Cognitive Patterns Research Articles

Study of U.S. Democratic and Republican Senators' Political Framing Strategies on Abortion Rights Based on Social Identity Theory and Framing Effect

Political framing significantly shapes public opinions and legislative outcomes in the United States, making the understanding of Democratic and Republican senators' strategies concerning abortion rights necessary. This study employs Social Identity Theory and Framing Effect to analyze cognitive and affective language patterns, as well as frequent references to specific word count in senators' speeches, using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) program. The findings reveal distinct partisan differences: Democrats frequently emphasize women's rights and personal freedoms, while Republicans focus on morality and the sanctity of unborn life. These divergent framing strategies highlight how party affiliation influences the discourse on this contentious issue. The research, using both qualitative and quantitative approaches, underscores the complexity of political communication and the need for nuanced studies to explore how language reflects and shapes political identities and ideologies.

Bayesian deep learning: An enhanced AI framework for legal reasoning alignment

The integration of artificial intelligence into the field of law has penetrated the underlying logic of legal operations. Currently, legal AI systems face difficulties in representing legal knowledge, exhibit insufficient legal reasoning capabilities, have poor explainability, and are inefficient in handling causal inference and uncertainty. In legal practice, various legal reasoning methods (deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, abductive reasoning, etc.) are often intertwined and used comprehensively. However, the reasoning modes employed by current legal AI systems are inadequate. Identifying AI models that are more suitable for legal reasoning is crucial for advancing the development of legal AI systems.Distinguished from the current high-profile large language models, we believe that Bayesian reasoning is highly compatible with legal reasoning, as it can perferm abductive reasoning, excel at causal inference, and admits the "defeasibility" of reasoning conclusions, which is consistent with the cognitive development pattern of legal professionals from apriori to posteriori. AI models based on Bayesian methods can also become the main technological support for legal AI systems. Bayesian neural networks have advantages in uncertainty modeling, avoiding overfitting, and explainability. Legal AI systems based on Bayesian deep learning frameworks can combine the advantages of deep learning and probabilistic graphical models, facilitating the exchange and supplementation of information between perception tasks and reasoning tasks. In this paper, we take perpetrator prediction systems and legal judegment prediction systems as examples to discuss the construction and basic operation modes of the Bayesian deep learning framework. Bayesian deep learning can enhance reasoning ability, improve the explainability of models, and make the reasoning process more transparent and visualizable. Furthermore, Bayesian deep learning framework is well-suited for human-machine collaborative tasks, enabling the complementary strengths of humans and machines.

Subjective Cognitive Decline Patterns in Patients with Migraine, with or without Depression, versus Non-depressed Older Adults

Purpose: Cognitive decline is a common complaint in young patients with migraine, especially those with depression. Independent of psychiatric factors such as depression, subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is associated with an elevated risk of progression to dementia. This study aimed to investigate patterns of subjective cognitive complaints between migraineurs with or without depression and non-depressed older adults.Methods: This retrospective study included 331 outpatients with SCD (293 from a headache clinic and 38 from a memory clinic). SCD was diagnosed as “yes” based on two questions about SCD. The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were used to assess cognitive function. The SCD Questionnaire (SCD-Q) with three subdomains was analyzed to compare SCD between groups.Results: Among patients with SCD, significant differences in duration of education were found among the groups—specifically, migraineurs with depression (12.39 years) had longer education than non-depressed older adults (10.50 years) and shorter education than migraineurs without depression (14.28 years). The total MMSE and MoCA scores did not differ between migraineurs with and without depression. Regarding SCD-Q scores, migraineurs with depression showed higher scores overall and in all cognitive domains than migraineurs without depression, with no significant difference compared to non-depressed older adults. Conclusion: Although the depressed migraineurs with SCD were younger and more educated than the non-depressed older adults with SCD, both groups reported similarly high levels of SCD. Higher levels of surveillance for cognitive decline are warranted for migraineurs with depression who have SCD.

Qualitative Exploration of Abdominal Transplant Surgeon Perception of Retirement.

For many surgeons, retirement is an emotionally evocative subject, tied to a sense of loss. With minimal guidelines to facilitate a smooth transition, physicians tend to be inadequately prepared. There are few qualitative studies exploring surgeons' perspectives and none focused on transplant surgeons, a population with arguably unique challenges. We set out to define an "ideal" retirement for transplant surgeons, and identify behavioral and cognitive patterns associated with optimism towards retirement. We conducted 60-minute semi-structured interviews with 30 division chiefs of transplant surgery to explore their perceptions of retirement. Thematic analysis using a framework approach was performed to identify key themes. The cohort was predominantly male (80.0%) and White (76.7%), with 24.8 years in practice on average (range 12-40 years). Participants expressed desires to retire at the peak of their career trajectory and maintain autonomy in this transition. However, when naming signs of impending retirement, they often cited indicators of burnout. Attributes separating those who were optimistic from others included 1) well-rounded sense of identity, 2) holistic attitude towards one's health and well-being, 3) belief in the ability to exert autonomy over retirement process through long-range planning, 4) community centered mindset, and 5) multifaceted and evolving view of career identity. While surgeons aspire to "go out on top," many envision working until they can no longer endure it. This discrepancy highlights the need for normalizing discussions around retirement. With their unique insights, we have the opportunity to develop supportive interventions, such that transplant surgeons retire in a manner which preserves dignity and celebrates their legacy.

Cognitive patterns according to mini-mental state examination domains in patients with AF and association with all-cause mortality: a cluster analysis from a contemporary prospective study

Abstract Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with cognitive impairment even in the absence of previous stroke. However, data on specific patterns of cognitive impairment and their association with outcomes are limited. Purpose We aimed to identify different phenotypic groups of AF patients stratified according to specific cognitive domains using cluster analysis and evaluate the association between identified clusters and adverse outcomes. Methods We used data from a prospective observational study on AF patients excluding those with previous clinically overt stroke. We performed a hierarchical cluster analysis based on Ward’s Method using data from the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) administered during the enrollment. The MMSE includes 6 distinct cognitive domains. We normalized each domain’s score from 0 to 100 to preserve the ranking and the interpretability of the test. Patients’ clusters were identified by examining the distance between cluster coefficients and by visual inspection of the dendrogram. All-cause mortality was the primary endpoint. Results A total of 872 stroke-free AF patients were included. Three clusters based on MMSE domains were identified: Cluster 1 (n=494, 56.7%); Cluster 2 (n=243, 27.9%) and Cluster 3 (n=135, 15.5%). The clusters greatly differed according to the cognitive domains affected and baseline characteristics (Table). The use of oral anticoagulants did not differ among clusters and it was substantially high (88.6%). Cluster 2 had a higher prevalence of cognitive impairment (37.9% vs 35.6% for Cluster 3 and 1.0% for Cluster 1, p<0.001) with a lower mean MMSE score compared to other clusters. The analysis of MMSE domains showed substantial deficits in the orientation, attention/calculation, and recall domains with peculiar differences among the clusters. Cluster 2 showed the most significant impairment in the copying domain (100%) while Cluster 3 had a higher impairment in attention/calculation and recall domains. After a median follow-up of 629 days, all-cause mortality was 15.9% with a significantly higher prevalence in Cluster 2 (26.9% vs 10.0% and 15.5% for Cluster 1 and Cluster 3 respectively, p<0.001). At the adjusted Cox regression analysis, Cluster 2 was independently associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality compared with Cluster 1 (HR 1.83, 95% CI 1.18-2.82) while Cluster 3 was not independently associated with the outcome (Figure). Conclusions In a prospective observational cohort of stroke-free AF patients, we identified three clusters showing different patterns of cognitive impairment, affecting specific MMSE domains and resulting in a different risk of mortality. Our findings highlight the clinical implications of cognitive impairment and stress the need for a more holistic approach to AF patients including a comprehensive cognitive assessment, as well as the need for studies on interventions able to positively affect cognitive impairment.Figure

Dominant Strategies for Solving Sensorimotor Tasks in Students with Different Cognitive Resource Experience

The article introduces a new method for diagnosing the preferable cognitive resource strategy in university students. One’s personal experience of using cognitive resources defines the dominant strategies for solving sensorimotor tasks. Cognitive resource patterns can be described by using particular psychological indicators in order to select the optimal analysis method. The new method made it possible to model the situation of solving sensorimotor tasks and develop criteria for determining the strategies employed by university students to solve cognitive tasks in experimental conditions. The research involved 127 first-year students (18 y.o.) of Psychology, Tomsk State University. The strategies used by the students to solve sensorimotor tasks ranged from scarcity and heterogeneity to positive experience in cognitive resource application. Sensorimotor tasks proved to be an effective diagnostic marker of the cognitive development level during university education. The method also proved applicable as a cognitive simulator to develop optimal strategies in solving sensorimotor tasks of various levels of difficulty, as well as to reduce the existing deficiency in cognitive experience.

Employees Perceive Planned Organizational Change: Insights from a Workspace Change Project in the German Insurance Industry

Based on a symbolic–interpretive and social–constructivist research approach, this longitudinal study explores how employees perceive workspace changes. Rich empirical processual data that were continuously collected during the change process were used to analyze workspace changes as a new type of organizational change, thereby contributing to sensemaking research. Three types of change recipients from employees’ responses to a workspace change based on differences in their underlying cognitive, behavioral, and affective patterns throughout the sensemaking process were identified: those with positive attitudes and perceptions, those with negative attitudes and perceptions, and those exhibiting a change toward positive attitudes and perceptions. As a practical contribution, change agents and leaders can gain insights and guidance for managing different employees by considering the individual patterns that trigger changes in employees’ perceptions throughout the change process. These insights about sensemaking also contribute to organizational development and change management research.

Cognitive patterns and neural correlates in acquired phonological dyslexia. A pilot study in Greek patients after traumatic and non-traumatic brain disorders

Reading and writing difficulties are commonly observed after traumatic and non-traumatic brain disorders (T-nTBDs). In this study, we investigated whether: (a) differentiation between acquired dyslexia (AD) and aphasia is possible in patients with T-nTBDs; (b) AD patterns constitute the subtype of Acquired Phonological Dyslexia (APhD); and (c) there are causal interactions between brain lesions and the APhD phenotype. A total of 22 Greek patients with T-nTBDs receiving a six-month intensive speech treatment were recruited for the study. The Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) and the Dyslexia Adults Screening Test (DAST) were applied. The significant statistical correlations between the DAST tests of “Semantic Fluency” and “Nonsense Passage Reading” (p = .006), along with their statistically significant effect on the Dyslexia Quotient (p = .044, p = .020, respectively), highlighted the prevalence of the APhD type. A network of brain lesions was found to be significantly involved in rapid naming, reading, and working memory difficulties. Results indicated that in several patients with T-nTBDs diagnostic APhD patterns potentially different from those of aphasia have been circumscribed and construed by brain lesions involving different but interacting components of the non-lexical route. Such findings are primary as well as decisive for the effective rehabilitation of patients with T-nTBSs.

Image of a person as a object of scientific and legal cognition

In the article, the author focuses on the relevance of the study of the image of a person as a special object of scientific and legal cognition, which requires a conceptual analysis through the prism of scientific views and approaches. It noted that in connection with the constant changes in the social and legal situation, the information space, and the development of digitization, the issues of determining the place of a person in the relevant processes, of fundamental human rights, as well as the appropriate level of adaptation of legislation to new realities are becoming more and more relevant. Understanding and studying of various concepts, scientific views regarding this issue will make it possible to clarify the peculiarities of the image of a person as an object of scientific and legal cognition. It is substantiated that in cognitive terms it is important to conduct an analysis of the studied phenomenon through the prism of scientific views and concepts, which will allow to generalize its characteristics andimprove the definition. This vector of scientific cognition will allow, first of all, to strengthen the methodological basis for further research of the human image, to define clear boundaries of the subject of scientific cognition, and to establish its cognitive patterns. The article analyzes the image of a person as a special phenomenon identifies, doctrinal approaches to its understanding. The author concluded that the legal aspects of the image of a person as a scientific research problem are research in legal science in a rather fragmentary manner, have a pluralistic nature of doctrinal understanding, require strengthening of scientific legal research, especially in of the general conceptualization of such scientific cognition, have an objectively determined cognitive nature, characterize by deep systemic and structural.

Diagnosing middle school students’ proficiency in constructing scientific explanations with the integration of chemical reactions and patterns: a cognitive diagnostic modeling approach

ABSTRACT Scientific explanation has been widely recognised as one of the primary proficiencies in global science education. From research and practical perspectives, investigating the cognitive process of constructing scientific explanations by integrating core ideas is essential to make sense of phenomena or solve problems. This study applied the cognitive diagnosis modeling (CDM) approach to diagnose students’ cognitive patterns of constructing scientific explanations by integrating chemical reactions and patterns. We localised three well-designed assessment tasks and correspondingly developed five cognitive attributes. Responses from 244 Grade 9 students in two middle schools were collected, scored, and analyzed. Results show that the five developed cognitive attributes are reliable and effective in identifying students’ cognitive challenges in constructing scientific explanations in a content-specific domain. In addition, we articulated students’ potential cognitive process of constructing scientific explanations. We identified a primary cognitive pathway that students may follow: making correct claims, finding sufficient evidence based on data patterns, and providing scientific principles for the reasoning process. The cognitive diagnosis results could be used to guide teachers in selecting teaching materials and strategies and arranging lesson sequences to support the development of students’ scientific explanations by integrating chemical reactions and patterns.

Comparing personality traits of healthcare workers with and without long COVID: Cross-sectional study.

Pathological mechanisms of "long COVID" after recovery from the main symptoms of COVID-19 are unclear. We compared psychological differences between individuals with and without long COVID symptoms after initial COVID-19 infections. This study includes medical workers with and without history of COVID-19. We assessed the degree of depression, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), the degree of anxiety and fear of COVID-19, and we used an original questionnaire. In the COVID-19 group, we also assessed personality traits and anxiety. The COVID-19 group was subclassified into those with and without long COVID to examine differences in circumstantial and psychological examinations. Of 310 participants (141 men, 169 women, median age: 40 years), 167 had history of COVID-19 (83/84, 37 years) and 143 did not (58 men/85 women, 46 years). In the COVID-19 group, 26 had long COVID (12/14, 32 years) and 141 did not (58/85, 46 years). Fewer participants in the COVID-19 group had had COVID-19 vaccinations. The long COVID group had higher number of symptoms at the time of illness and higher NEO Five Factor Inventory Neuroticism scores than the non-long COVID group. They also had poorer mental health according to HRQOL than those without. Risk factors for long COVID may include the number of symptoms at the time of illness and neurotic tendency on NEO Five Factor Inventory. Participants with long COVID had poorer mental health according to HRQOL. People with long COVID might be especially sensitive to and pessimistic about the symptoms that interfere with their daily lives, resulting in certain cognitive and behavioral patterns. They may benefit from early psychiatric intervention.

EFFECTIVENESS OF COGNITIVE-BASED INTERVENTIONS FOR IMPROVING BODY IMAGE OF PATIENTS HAVING BREAST CANCER

Breast cancer is one of the most common tumors among women. CBT is an algorithmic, time-bound method of treatment that concentrates on altering negative cognitive processes and behavioral patterns. Objectives: The main objective of the study is to find the effectiveness of cognitive-based interventions for improving the body image of patients with breast cancer. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted at Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar from January 2023 to January 2024. Data were collected from 105 breast cancer patients, all of whom had undergone various treatments such as mastectomy, lumpectomy, or chemotherapy, which resulted in noticeable physical changes. All patients diagnosed with breast cancer and having undergone surgical or medical treatments and experiencing concerns related to body image post-treatment with no prior history of psychiatric disorders were included in the study. Results: Data were collected from 105 patients. The results show that the intervention group experienced a significant improvement in body image, with a 45.6% reduction in Body Image Scale (BIS) scores from 22.8 ± 3.5 pre-intervention to 12.4 ± 3.1 post-intervention (p = 0.001). In contrast, the control group showed only a minimal 3.6% improvement, with scores decreasing slightly from 22.5 ± 3.7 to 21.7 ± 3.4 (p = 0.152). Conclusion: It is concluded that cognitive-based interventions, particularly Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), are highly effective in improving body image and reducing anxiety and depression in breast cancer patients.

“We are on the outside but it’s okay”: A grounded theory of cooperation between parents, coaches, and administrators in professional youth soccer academies

ObjectiveParents need to cooperate with professional organizations to support their children’s development and health. In sports, knowledge on how parents, coaches, and organizations can successfully coordinate their behavior and work together for a common cause is lacking. This study was designed to identify a grounded theory of cooperation as a social process between parents and organizational stakeholders in youth soccer academies. Design and methodIntensive interviews were conducted with parents (n = 9), coaches (n = 11), and administrators (n = 14) across 14 youth soccer academies in Germany. Data were analyzed using initial coding, focused coding, and theoretical integration following constructivist grounded theory methodology. Results and conclusionThe grounded theory produced comprises several processes aimed at building, maintaining, and reinforcing effective cooperation between parents, coaches, and administrators. Acknowledging parents as part of the academy, providing a thorough onboarding, and defining parental roles are essential for cooperation to evolve. Cooperation was viewed as a responsive, dynamic, and iterative process impacted by person and context factors. Findings are interpreted through a systems lens highlighting nuanced dependencies between cognitive, emotional, and behavioral patterns. The grounded theory provides implications for future research targeting the intersection of persons and contexts in youth sport. For practitioners, we propose an evidence-based program on developing cooperation.

Cognitive and motor improvement by tummy time practice in preemies from low-income settings: a randomized clinical trial.

Early intervention and parental education for preemies are limited in some low-income countries. Thus, this study aimed to assess whether daily tummy time (TT) associated with usual care (UC) enhances motor and cognitive development in preemies from low-income countries. The main and secondary aim was to assess prone head elevation (PHE) and motor and cognitive functions, respectively. Thirty-one preemies with a mean gestational age at birth of 33.3 ± 1.6 weeks and weighing <2,500 g were included and 18 completed all assessments. Parents from the TT group were asked to perform TT with their preemies for at least 20 min during daily activities and playtime. Motor and cognitive functions were assessed by a blinded examiner using the motor and cognitive composite scores of Bayley-III after two and four months of corrected age. PHE was given by the angle from the tragus of the ear to the supporting surface of the infant; measurements were obtained using the Kinovea® software at baseline, after two, three, and four months of corrected age. The Bayley-III motor composite score of the TT group was higher than the UC group after two and four months of corrected age. The PHE angle increased over time but did not differ between groups. Nevertheless, TT expanded the perspective of preemies to explore their bodies and environment, favoring the stimuli for motor and cognitive patterns. The loss of participants (31%) was one of the limitations of the study, illustrating the challenge of providing continued early interventions to preemies from low-income countries. In this sense, TT practice is a home intervention that may improve motor and cognitive function of preemies immediately after hospital discharge.

B - 43 Utility of the Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care (AM-PAC) as a Measure of Functional Recovery across the TBI Rehabilitation Continuum

Abstract Objective To evaluate the utility of the AM-PAC (Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care) for functional assessment of patients with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) across inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation settings. We evaluated (1) Longitudinal changes (1-year) in cognitive and physical recovery patterns across the rehabilitation continuum (2) Concurrent validity of AM-PAC as compared to traditional measures. Method A prospective repeated measures cohort study of adults with TBI (n = 186), where 87 participants received inpatient rehabilitation (IR), and 99 participants received outpatient cognitive rehabilitation (CR). Functional recovery was assessed at IR admission, discharge, 6 months and 1 year, and at admission/discharge from CR for post-acute participants. Functional measures included AM-PAC-Basic Mobility (BM), Daily Activities (DA), and Applied Cognitive (AC) domains, Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB), Texas Functional Living Scale (TFLS), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Participation Assessment with Recombined Tools-Objective (PART-O), and Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory (MPAI-4: self-awareness). Results The AMPAC was sensitive to changes throughout the care continuum, demonstrating medium effect sizes across all three functional domains. Notably, AMPAC scores showed greater change compared to traditional tools (90% and 68% confidence levels). Additionally, analysis of Minimum Detectable Change thresholds demonstrated significant improvements, across settings and within moderate/severe TBI (p &amp;lt; 0.05), followed by predictably smaller gains in the mild TBI population (p &amp;lt; 0.05), underscoring the clinical relevance of these findings. Conclusions Results demonstrate that the AM-PAC is a practical, valid and sensitive scale responsive to longitudinal ecological and functional change in TBI. Analysis confirms the effectiveness of functional assessments, particularly emphasizing strengths of the AMPAC.

Scene effects on disgusted facial expression detection in individuals with social anxiety: The role of emotional intensity

Individuals exhibiting high social anxiety (HSA) typically encounter challenges in identifying threatening stimuli with varying levels of intensity in different social scenes, ultimately affecting their social interactions. However, it is not well understood how social scenes, emotional intensity, and interaction influence the recognition of threat stimuli among HSA individuals (HSAs). To address this issue, a face recognition task was administered to 20 HSA participants and 22 individuals exhibiting low social anxiety (LSA) in this study. Results indicated that during the social scene presentation stage, HSAs produced larger P2 amplitude than LSA individuals (LSAs) no matter the valence of the scenes. During the face recognition stage, HSAs had smaller N170 amplitude than LSAs and exhibited lower recognition time for 2 % disgusted faces compared to LSAs. Furthermore, the consistency between scenes and faces led to faster recognition of disgusted faces in HSAs, but not in LSAs. Consequently, our findings suggested that HSAs exhibited unique cognitive processing patterns in social scenes, manifested by increased attention to scenes and decreased attention to faces. In addition, the emotional congruence between the scene and the faces could facilitate the recognition of faces by HSAs.

The Role of Cognitive Schema Theory in the Translation from Arabic into English

This study investigates the role of schema theory in translation and aims to gain knowledge that may progress AI-related domains through the simulation of cognition and AI. Schema theory hypothesizes that translators use mental frameworks (schemata) to organize and interpret information. In the context of translation, schemata play a crucial role in knowledge representation, affecting limitations made during the translation process. A cognitive approach is employed and qualitative methods are used in the analysis. A corpus is collected from the translation of a SL Arabic novel (Frankenstein in Baghdad by A. Saadawi) into TL English, covering domains and language pairs. The translation process is analyzed to identify cognitive patterns employed by the translator as they apply schemata to achieve cross-cultural renditions. Conclusions reveal that schema activation significantly impacts translation choices, influencing how the translator interprets and conveys meaning across languages. Cognitive patterns shed light on how cultural and linguistic factors influence the transfer of information between SL and TL. Additionally, the study uncovers variations in schema utilization across different translation tasks and the adaptability and flexibility of cognitive processes in response to varying contexts and linguistic challenges. By deepening our understanding of schema theory, this research contributes to the design, training, and assessment of AI algorithms. It also provides valuable insights into the cognitive mechanisms underlying successful cross-linguistic communication and offers practical implications for translators engaged in intercultural exchange. Finally, this paper recommends that AI systems can drive advancements in MT and other AI-related fields of prior knowledge to produce accuracy and more closely with native speakers by using schema theory concepts.

Psychosomatics: Communication of the Central Nervous System through Connection to Tissues, Organs, and Cells.

This study aimed to scrutinize existing evidence concerning the link between somatic symptoms and nervous system activity. The goal was to pinpoint areas for effective therapeutic interventions. Psychosomatic disorders, an often overlooked field of medicine, bears significance given the multitude of patients experiencing somatic symptoms due to specific emotions and experiences. The literature was explored using the methods of comparative analysis, synthesis and graphical representation. The study introduced pathological neural networks localized in brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, leading to maladaptive behaviors and heightened negative focus. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, alongside increased cortisol levels, induces chronic distress, inflammation, and disruptions in neurotransmitter metabolism. The gut microbiota significantly influences psychosomatic reactions. Patients with psychosomatic disorders require complex treatment with cognitive-behavioural therapy and hypnosis methods. Within the framework of pathological neural networks, the MindChat technique has yielded effectiveness with the purpose of "dehypnotization" and destruction of aberrant cognitive and emotional patterns. However, it should be noted that this technique requires further empirical support.

Intergenerational Educational Mobility and Cognitive Trajectories Among Middle-Aged and Older Chinese People: An Application of Growth Mixture and Mobility Contrast Models in Longitudinal Analysis.

Due to statistical challenges in disentangling the mobility effect (i.e., intergenerational educational mobility) from the position effect (i.e., parental and person's own education), the impact of intergenerational educational mobility on cognitive function remains unclear. We employed a novel approach to identify the mobility effect and investigate the net impact of intergenerational educational mobility on heterogeneous patterns of cognition among middle-aged and older adults in China. Participants aged 45 and older were recruited from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, a population-based prospective cohort study between 2011 and 2018. We identified cognitive trajectories using the growth mixture model (GMM) and subsequently employed the mobility contrast model (MCM) to examine the effects of intergenerational educational mobility on cognitive patterns stratified by gender. Almost two thirds of respondents experienced intergenerational educational mobility, and 55% experienced upward mobility. Men had a higher rate of upward mobility than women. Three population-based cognitive patterns were identified: the low cognitive function with decline group (28%), the moderate cognitive function group (47%), and the high cognitive function group (26%). MCM analysis revealed that both upward and downward intergenerational educational mobility negatively affected cognitive trajectory patterns, extending beyond the influence of individuals' current and parental education. In future research, the impact of mobility can be studied in longitudinal data sets by combining the GMM and MCM approaches. The net negative effect of intergenerational educational mobility on cognitive trajectory patterns indicates that it should be recognized as an independent predictor of cognitive decline.

Connection of social anxiety to impaired pattern of cognitive control and underlying motivational deficiencies: Evidence from event-related potentials.

Numerous studies have established a correlation between social anxiety and poor cognitive control. However, little is known about the cognitive control pattern of individuals with high social anxiety (HSAs) and the underlying mechanisms. Based on the Dual Mechanisms of Control framework and the Expected Value of Control theory, this study explored whether HSAs have an impaired cognitive control pattern (Experiment 1) and whether motivational deficiencies underlie the impaired control pattern (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, 21 individuals with low social anxiety (LSAs) and 21 HSAs completed an AX-Continuous Performance Task. Results showed that HSAs had a smaller P3b amplitude than LSAs, indicating their weakened proactive control in the cue processing stage, but a larger contingent negative variation (CNV) on cue B as compensation for the negative effects of anxiety in the response preparation stage. No group difference was found in N2 and P3a amplitude on probes, suggesting that reactive control in HSAs was not affected compared to LSAs. In Experiment 2, 21 LSAs and 21 HSAs completed a cued-flanker task, where the likelihood of proactive control engagement was manipulated. The results revealed that HSAs exhibited motivation deficiencies in engaging in proactive control, as evidenced by P3b, CNV amplitude, and response times. These findings shed light on the impaired cognitive control pattern of HSAs and suggest that motivational deficiencies may be the crucial underlying factor.