Patterns In Deviations Research Articles

The role of intermolecular interactions in [Fe(X-salEen)2]ClO4 spin crossover complexes.

Two new spin crossover (SCO) Fe(III) compounds were prepared, their structures were analysed and their magnetic properties were investigated. An exhaustive analysis of the effects of halogen substitution and aromatic ring functionalisation on the magnetic properties of non-solvated Fe(III) perchlorate complexes has been performed. Through comparative analysis, different magnetic profiles were found for the compounds studied, namely F (1), Cl (2), H (3), Br (4a, 4b), and I (5). Using tools like Hirshfeld analysis, the study revealed patterns in octahedral distortions and deviations from the ideal octahedral geometry. The SCO phenomenon as the conducting wire in this study, emphasises the influence of intermolecular interactions on the low spin (LS) to high spin (HS) transitions in these halogen-substituted complexes. The prevalence of H⋯H contributions has been demonstrated, albeit being the weakest and an inverse strength relationship in H⋯X interactions ranging from F to I. The findings not only interpret the intricate balance between halogen substitution, functionalisation, and intermolecular interactions in modulating magnetic properties but also direct future works in designing similar molecular systems.

Explainable conformance checking: Understanding patterns of anomalous behavior

Anomaly detection in the execution of business processes in the organizations has a high level of complexity due to the consideration of various process perspectives and their constraints, business rules, privacy policies, and regulations. Furthermore, only detection of anomalies is not sufficient. There is a crucial need for the results of anomaly detection to be explainable and interpretable, enabling users to adapt the decision making process and handle the detected anomalies. The work presented in this paper aims to provide business process owners with human-interpretable explanations for patterns of deviations found between process models and event data recorded during the execution of business processes, while traditional conformance checking methods only report low-level deviations found.First, by introducing an automated approach for multi-perspective conformance checking and anomaly detection in business process executions, we extract expected and unexpected behavior from event logs and identify patterns in deviations. Finally, by focusing on identifying the context involved in patterns of unexpected behavior, our approach facilitates the interpretations of detected patterns. The approach has been implemented in the open source ProM framework and its applicability is evaluated through a real-life dataset from a financial organization. The experiment not only shows that we can automatically detect more complex anomalies such as spurious data processing and misusage of authorizations, but also that we can explain these deviations in context.

Piecewise modeling of the associations between dry period length and milk, fat, and protein yield changes in the subsequent lactation

Our objective was to develop predictive models of 305-d mature-equivalent milk, fat, and protein yields in the subsequent lactation as continuous functions of the number of days dry (DD) in the current lactation. In this retrospective cohort study with field data, we obtained DHIA milk recording lactation records with the last DD in 2014 or 2015. Cows included had DD from 21 to 100 d. After editing, 1,030,141 records from cows in 7,044 herds remained. Three parity groups of adjacent (current, subsequent) lactations were constructed. We conducted all analyses by parity group and yield component. We first applied control models to pre-adjust the yields in the subsequent lactation for potentially confounding effects. Control models included the covariates mature-equivalent yield, days open, somatic cell score at 180 d pregnant, daily yield at 180 d pregnant, and a herd-season random effect, all observed in the current lactation. Days dry was not included. Second, we modeled residuals from control models with smooth piecewise regression models consisting of a simple linear, quadratic, and another simple linear equation depending on DD. Yield deviations were calculated as differences from predicted mature-equivalent yield at 50 DD. For validation, predictions of yield deviations from piecewise models by DD were compared with predictions from local regression for the DHIA field records and yield deviations reported in 38 experimental and field studies found in the literature. Control models reduced the average root mean squared prediction error by approximately 21%. Yield deviations were increasingly more negative for DD shorter than 50 d, indicating lower yields in the subsequent lactation. For short DD, the decrease in 305-d mature-equivalent milk yield ranged from 43 to 53 kg per DD. For mature-equivalent fat and protein yields, decreases were between 1.28 and 1.71 kg per DD, and 1.06 and 1.50 kg per DD, respectively. Yield deviations often were marginally positive and increasing for DD >50, so that the highest yield in the subsequent lactation was predicted for 100 DD. For long DD, the 305-d mature-equivalent milk yield increased at most 4.18 kg per DD. Patterns in deviations for fat and protein yield were similar to those for milk yield deviations. Predictions from piecewise models and local regressions were very similar, which supports the chosen functional form of the piecewise models. Yield deviations from field studies in the literature typically were decreasing when DD were longer, likely because of insufficient control for confounding effects. In conclusion, piecewise models of mature-equivalent milk, fat, and protein yield deviations as continuous functions of DD fit the observed data well and may be useful for decision support on the optimal dry period length for individual cows.

EMERGING PATTERNS IN DEVIATIONS FROM ABSOLUTE PRIORITY RULES IN BANKRUPTCY

This paper documents emerging patterns in deviations from absolute priority (DAPs) in Chapter 11 bankruptcies. Priority rules are violated in at least two-thirds of all cases, with equityholders benefiting in most situations of violation. However, DAPs have been decreasing over time, with the index of deviations from absolute priority rules more than halving over a 12-year period. This fact is best explained by the reduced bargaining power of the debtor, smaller complexity of the cases, and choice of bankruptcy venue. Interestingly, both unsecured creditors and equityholders now benefit from DAPs to the detriment of secured creditors.

Pedigree analysis of selected lines of Merino sheep. 2. Gene contributions

Four pairs of selection lines of Merino sheep consisting of 100 ewes and 5 rams were established at the Trangie Agricultural Research centre in 1951. Each line was selected (mass selection) for the appropriate character and direction (Plus or Minus) for a period of 18 years (5 generations). Pedigree analysis of these selected lines in terms of gene contributions revealed different patterns in means and standard deviations of gene contributions of male and female founders. Female founders showed a consistent pattern in all of the selected lines, with an increasing trend for the first 5-6 years in both parameters, and then stabilised. Fleece Plus showed the smallest variation, with an average coefficient of variation of 163%, whereas Folds Plus showed the highest variation with 213%. In the mean contributions, male founders showed a declining pattern for the first 5-6 years and finally stabilised. In the standard deviations, Weight and Folds flocks showed an increasing pattern in the first 1-2 years, whereas Fleece and Crimp flocks showed a declining pattern for the first 3-6 years before stabilising. Male founders showed smaller variation in mean contribution than female founders. In the Weight and Folds flocks, coefficients of variation were in the range of 55-88%, whereas in the Fleece and Crimp flocks they ranged from 98% to 156%. On average, 71% of genes were contributed by female founders and 29% by male founders. A good agreement (>90%) was found between observed and estimated inbreeding from Wray and Thompson (1990) expression in all flocks except Weight Plus and Fleece Minus lines. Effective numbers of male, female, and both male and female founders showed a consistent pattern of early fluctuation, with a trend towards increasing, and eventually stabilised in all the lines. Fleece Plus and Folds Plus lines showed the smallest and highest effective numbers for male, female, and both male and female founders, respectively, which is consistent with the pattern of observed inbreeding. During the first and second year there was a major reduction in the effective number of female founders, which is an indication of marked decrease in the genetic variability at the beginning.

Determinants of Patterns in Deviations from Child Support Guidelines

Data were obtained from 507 divorce records in Superior Courts in New Hampshire to identify factors that dictate patterns in deviations from presumptive child support guidelines. Of parents' socioeconomics and child custody decisions, logistic regressions found only the latter to have an effect on patterns in deviations from the guidelines. The log odds of a downward departure decreased in situations where fathers were awarded physical custody. The log odds of no court-ordered child support increased in instances where fathers were the primary caretakers, and in those where parents were granted joint physical custody of their children.

Nonlinear dynamics in foreign exchange rates

This paper investigates whether the behavior of real and nominal foreign exchange rates as well as interest rates are governed by nonlinear dynamics; it also explores whether observed deviations from parity conditions exhibit nonlinear dependence. Standard statistical tests for randomness, such as autocorrelation tests, have low power against a large class of deterministic, nonlinear processes. Discerning nonrandomness of innovations in exchange rates is important for a variety of reasons. For example, many models of international asset pricing assume exchange rates to follow a random walk. Furthermore, nonlinear patterns in deviations from various exchange rate parities have implications for the existence of a time-varying foreign exchange risk premium. With the use of the BDS statistic and a correlation dimension analysis, this paper's primary findings are that (1) foreign exchange markets have become increasingly complex and therefore less amenable to forecasting over time; (2) although forward exchange risk premia are statistically significant and display a deterministic structure, this structure is complex and therefore not easily discernible; and (3) innovations in real exchange rates are consistent with a Purchasing Power Parity equilibrium.

MONITORING URINARY AMYLASE AND pH IN PANCREAS TRANSPLANTATION WITH URINARY DRAINAGE IN RATS1

Whole pancreas isografts or allografts (ACI donors, RT1a) with bladder drainage of exocrine secretions were performed in Lewis rats (RR1(1] with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Urinary amylase, pH, and volume and serum glucose were measured daily. They were analyzed alone, or in combination, to determine patterns in deviations from normal values, from isograft control values, or from a posttransplant baseline in relation to rejection (defined as reversion of plasma glucose of greater than 200 mg/dl) in nonimmunosuppressed recipients. Also studied were the sensitivity and specificity by which such deviations predicted rejection. Functioning grafts were associated with increased urinary amylase and pH compared with normal or diabetic controls; urinary volume was less than that of diabetic rats, but greater than that of normal rats. In nonimmunosuppressed allograft recipients (n = 9), rejection occurred at a mean (+/- SD) of 7.78 +/- 0.44 days. Serum glucose rose to above normal (greater than 134 mg/dl) 1 day before rejection in 3 animals (sensitivity 33%, false negative rate 66%; false positive rate in 9 isograft recipients, 44%). Urinary volume dropped below 3 ml at a mean of 3.17 +/- 0.98 days (range 2-5 days) before rejection in 6 animals (sensitivity 66%, false negative rate 33%; false positive rate 0%). Urinary pH fell below 7.25 at a mean of 3.13 +/- 1.81 days (range 1-5 days) before rejection in 8 rats (sensitivity of 89%, false negative rate 11%; false positive rate 29%). Urinary amylase dropped from a posttransplant peak at a mean of 3.56 +/- 1.42 days (range 1-6 days) before rejection in 9 animals (sensitivity 100%, false negative rate 0%; false positive rate 43%), and dropped below 1500 units per 24 hr at a mean of 2.00 +/- 1.32 days (range 1-5 days) before rejection in 8 animals (sensitivity 89%, false negative rate 11%; false positive rate 0%). A drop in urinary amylase combined with a drop in urinary volume or pH occurred at a mean of 3.22 +/- 1.48 days (range 1-5 days) before rejection in 9 rats (sensitivity 100%, false negative rate 0%; false positive rate 0%). In a separate group of 10 allograft recipients, immunosuppression with prednisone and cyclosporine was begun concomitant with, or within 2 days of, the drop in urinary amylase from the peak value; rejection did not occur in 3 animals and was delayed to a mean of 12.0 +/- 5.0 days posttransplant in 7 animals (P less than .05 compared with the nonimmunosuppressed group).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)