Physiological Response Patterns Research Articles

O EFEITO DO ESTRESSE NO SISTEMA IMUNOLÓGICO

Stress is an element inherent in every disease, which produces certain changes in the structure and chemical composition of the body, which can be observed and measured. Hans Selve was the first to seriously research stress in the 1930s. He observed that different organisms showed the same physiological response pattern to sensory or psychological stimuli, and that this would have harmful effects on almost all organs, tissues and metabolic processes. Through his research, Hans Selve described the “General Adaptation Syndrome” (GAS) with its three phases: alarm, resistance and exhaustion. There are two types of stress: chronic stress, which affects most people, is a constant part of everyday life, but in a milder form and can lead to the exhaustion phase, resulting in adverse health consequences, such as cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases and even cancer. Acute stress, on the other hand, is more intense and short lived and is usually caused by traumatic but temporary situations. The aim of this study was to identify and analyze the physiological reactions to stress and how the body responds when exposed to these situations. This work is a literature review, whose theoretical reference for the composition were studies between 1984 and 2022, available in the Scielo and Lilacs databases. Seven studies were selected for the elaboration of the results, and all agreed that stress is associated with the development of mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety, in which the rise in cortisol levels negatively affects the formation of new memories. Therefore, implementing effective stress management strategies is fundamental to preserving immune health and promoting well-being.

Electrocortical Responses in Anticipation of Avoidable and Inevitable Threats: A Multisite Study.

When faced with danger, human beings respond with a repertoire of defensive behaviors, including freezing and active avoidance. Previous research has revealed a pattern of physiological responses, characterized by heart rate bradycardia, reduced visual exploration, and heightened sympathetic arousal in reaction to avoidable threats, suggesting a state of attentive immobility in humans. However, the electrocortical underpinnings of these behaviors remain largely unexplored. To investigate the visuocortical components of attentive immobility, we recorded parieto-occipital alpha activity, along with eye movements and autonomic responses, while participants awaited either an avoidable, inevitable, or no threat. To test the robustness and generalizability of our findings, we collected data from a total of 101 participants (76 females, 25 males) at two laboratories. Across sites, we observed an enhanced suppression of parieto-occipital alpha activity during avoidable threats, in contrast to inevitable or no threat trials, particularly toward the end of the trial that prompted avoidance responses. This response pattern coincided with heart rate bradycardia, centralization of gaze, and increased sympathetic arousal. Furthermore, our findings expand on previous research by revealing that the amount of alpha suppression, along with centralization of gaze, and heart rate changes predict the speed of motor responses. Collectively, these findings indicate that when individuals encounter avoidable threats, they enter a state of attentive immobility, which enhances perceptual processing and facilitates action preparation. This state appears to reflect freezing-like behavior in humans.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) response to drought stress: susceptible and tolerant genotypes exhibit different physiological, biochemical, and molecular response patterns.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01372-y.

Incongruent affect in early childhood: Neurobiological markers and links to psychopathology.

Researchers have long investigated emotion-related facial expressions, such as smiling and frowning, to further the field's understanding of behavior, emotions, and psychopathology. Fewer studies have examined incongruent affect; facial expressions that do not match internal emotional experiences (e.g., smiling during frustration). Although not extensive, current accounts of incongruent affect in early childhood have assumed that these expressions indicate masking, an active regulatory process. Thus, many researchers contend that incongruent affect represents an adaptive emotion regulation strategy. However, little attention has been paid to incongruent affect, and its neurobiological correlates in early childhood. The present study examined complete versus partial incongruent smiling in preschool-aged children (3.5- to 5-years-old) who completed a frustration-eliciting task. We examined simultaneous neurobiological markers of incongruent smiles using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and galvanic skin response (GSR) and tested links to parent-rated emotion regulation and psychopathology. Neutral and negative expressions were assessed as comparison expressions. Results revealed that complete incongruent smiling predicted poor effortful control, whereas partial incongruent smiling was not a significant predictor of regulation, neurobiological changes, or psychopathology. Neutral expressions predicted better effortful control skills and adaptive physiological response patterns. Results suggest that incongruent affect may signal poor regulation of positive affectivity in low-interpersonal contexts, while neutral expressions may act as masking expressions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Widespread and complex drought effects on vegetation physiology inferred from space

The response of vegetation physiology to drought at large spatial scales is poorly understood due to a lack of direct observations. Here, we study vegetation drought responses related to photosynthesis, evaporation, and vegetation water content using remotely sensed data, and we isolate physiological responses using a machine learning technique. We find that vegetation functional decreases are largely driven by the downregulation of vegetation physiology such as stomatal conductance and light use efficiency, with the strongest downregulation in water-limited regions. Vegetation physiological decreases in wet regions also result in a discrepancy between functional and structural changes under severe drought. We find similar patterns of physiological drought response using simulations from a soil–plant–atmosphere continuum model coupled with a radiative transfer model. Observation-derived vegetation physiological responses to drought across space are mainly controlled by aridity and additionally modulated by abnormal hydro-meteorological conditions and vegetation types. Hence, isolating and quantifying vegetation physiological responses to drought enables a better understanding of ecosystem biogeochemical and biophysical feedback in modulating climate change.

Differing associations of depersonalization with physiological response during rest and breath-focused mindfulness in a trauma-exposed female population

BackgroundDissociative and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are commonly co-occurring responses to psychological trauma. Yet, these two groups of symptoms appear to be related to diverging patterns of physiological response. To date, few studies have examined how specific dissociative symptoms, namely, depersonalization and derealization, relate to skin conductance response (SCR), a marker of autonomic function, within the context of PTSD symptoms. We examined associations among depersonalization, derealization, and SCR during two conditions – resting control and breath-focused mindfulness – in the context of current PTSD symptoms. MethodsSixty-eight trauma-exposed women (82.4% Black; Mage = 42.5, SDage = 12.1) were recruited from the community for a breath-focused mindfulness study. SCR data were collected during alternating resting control and breath-focused mindfulness conditions. Moderation analyses were conducted to examine relations among dissociative symptoms, SCR, and PTSD for these different conditions. ResultsModeration analyses revealed that depersonalization was linked to lower SCR during resting control, B = 0.0005, SE = 0.0002, p = .006, in participants low-to-moderate PTSD symptoms; however, depersonalization was associated with higher SCR during breath-focused mindfulness, B = −0.0006, SE = 0.0003, p = .029, in individuals with similar levels of PTSD symptoms. No significant interaction between derealization and PTSD symptoms on SCR was observed. ConclusionsDepersonalization symptoms may associate with physiological withdrawal during rest, but greater physiological arousal during effortful emotion regulation in individuals with low-to moderate levels of PTSD, which has significant implications for barriers to treatment engagement as well as treatment selection in this population.

Distinct trajectories of caregiver-toddler physiological attunement during routine vaccinations.

Toddlers rely on their caregivers for regulatory support when faced with pain-related distress. The caregiver's ability to support their toddler relies on their capacity to regulate their own distress and respond effectively to the child's need for support. The aim of the current study was to describe patterns of caregiver-toddler physiological co-regulatory patterns, also known as attunement, during routine vaccinations across the second year of life. Caregiver-toddler dyads (N = 189) were part of a longitudinal cohort observed at either 12-, 18-, or 24-month well-baby vaccinations. Parallel-process growth-mixture modeling was used to examine patterns of dyadic physiological co-regulatory responses, indexed by high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV). Three groups of dyads were discerned. The largest group (approximately 80%) demonstrated physiological attunement, with a stable and parallel regulatory pattern of HF-HRV from baseline to postneedle. The second group (7.9%) had parallel regulatory trajectories but with notably lower (ie, less regulated) HF-HRV values, which indicates independent regulatory responses (ie, a lack of attunement among dyad members). The third group (11.1%) showed diverging regulatory trajectories: Caregivers showed a stable regulatory trajectory, but toddlers demonstrated a steep decrease followed by an increase in HF-HRV values that surpassed their baseline levels by the third minute postneedle. Post hoc analyses with the HF-HRV groupings explored heart rate patterns and potential predictors. These findings elucidate potential adaptive and maladaptive co-regulatory parasympathetic patterns in an acute pain context.

Effects of stress beliefs on the emotional and biological response to acute psychosocial stress in healthy men

BackgroundNegative beliefs about stress (e.g., “stress is bad”) constitute an independent risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality. One potential underlying mechanism are altered responses to acute psychosocial stress. The aim of this study was to investigate whether beliefs about stress are associated with physiological and endocrine stress response patterns. MethodsA total of N = 77 healthy adults were randomised to an experimental and a placebo control group and were subsequently exposed to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Stress beliefs were measured before and after a psychological manipulation aiming at fostering more balanced stress beliefs or a placebo manipulation. Self-reported stress was measured four times before/after the TSST, heart rate was assessed continuously, and cortisol was assessed eight times before/after the TSST. ResultsThere was a significant decrease in negative stress beliefs (p < .001) and increase in positive stress beliefs (p < .001) in participants in the experimental condition, which was absent in participants in the placebo condition. The participants in the experimental group had more pronounced self-reported stress reactions (p = .028) while at the same time also showing more pronounced stress recoveries (p = .036). The findings regarding cortisol were mixed. ConclusionsMore balanced stress beliefs appeared to be associated with more efficient subjective responses to acute psychosocial stress. These findings attest to a potential mechanism translating negative stress beliefs into ill health while at the same time outlining targets for psychological interventions.

Red porgy's (Pagrus pagrus) cellular physiology and antioxidant defense in response to seasonality

Physiological stress patterns of marine organisms in their natural habitats are considerably complex in space and time. These patterns can eventually contribute in the shaping of fish’ thermal limits under natural conditions. In the view of the knowledge gap regarding red porgy's thermal physiology, in combination with the characterization of the Mediterranean Sea as a climate change ‘‘hotspot’’, the aim of the present study was to investigate this species biochemical responses to constantly changing field conditions. To achieve this goal, Heat Shock Response (HSR), MAPKs pathway, autophagy, apoptosis, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense were estimated and exhibited a seasonal pattern. In general, all the examined biochemical indicators expressed high levels parallel to the increasing seawater temperature in spring, although several bio-indicators have shown increased levels when fish were cold-acclimatized. Similar to other sparids, the observed patterns of physiological responses in red porgy may support the concept of eurythermy.

Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics and Response Patterns of Salinity Stress Responsive Genes (SSRGs) in Wild Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa L.)

Cultivating salt-tolerant crops is a feasible way to effectively utilize saline-alkali land and solve the problem of underutilization of saline soils. Quinoa, a protein-comprehensive cereal in the plant kingdom, is an exceptional crop in terms of salt stress tolerance level. It seems an excellent model for the exploration of salt-tolerance mechanisms and cultivation of salt-tolerant germplasms. In this study, the seeds and seedlings of the quinoa cultivar Shelly were treated with different concentrations of NaCl solution. The physiological, biochemical characteristics and agronomic traits were investigated, and the response patterns of three salt stress-responsive genes (SSRGs) in quinoa were determined by real-time PCR. The optimum level of stress tolerance of quinoa cultivar Shelly was found in the range of 250–350 mM concentration of NaCl. Salt stress significantly induced expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and particularly betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH). BADH was discovered to be more sensitive to salt stress and played an important role in the salt stress tolerance of quinoa seedlings, particularly at high NaCl concentrations, as it displayed upregulation until 24 h under 100 mM salt treatment. Moreover, it showed upregulation until 12 h under 250 mM salt stress. Taken together, these results suggest that BADH played an essential role in the salt-tolerance mechanism of quinoa. Based on the expression level and prompt response induced by NaCl, we suggest that the BADH can be considered as a molecular marker for screening salt-tolerant quinoa germplasm at the early stages of crop development. Salt treatment at different plant ontogeny or at different concentrations had a significant impact on quinoa growth. Therefore, an appropriate treatment approach needs to be chosen rationally in the process of screening salt-tolerant quinoa germplasm, which is useful to the utilization of saline soils. Our study provides a fundamental information to deepen knowledge of the salt tolerance mechanism of quinoa for the development of salt-tolerant germplasm in crop breeding programs.

Lead accumulation and biochemical responses in Rhus chinensis Mill to the addition of organic acids in lead contaminated soils.

Adding organic acid is an effective approach to assist phytoremediation. The effects of organic acids on phytoremediation efficiency are unknown in Rhus chinensis. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of citric acid (CA) and oxalic acid (OA) on the lead phytoremediation potential of R. chinensis with significantly inhibited growth in Pb-contaminated soil. The experimental pot culture study evaluated the long-term physiological response and metal accumulation patterns of R. chinensis grown in varying Pb-treated soil, and examined the effects of 0.5 and 1.0 mmol L-1 CA and OA on the growth, oxidative stress, antioxidant system, and Pb subcellular distribution of R. chinensis grown in pots with 1000 mg kg-1 Pb. Compared with the control, the biomass, leaf area, root morphological parameters, and chlorophyll concentration of R. chinensis decreased, whereas the carotenoid, malondialdehyde, H2O2, and O2˙- concentrations, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activity increased under Pb stress. A copious amount of Pb was taken up and mainly stored in the cell walls of the roots. The application of CA and OA increased plant growth. The highest shoots and roots biomass increase recorded was 44.4 and 61.2% in 1.0 mmol L-1 OA and 0.5 mmol L-1 CA treatment, respectively. The presence of CA and OA increased SOD, POD, and CAT activities and decreased the H2O2, O2˙- and malondialdehyde content. A concentration of 0.5 mmol L-1 CA significantly increased the Pb concentration in the organs. The other organic acid treatments changed root Pb concentrations slightly while increasing shoot Pb concentrations. The translocation factor values from organic acid treatments were increased by 38.8-134.1%. Our results confirmed that organic acid could alleviate the toxicity of stunted R. chinensis and improve phytoremediation efficiency.

Internal but not external locus of control predicts acute stress response.

Fluctuation patterns of physiological response after acute stress might indicate one's coping potential with stress, yet this relationship has not been widely examined. The present study investigated how Locus of Control (LOC) can influence cortisol and HR responses in an uncontrollable stressful situation. Seventy-three participants were exposed to acute stress through the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) after finishing the LOC measures. Multilevel regression results suggested that a curvilinear function best captured the shape of the cortisol trajectories which was further moderated by the level of internal LOC. Moreover, higher internality was associated with greater cortisol reactivity and faster recovery. Our study reveals the link between internal control and endocrine stress response. Finally, cortisol upregulation was discussed, as well as the internality-related accelerated recovery of cortisol, which may be involved in the effect of motivation arousal for better adaptation.

Multi-trajectory analysis uncovers latent associations between psychological and physiological acute stress response patterns

Encounter with an acute stressor elicits multiple physiological and psychological response trajectories that spread at different times-scales and directions. Associating a single physiological response trajectory with a specific psychological response has remained a challenge, due to putative interactions between the different stress response pathways. Hence, multidimensional analysis of stress response trajectories may be better suited to account for response variability. To test this, 96 healthy female participants underwent a robust acute laboratory stress induction procedure while their psychological [positive and negative affect (PANAS)] and physiological [heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), saliva cortisol (CORT)] responses were recorded before, during and after stress. Combining these data using unsupervised group-based multi-trajectory modelling uncovered three latent classes that best accounted for variability across psychological and physiological stress response trajectories. These classes were labelled based on their psychological response patterns as: A prototypical response group that depict a moderate increase in negative and decrease in positive affect during stress, with both patterns recovering after stress offset (n = 55); A heightened response group that depict excessive affective responses during stress that recover after stress offset (n = 24); and a lack of recovery group that depict a moderate increase in negative and decrease in positive affect during stress, with both patterns not recovering after stress offset (n = 17). With respect to physiological acute stress trajectories, all three groups exhibited comparable increases in HR and CORT during stress that recovered after stress offset, yet only the prototypical group expressed the expected stress-induced reduction in HRV, while the other two groups exhibited blunted HRV response. Critically, focusing on a single physiological stress response trajectory, including HRV, did not account for psychological response variability and vice versa. Taken together, a multi-trajectory approach may better account for the multidimensionality of acute stress response and uncover latent associations between psychological and physiological response patterns. Compared to the other two groups, the prototypical group also exhibited significantly lower overall stress scores based on the DASS-21 scale. This, alongside the uncovered response patterns, suggest that latent psycho-physiological associations may shed light on stress response adaptivity or lack thereof.

Planning, conducting, and analyzing a psychophysiological experiment on challenge and threat: A comprehensive tutorial.

The biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat (BPS-CT) is a powerful framework linking psychological processes to reliable patterns of cardiovascular responses during motivated performance situations. Specifically, the BPS-CT poses challenge and threat as two motivational states that can emerge in response to a demanding, self-relevant task, where greater challenge arises when perceived resources are higher than demands, and greater threat arises when perceived resources are lower than demands. By identifying unique patterns of physiological responses associated with challenge and threat, respectively, the BPS-CT affords insight into subjective appraisals of resources and demands, and their determinants, during motivated performance situations. Despite its broad utility, lack of familiarity with physiological concepts and difficulty with identifying clear guidelines in the literature are barriers to wider uptake of this approach by behavioral researchers. Our goal is to remove these barriers by providing a comprehensive, step-by-step tutorial on conducting an experiment using the challenge and threat model, offering concrete recommendations for those who are new to the method, and serving as a centralized collection of resources for those looking to deepen their understanding. The tutorial spans five parts, covering theoretical introduction, lab setup, data collection, data analysis, and appendices offering additional details about data analysis and equipment. With this, we aim to make challenge and threat research, and the insights it offers, more accessible to researchers throughout the behavioral sciences.

Measurement of interpersonal physiological synchrony in dyads: A review of timing parameters used in the literature.

When individuals share interpersonal connections, such as the bond between a mother and child or between a therapist and their client, they often exhibit measurable coordination of some physiological response patterns during their interactions known as interpersonal physiological synchrony (IPS Butler, 2011; Palumbo et al., 2016; Tscacher & Meier, 2019). However, as there is no single definition of IPS in the literature, researchers across fields have not established a standardized method for its study. This paper outlines methodological considerations that researchers should take into account when designing studies of IPS. Due to the inherent temporal component of synchrony analyses, we direct particular focus to the issue of measurement timing. Synchrony is described across multiple physiological processes, including electrodermal skin activation, cardiac function, respiration, and neural oscillatory activity, and we make specific recommendations for each. Across physiological measures and analytic strategies, we recommend that when determining an experimental timeframe in which to isolate periods of dyadic IPS, researchers should account for the timing of both the biological systems of interest and the psychological processes theorized to underlie their activity in that particular context. In adopting this strategy, researchers can ensure that they capture all of the fluctuations associated with a psychological process of interest and can add to the growing body of literature examining physiological correlates of interpersonal bonds.

Physiological Responses of Typical Wetland Plants Following Flooding Process—From an Eco-Hydrological Model Perspective

Anaerobics increase resistance to gas transport and microbial activity in flooded soils. This may result in the presence of aerenchyma in the roots of some wetland plants. Increased aerenchyma airspaces enable oxygen to be transported from the above-ground plant parts to the submerged roots and rhizosphere. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of studies linking field experiments and eco-hydrological modeling to the parameterization of the physiological responses of typical wetland plant species to natural flooding events. Furthermore, from the modeling perspective, the contribution of aerenchyma was not sufficiently considered. The goal of this study was to develop and apply an eco-hydrological model capable of simulating various patterns of plant physiological responses to natural flooding events based on key processes of root oxygen diffusion and aerenchyma functioning in a variably-saturated wetland soil environment. Eco-hydrological experiments were conducted accordingly, with surface water level, root-zone soil water content, soil temperature, leaf net photosynthesis rate and root morphology monitored simultaneously in situ at a site dominated by meadow species Deyeuxia angustifolia (Kom.) Y. L. Chang and invaded shrub species Salix rosmarinifolia Linn. var. brachypoda (Trautv.et Mey.) Y.L. Chou in a typical natural floodplain wetland. The results are as follows: (1) Root oxygen respiration rates are strongly correlated with leaf net photosynthesis rates of the two plant types, particularly under flooding conditions during the growing season; (2) Meadow species with a preference for wet microhabitats has a competitive advantage over first-year invading shrub species during flooding events; and (3) an aerenchyma sub-model could improve the eco-hydrological model’s accuracy in capturing plant physiological responses. These findings have the potential to contribute to the management of wetland and its restorations.

It’s a man’s world; right? How women’s opinions about gender inequality affect physiological responses in men

In two experiments, we examined how men respond to women who either challenge or legitimize societal gender inequality, and how gender identification moderates these responses. We hypothesized that men feel less threatened by women who legitimize (vs. challenge) the gender hierarchy, and evaluate these women more positively. To investigate these expectations, we assessed self-reports (Studies 1 and 2) and cardiovascular threat/challenge responses (Study 2). Both studies showed that men experience less negative emotions when presented with a woman who legitimized (vs. challenged) the gender hierarchy. Moreover, among men with a relatively high gender identification, a woman who challenged the gender hierarchy elicited a physiological response pattern indicative of threat, whereas a woman who legitimized the gender hierarchy elicited a pattern indicative of challenge. Results are discussed in terms of social identity theory, status threat, and self-distancing behavior.

Physiological stress in response to multitasking and work interruptions: Study protocol.

The biopsychological response patterns to digital stress have been sparsely investigated so far. Important potential stressors in modern working environments due to increased digitalization are multitasking and work interruptions. In this study protocol, we present a protocol for a laboratory experiment, in which we will investigate the biopsychological stress response patterns to multitasking and work interruptions. In total, N = 192 healthy, adult participants will be assigned to six experimental conditions in a randomized order (one single-task, three dual-task (two in parallel and one as interruption), one multitasking, and one passive control condition). Salivary alpha-amylase as well as heart rate as markers for Sympathetic Nervous System Activity, heart rate variability as measure for Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) activity, and cortisol as measure for activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis will be assessed at six time points throughout the experimental session. Furthermore, inflammatory markers (i.e., IL-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), and secretory immunoglobulin-A) will be assessed before and after the task as well as 24 hours after it (IL-6 and CRP only). Main outcomes will be the time course of these physiological stress markers. Reactivity of these measures will be compared between the experimental conditions (dual-tasking, work interruptions, and multitasking) with the control conditions (single-tasking and passive control). With this study protocol, we present a comprehensive experiment, which will enable an extensive investigation of physiological stress-responses to multitasking and work interruptions. Our planned study will contribute to a better understanding of physiological response patterns to modern (digital) stressors. Potential risks and limitations are discussed. The findings will have important implications, especially in the context of digital health in modern working and living environments.

Genotype-specific patterns of physiological and antioxidative responses in barley under salinity stress

Genotype-specific patterns of physiological and antioxidative responses in barley under salinity stress

Harnessing an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus to improve the adaptability of a facultative metallophytic poplar (Populus yunnanensis) to cadmium stress: Physiological and molecular responses

Populus yunnanensis Dode, a facultative metallophytic poplar, exhibits afforestation potential in barren mine tailing areas. However, the interactions and functional roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) in P. yunnanensis adaptability to heavy metal stress remain unclear. Physiological and molecular responses of P. yunnanensis plantlets to AMF (Funneliformis mosseae) under cadmium (Cd) stress (50 mg kg−1) were investigated. Results showed attenuation of Cd phytotoxicity effects on cell organelles upon AMF inoculation, which also reduced the Cd concentration in the poplar leaves, stems, and roots. Under Cd stress, AMF-blocking of metal transporter (e.g., Ca2+ channel) activity occurred, decreasing root cell Cd influx by reducing H+ efflux. Bioaugmentation of rhizosphere sediments by AMF to stabilize metals with a decreasing DTPA-extractable Cd also occurred. The AMF inoculation promoted Cd conversion into inactive, less phytotoxic forms, and helped to maintain ion homeostasis and relieve nutritional ion (e.g., Ca, Mg) disorders caused by excessive Cd. Leaf enzyme and non-enzyme antioxidant systems were triggered. Root and leaf physiological response patterns differed. The AMF regulated the poplar functional genes, and nine metal-responsive gene clusters were identified. We suggest that AMF is a functional component of P. yunnanensis phenotype extension, contributing to strong adaptability to unfavorable mine tailings conditions.