Communication Behavior Patterns Research Articles

“It's the patient that suffers from poor communication”: Analyzing communication gaps and associated consequences in handover events from nurses’ experiences

BackgroundAlthough routine communication gaps among clinical shift teams significantly account for adverse care and treatment outcomes, existing analysis of the phenomenon remain limited in low middle income countries battling with patient safety issues. This study analyzed the drivers and associated episodic consequences of communication gaps from nurses’ experiences in Ghana. MethodsQualitative design implemented in two referral hospitals. Data collection involved site observations and in-depth interviews with general nurses, midwives, and staff nurses across 3-cycle shift regimes in the emergency, ICU, inpatient wards, and maternity units. A two-stage data analysis was adopted by integrating deductive and inductive codes into broad thematic typologies explaining drivers of communication gaps and the consequences thereof. ResultsCommunication gaps among shift teams were largely driven by a combination of three broad factors: a) Attitudinal elements of poor work ethics, poor documentation, interpersonal conflicts and use of unconventional language that impaired effective communication; b) organizational dynamics of taxing job demands, limited training exposure and lack of formal handover communication procedures which allowed shift teams to adopt default patterns of communication behavior; and c) cultural values, stereotyping and prejudicing behaviors that restricted inclusive interactions among shift teams. These communication gaps produced adverse episodic effects of diagnostic and treatment errors, complications, and extended hospitalizations. ConclusionThe findings underscore the need to develop standard guidelines to direct structured communication alongside equipping shift teams with competences on emotional intelligence to overcome cultural and behavioral adversities that influence communication breakdown.

Share If You Believe, Comment If You Doubt: The Effect of Source of Information, Trust, and Belief in Conspiracy Theories on Engagement with Facebook Posts.

This study examines the effect of one of three sources of information: a politician (authority figure), a physician (expert), and an ordinary person (non-expert) who appeared in a personal story related to a controversial issue (COVID-19 vaccination) on Facebook, on the willingness to engage with it. Using a between-subjects experiment (N = 848) conducted among Israeli adults (18 and older), we found a higher likelihood of sharing the story in interpersonal conversations than in other types of communications, regardless of the source that appeared in the story. However, respondents with high levels of institutional trust preferred sharing a politician's story, while conspiracy believers tended to comment on an ordinary person's story. The findings of the different patterns of communication behavior among conspiracy believers and people with high trust in political institutes contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the spread of misinformation in the digital age and during times of crisis.

Communication and Contextual Factors in Robotic-Assisted Surgical Teams: Protocol for Developing a Taxonomy.

Robotic-assisted surgery (RAS) has been rapidly integrated into surgical practice in the past few decades. The setup in the operating theater for RAS differs from that for open or laparoscopic surgery such that the operating surgeon sits at a console separate from the rest of the surgical team and the patient. Communication and team dynamics are altered due to this physical separation and visual barriers imposed by the robotic equipment. However, the factors that might comprise effective communication among members of RAS teams and the contextual factors that facilitate or inhibit effective communication in RAS remain unknown. We aim to develop a taxonomy of communication behaviors and contextual factors that influence communication in RAS teams. We also aim to examine the patterns of communication behaviors based on gender. We will first perform a scoping review on communication in RAS to develop a preliminary taxonomy of communication based on the existing literature. We will then conduct semistructured interviews with RAS team members, including the surgeon, assisting surgeon or trainee, bedside or first assistant, nurses, and anesthetists. Participants will represent different disciplines, including urology, general surgery, and gynecology, and have a range of experiences in RAS. We will use a reflexive thematic analysis to analyze the data and further refine the taxonomy. We will also observe live robotic surgeries at Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI)-affiliated hospitals. We will observe varying lengths and conditions of RAS procedures to a capture a wide range of communication behaviors and contextual factors to help finalize the taxonomy. Although we anticipate conducting 30 interviews and 30 observations, we will collect data until we achieve data sufficiency. We will conduct data collection in parallel with data analysis such that if we identify a new behavior in an interview, we will follow up with questions related to that behavior in additional interviews and/or observations. The taxonomy from this project will include a list of actionable communication behaviors, contextual factors, their descriptions, and examples. As of May 2024, this project has been approved by the RCSI Research and Ethics Committee. Data collection started in June 2024 and will continue throughout the year. We plan to publish the findings as meaningful results emerge in our data analysis in 2024 and 2025. The results from this project will be used to observe and train surgical teams in a simulated environment to effectively communicate with each other and prevent communication breakdowns. The developed taxonomy will also add to the knowledge base on the role of gender in communication in RAS and produce recommendations that can be incorporated into training. Overall, this project will contribute to the improvement of communication skills of surgical teams and the quality and safety of patient care. PRR1-10.2196/54910.

The Efficacy of Music Therapy Programs on the Development of Social Communication in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children is characterized by difficulties in social communication and restricted repetitive behavior patterns. Music therapy appears to have beneficial effects in the area of social interaction and communication. The aim of this systematic literature review is to investigate the effectiveness of music therapy programs on the development of social communication among preschool- and school-aged children with ASD. For this purpose, a detailed study of the relevant literature that has been published in the last decade in peer-reviewed scientific journals was conducted. Web of Science, Springer Link, PsyINFO, and ERIC databases were searched, and according to the eligibility and exclusion criteria, 12 studies were finally selected from the 167 initially found. From the analysis of the results, the following categories were defined to contribute to enhancing social communication: (a) improvisational music therapy; (b) joint attention and eye contact; (c) therapeutic relationship, synchronization, and attunement; (d) imitation; (e) understanding and interaction; (f) family-centered music therapy; and (g) language and socioemotional adjustment. The results of the review were mixed, as music therapy appeared to have a positive effect on improving the social communication of children with ASD, but a general conclusion could not be drawn about the degree of its effectiveness compared to the standard treatments that children usually receive. In the future, further research in this field, especially on the improvisational music Therapy technique, is recommended. Moreover, an increased focus on the development of a common methodological practice regarding the sample selection process and measurement tools is suggested.

Interaction matters: Encrypted traffic classification via status-based interactive behavior graph

Accurately classifying encrypted traffic is the indispensable cornerstone for network management and Quality of Service (QoS) improvement. Although existing works that learn from non-interaction features of communication behavior have achieved a satisfactory performance, there still remains an unsolved crux before practical application that current works fail to distinguish different encrypted traffic generated by the same application. Such similar but distinct traffic is widely-existed since applications typically employ similar communication settings and encryption technology for diverse data transmission. To address the above issues, this work proposes that interaction features of communication behavior provide substantial information in terms of traffic classification, while directly leveraging such diversiform interaction information is non-trivial. As a solution, we devise a novel graph structure preserving the information of interactive process, referred to interactive behavior graph, to represent communication behaviors. Specifically, the proposed interactive behavior graph respectively stores the transition status and interaction status of the interactive actions during the interactive process in the edges and vertices with attributes. In addition, a classification model is tailored based on sampling subgraphs, which capture communication behavior patterns from the strong interaction correlation among neighboring interactive actions. Comprehensive experimental results demonstrate the superiority of our method over solid comparisons. Particularly, in distinguishing similar encrypted traffic, our method achieves an accuracy rate exceeding 98%, which outperforms the state-of-the-art methods. Furthermore, we validate the generalizability of our proposed method on two well-known encrypted traffic datasets, attaining an accuracy rate of 94%.

From Data to Insights: Machine Learning Empowers Prognostic Biomarker Prediction in Autism.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) poses significant challenges to society and science due to its impact on communication, social interaction, and repetitive behavior patterns in affected children. The Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network continuously monitors ASD prevalence and characteristics. In 2020, ASD prevalence was estimated at 1 in 36 children, with higher rates than previous estimates. This study focuses on ongoing ASD research conducted by Erciyes University. Serum samples from 45 ASD patients and 21 unrelated control participants were analyzed to assess the expression of 372 microRNAs (miRNAs). Six miRNAs (miR-19a-3p, miR-361-5p, miR-3613-3p, miR-150-5p, miR-126-3p, and miR-499a-5p) exhibited significant downregulation in all ASD patients compared to healthy controls. The current study endeavors to identify dependable diagnostic biomarkers for ASD, addressing the pressing need for non-invasive, accurate, and cost-effective diagnostic tools, as current methods are subjective and time-intensive. A pivotal discovery in this study is the potential diagnostic value of miR-126-3p, offering the promise of earlier and more accurate ASD diagnoses, potentially leading to improved intervention outcomes. Leveraging machine learning, such as the K-nearest neighbors (KNN) model, presents a promising avenue for precise ASD diagnosis using miRNA biomarkers.

Comparative Analysis of Autism Education Policies in Mainland China and Hong Kong

Autism, a complex neurodevelopmental disorder, is characterized by deficits in verbal and nonverbal communication, repetitive and stereotypical behavior patterns and interests, and sensory sensitivities. Despite the increasing prevalence of autism, there is limited research on the education of children with autism. This study compares the autism education policies in Mainland China and Hong Kong based on field research conducted at the Shunde District Shangliao Children Rehabilitation Center and Aoi School. The findings reveal that although there have been improvements in the education of children with autism in Mainland China, there are still several deficiencies compared to Hong Kong, including limited educational opportunities, low integration with mainstream schools, and a shortage of qualified educators. Recommendations are provided to enhance the educational landscape for children with autism, including increasing educational opportunities, supporting the development of special education in mainstream schools, fostering collaboration between rehabilitation centers and mainstream schools, promoting inclusive education, and providing professional training for teachers. These suggestions aim to advance autism education policies in Mainland China.

Цифровой сторителлинг как средство воспитания и формирования духовно-нравственных ценностей в подростковом возрасте (на примере литературного материала)

<p>The article presents the results of the study that identifies the possibilities of applying activity technologies in education to create digital stories for the purposes of formation of spiritual and ethical values in adolescents. The study took place in March, 2023, on the basis of MBOU SOSH school No. 4 in Kashira town, 38 schoolchildren of the 7th grade aged 13-14 years old took part in it. As part of the study, during three sessions 9 cartoons were created in the stop-motion animation technique, they were based on the literary material of A.P. Chekhov. The article presents an analysis of the production process of animation products creation, it also discusses the aspects of the formation of spiritual and moral values ​​while creating cartoons. The article also focuses on the empirical data that demonstrate the peculiarities of the adolescents’ perception of joint activities when working on cartoons and according to the degree of motivation for the activity. The study proves the effectiveness of the use of practices for creating digital stories by adolescents for establishing interpersonal communication, appropriating moral and prosocial behavior patterns, developing interest in classic literature, and creative self-realization.</p>

PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN MEDIA SOSIAL TERHADAP POLA PERILAKU KOMUNIKASI SISWA SMA AR-RAHMAN MEDAN

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the use of social media and to determine how much influence occurs between the use of social media. social media and to find out how much influence occurs between the use of social media on student communication behavior patterns at ArRahman Medan High School. This research uses quantitative research which aims to determine the effect of Social Media Use on Student Communication Behavior Communication Behavior of Students at Ar-Rahman High School Medan. This research will involve 2 (two) variables, namely variable Y: communication behavior and variable X: social media. social media. From the results of the research, the researcher can conclude two things, namely the variable the use of social media has a significant effect on Communication behavior of Ar-Rahman Medan Private High School students and the amount of influence given by the use of social media is 51.5 percent. Given by the use of social media is 51.2% on Communication Behavior, which means there is still 48.2%. Communication Behavior, which means that there are still 48.2% other factors that can influence the Communication Behavior of students.

Autism spectrum disorder is associated with multifold risks in the process of pregnancy: Imbalance of nutritional, environmental and social behavioral aspects

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by qualitative impairments in social interaction, communication, and stereotyped behavior patterns. The cost burden for health coverage for ASD is focused on educational applied behavioral analysis and psychotropic drugs to decrease maladaptive behaviors and support learning and development. Determinants of either risk factors or prevention related to ASD covering environmental, social-behavioral, and genetic are still unknown. This review focuses on the multifold risks of Autistic disorder (ASD), including environmental, genetic, and food supplemental concerns and health policies and regulations.

Role of ethics in global business

Man wants success, since the success of a person in personal, professional, and social life depends on his patterns of communication behavior, the correction of these patterns also plays an essential role in achieving success.Success is achieved in the light of man's right and easy connection with himself and others; Because people are constantly interacting with themselves and others. Man is a social being and today, with the amazing development of societies, globalization,Individuals interact with a multitude of different organizations, and this has significantly complicated the relationship of individuals with each other and with organizations and the interrelationship of organizations with each other.Despite these complexities, everyone wants easy and correct communication with each other; Because they find comfort and tranquility in its light. This article seeks to examine the role of professional ethics in business, the history of business ethics in the world, the principles and foundations of business ethics and the views of thinkers, fair and unfair business practices, ethical guidelines on commercial advertising, consumer rights and ethics In production, globalization and business ethics, social marketing and its relationship with ethics, business ethics, and intellectual property rights, definitions of moral values, fair or just trade, ethical charters, and their codification circumstance business ethics terminology, international organizations active in the field of professional ethics.

A Study of Occupational Therapy Strategies and Psychological Regulation of Students' Internet Addiction in the Mobile Social Media Environment.

This paper provides an in-depth research analysis of occupational therapy strategies and psychological regulation of students' Internet addiction in the existing mobile social media environment. Based on the definition of Internet use peer pressure, a preliminary scale with 2 dimensions of specific behavioral pressure and psychological cognitive pressure was developed. First, a professor of mental health education and a master's degree student in mental health education were invited to rate the scale, while 47 junior high school students were selected to try the scale to ensure that the questions of the scale were clearly expressed. Secondly, 461 subjects were selected to take the initial test of the scale, and item tests and exploratory factor analysis were conducted to ensure that the structure of the scale was as expected and the scale was expressed to psychometric standards. Finally, 810 subjects were selected for the scale retest, and item analysis and validated factor analysis were conducted, and their results met the psychometric criteria. Student peer attachment significantly and positively predicted adolescent Internet addiction; Internet use peer pressure played an incomplete mediating role in the prediction of peer attachment to Internet addiction; loneliness played a moderating role in the pathway of peer attachment to Internet addiction, and loneliness also played a moderating role in the pathway of peer attachment to Internet use peer pressure. The attitude towards online games is entertainment to kill time, a tool to escape the pressure of study and to gain the fun of friends comparing with each other. The main online motivations of adolescents included individual and situational factors, and behaviors were characterized by pan-entertainment and gamification, mainly through mobile social networks to obtain external information and knowledge, maintain interpersonal relationships, and gain a sense of belonging; they were characterized by a fixation on time, space, and online content. The interaction of family members is more of a behavioral habit, and the communication habits and behavior patterns established in the family will influence the construction of children's relationships with others, while parents' head-down behavior will also influence children's attention to various needs of an Internet-dependent behavior problem, which in turn affects children's problem-solving and intimate relationships with family members.

HOW THE IMPACT OF SELF REGULATION ON FEAR OF MISSING OUT (FOMO) AND INTERNET ADDICTION ON ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PRE SERVICE TEACHER STUDENTS?

The pattern of interaction and communication among young people is currently changing more towards digital communication with virtual social networks. Unfortunately, not many studies have been conducted to determine the relationship between the communication behavior patterns of social media networks and the fear of missing out. This study aims to determine whether there is an influence of student self-regulation on the variable level of internet addiction and fear of missing out on information. This research was conducted using a survey method, taking a sample of 208 active students at the University of PGRI Yogyakarta, the sample was taken using a simple random sampling technique from a population of 480 students, the data were analyzed using a simple linear regression technique. The results showed that self-regulation had no significant effect on the level of fear of missing out, but had a significant effect on the internet addiction variable. For further reasons and causes of these findings are described in the discussion.

A Communication Coding System for Use in High Conflict Interpersonal Relationships

Conflict is a natural but uncomfortable part of all human relationships. Researchers and practitioners alike are interested in developing training and therapeutic methods for teaching couples and families healthy conflict management styles. However, the research literature offers little for practitioners in the way of specific verbal and nonverbal “skills” they can teach to their clients and patients. In this paper, we examine the work of Dr. Steven Winer, educator and practitioner in Communication, with a focus on anger management and conflict resolution in interpersonal relationships. We review the research literature on interpersonal conflict and compare it to the advice offered through Dr. Winer's workshops, which he developed through years of viewing over 4,000 videotapes of communication behavior patterns exhibited by his clients during conflict role-play sessions.

Anaysis of teacher⋅student interaction and nonverbal communication behavior patterns in elementary inquiry classes

목적 본 연구는 초등학교 탐구수업에 나타난 교사와 학생 간 상호작용과 비언어적 의사소통 행동 패턴을 분석하여 새로운 교육적 요구에서 강조하고 있는 교사의 의사소통 역량 향상을 위한 기초자료를 제공하는데 있다. 방법 교사와 학생의 상호작용의 중요성을 강조하면서도 다양한 수업방식과 교수 실천에 있어 실제 교실 상황을 분석하는 일은 주로 발문이나 언어적 의사소통 연구에 치중해 왔으나 본 연구에서는 교사와 학생의 의사소통 과정에서 다양한 비언어적 의사소통 행동의 실증적인 데이터를 수집하고 분석하였다. 이를 위해 탐구수업 관찰 프로토콜(RTOP)과 행동 분석 프로그램(Observer XT)을 활용하였고, 현직 교사 3명의 실제 수업 촬영 영상을 대상으로 상호작용과 비언어적 의사소통 행동 데이터를 수집하였고, 이를 분석하였다. 결과 교사와 학생의 RTOP 분석에서 상호작용 척도 측정결과에서 상호작용 척도가 가장 높게 나타난 탐구수업에서 비언어적 의사소통 행동의 하위 요소 중 정보제공 및 설명시 제스처를 사용하는 비율도 높게 나타났다. 수업에서 교사가 중심일 때 보다 학생 중심으로 진행될 때, 교사와 학생의 친밀한 거리, 학생 개개인과의 눈 맞춤 비율이 늘어났고, 학생들의 질문과 요구에 직접적으로 반응하는 행동 패턴이 두드러졌다. 본 연구에 참여한 교사들의 수업 영상에서는 학생들을 평가 하거나 피드백 하는 빈도는 거의 나타나지 않았고, 중요한 정보 제공 시 모두 목소리에 적절한 변화를 주어 전달하고자 하는 바를 강조하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 현재뿐만 아니라 앞으로 변화될 것으로 예상되는 미래 수업에서 학습자 중심의 수업이 더욱 강조되고 지속적으로 확대되어 나갈 것이라고 볼 때, 새로운 교육적 요구에서 강조하고 있는 교사의 의사소통 역량은 단순한 학생들의 참여의 여부와 활동 의미를 두기보다는 상호작용 시 비언어적 의사소통 행동의 중요성을 인식하고 이를 잘 활용하는 것이 아동들에게 의미있다는 것을 시사한다.

Cultural Shifting And Non-Verbal Communication Reconstruction In Covid-19 Outbreak: Indonesia’S Insight

COVID 19 has had a multidisciplinary impact on health, economic, and socio-political emergencies. In the context of communal culture, the impact is increasingly felt. Various activities that prioritize collectivity become limited and even eliminated. In general, communal people used to handle certain messages with physical touch. During the pandemic, conversely, non-verbal activity are in a shifting mode. Therefore, this research attempt to identifies interaction patterns changes in collective society addressing the new habit in non-verbal communication perspectives. This research uses literature studies on journals, previous studies, and other textual documents that are relevant to the research objectives. The analysis results were discussed by the Birdwhistell kinesics theory and Hall's proxemics theory. The research obtained the discussion about non-verbal communication patterns shifting from the haptic tradition to mediated communication. Furthermore, the discussion also apply to physical distance in space and time theory outlook. Therefore, in collective society, the changes will not only generate a new culture but also deliver the way of thinking shifting. The communication barriers presence in indexical signs use then likely happened. Further research could emphasize on macro levels in language relativity perspective. The use of positivistic paradigms to explain correlations between population characteristics and changes in communication behavior patterns during a pandemic can also be explored.

Optimization of the Fuzzy Logic Method for Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis

Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can use a fuzzy inference system. The use of fuzzy logic method to obtain ASD diagnosis results according to experts based on the limits of factors/symptoms of the disease and all the rules obtained from experts. Recommendations for therapy and preventive actions can be given by experts after knowing the results of the diagnosis of ASD using the fuzzy logic method. This study serves to diagnose ASD by optimizing each degree of membership in the fuzzy logic method with the Mamdani method approach which is involved in the autism detection process involving 96 patient data. The Mamdani method itself can process an uncertain value from the user/patient into a definite value whose membership degree can be determined and adjusted to the conditions of the problem. Optimization was carried out on the degree of membership for all variables involved in the process of diagnosing ASD, namely social interaction, social communication and imagination and behavior patterns. The results of this study indicate a relatively small level of fuzzy calculation error with a precision value of 94.4%, a recall precision value of 65.4% and an error rate value of 3.05%. Calculation of accuracy shows a result of 90.59%.

Towards traffic supervision in 6G: a graph neural network-based encrypted malicious traffic detection method

As an important direction for the evolution of next-generation wireless communication technology, 6G will comprehensively promote the wave of economic and social digitization. Services carried by 6G network will rely heavily on the sharing and processing of massive amounts of data between entities, data security is therefore of great importance. Currently, most network applications utilize SSL/TLS protocols to ensure the confidentiality and security of network communications, while encryption mechanism also brings huge challenges to network security supervision. Though encrypted malicious traffic detection in traditional networks has become a research hotspot, existing technologies cannot be directly applied in 6G networks. In a 6G network with massive, instant and unlimited communications between heterogeneous terminals, network communication behavior patterns are much more diversified, which makes the boundary between normal traffic and malicious traffic more blurred in 6G networks than in traditional networks. Existing studies either analyze encrypted traffic in isolation or aggregation, while they all ignore the rich correlations among encrypted traffic. To this end, we propose an encrypted malicious traffic detection framework based on the graph neural network towards the network security problem of future 6G networks, ET-RSGAT. First, considering the characteristics of super high speed and super large connection of 6G network, we design a simple feature extraction method of encrypted traffic: extracting the TLS handshake raw bytes and TLS record length sequence for one single encrypted session. Second, in view of the correlations of large numbers of heterogeneous terminals and the coexistence of multi-source heterogeneous data communication in 6G networks, we analyze the correlations between encrypted sessions from 2 aspects, which are service correlations and communication behavior correlations. Then we construct an encrypted traffic graph, named ETG. On the basis of ETG, we introduce a graph attention network to utilize the correlations between encrypted sessions to enrich the feature representation of nodes. With rich representation, we build the detection model based on a multi-layer perceptron to identify threats. Considering that the simulation environment of 6G networks is immature, we deploy a variety of heterogeneous terminal nodes and run various network services to simulate the 6G communication scenario, and design related experiments for the interconnection of many heterogeneous terminals in 6G networks. The evaluation and experimental results show that our method can obtain satisfactory detection results in both traditional network and simulated environment datasets.

Changes in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder after Theraplay Application.

ObjectivesThis study identified changes in social communication and interaction among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) through Theraplay.MethodsThis study included 20 children who were diagnosed with ASD by a child and adolescent psychiatrist and were recommended to undergo Theraplay in 2012–2017. The Marschak interaction method was used to identify and analyze the interactions between parents and their children. The Korean version of the Social Communication Questionnaire (K-SCQ) was used to evaluate symptoms of ASD. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the differences before and after Theraplay.ResultsUpon comparing the differences in total K-SCQ scores, there were statistically significant changes (z=-3.269, p=0.001) in children with ASD. Changes were also confirmed in each category, namely social interaction, communication, and limited and repetitive behavior patterns (p=0.011, p=0.025, p=0.039, respectively).ConclusionThis study found that Theraplay may cause significant changes in social communication in children with ASD. Further studies are needed to establish the effectiveness of Theraplay in children with ASD.

Patterns of Cognition, Communication, and Adaptive Behavior in Children With Developmental Disabilities.

Young children with developmental disabilities (DD) exhibit a range of strengths and weaknesses in cognitive, language, and adaptive skills. Identifying individual patterns of abilities across these domains is important for informing interventions. This study examines how 129 toddlers with significant developmental delays and less than 10 spoken words perform across different developmental domains and assessment methods (i.e., caregiver report and clinician-administered tests). Children exhibited statistically and clinically meaningful strengths and weaknesses across developmental domains, which may have important implications for differential interventions. Caregiver-reported and clinician-rated measures of cognition, language and adaptive functioning were highly related. However, the relation between caregiver report and clinician ratings was weaker for a subgroup of children with relatively more limited expressive language compared to other children in the sample.