and boys’ similar athletic abilities, undermining categorical, essentialist, and hierarchical gender beliefs pertaining to athleticism. However, in the swimmers’ unfocused free time, the salience of gender was high and structural mechanisms encouraged swimmers to engage in “borderwork.” In this context, similarities between the genders were obscured and girls and boys instead interacted in ways that affirmed essentialist and categorical—but nonhierarchical—meanings of gender. By paying attention to structural mechanisms and the variable salience of gender, we can thus see the various conditions under which children deploy different patterns of gender relations, and how less oppressive gender relations can potentially “spill over” from one context to the next.

Changes and variations in patterns of gender relations in equestrian sports during the second half of the twentieth century

In order to explain changes and variations in patterns of gender relations over time and space, the article analyses women's and men's participation rates in equestrian sports focusing on equestrianism in the Olympic Games 1952–2000 with an emphasis on Britain and Sweden. More men than women compete in Olympic equestrianism, although the number of female riders has increased over time and gender patterns vary within equestrianism. A majority of competitive dressage riders are women. Also, British women were involved in equestrian sports earlier than Swedish women. A comparison between Britain and Sweden provides insight into how national politics and cultural context shape gender relations. The destabilization of the societal gender order brought about by the First World War and the Second World War may have disrupted the gender order in equestrianism, creating opportunities for some female riders. Furthermore, governmental support or lack thereof is likely to have influenced female and male participation patterns.

POLITIK HUKUM KESETARAAN KAUM PEREMPUAN DALAM ORGANISASI MASYARAKAT ISLAM DI INDONESIA

In the normative level, generally all agreed to place women are equal to men, that is the position as humans, as well as the servant of Allah. Women are recognized to have a number of rights and freedoms, including the right to engage in politics, especially in the organization of the Islamic society. To strengthen the protection of women's rights, the government of Indonesia to make a policy or legislation (political law), both to improve policies of national legislation and policies ratified international law. However, when the policy (political law) or a pattern of gender relations between men and women drawn into operational a practical level, it appears that a long debate and a serious problem occurs. The rights of women experiencing prolonged discrimination, discrimination and marginalization occurs at the level of political rights and policies in the organization of Islamic society. In Indonesia, the rights of women in Islamic society organization, still have enough depth concerns. The pro and contra related to gender equality in Indonesia, particularly in the field of Islamic society organizations would affect the wheels of government in Indonesia, particularly in relation to the State of trademark law is the protection and freedom of human rights. Therefore, policies need to be related to equality between men and women both fair and legal.