Harmony Patterns Research Articles

Linguistics variation: A case study of Oka - Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria

The analysis reveals distinct phonological features, such as unique vowel harmony patterns and consonant clusters, that differentiate Ọ̀kà dialects from each other. Syntactic analysis uncovers differences in sentence structure, particularly in verb placement and the use of tense and aspect markers. Lexical comparisons highlight numerous unique terms and expressions in Ọ̀kà, reflecting cultural and environmental influences. This research contributes to the documentation and preservation of the Ọ̀kà dialect, providing insights into the dynamic nature of language and its role in cultural identity. The findings underscore the importance of linguistic diversity and support efforts to promote and sustain minority dialects within larger linguistic communities. It is based on an analysis of phonological and morphophonological features as vowel harmonies and consonant clusters found specifically in both Ọ̀kà dialects and standard Yorùba. Lexical comparisons reveal many hapaxes in Ọ̀kà that illustrate cultural and environmental associations. The study also unpacks sociolinguistic dimensions that shape these variations. This research contributes to the documentation and preservation of the Ọ̀kà dialect, providing insights into the dynamic nature of language and its role in cultural identity. The findings underscore the importance of linguistic diversity and support efforts to promote and sustain minority dialects within larger linguistic communities.

Impacts of direction and morphological locus of control on learnability of sibilant harmony

A notable cross-linguistic gap exists in the typology of consonant harmony: Stem-controlled and suffix-controlled systems are known, but prefix-controlled consonant harmony remains unattested. To explore this gap, an artificial grammar learning (AGL) study was conducted, in which participants were passively trained and then tested on one of four possible sibilant harmony patterns, differing by direction and morphological locus of control. The effect of target-trigger distance was also tested by varying the stem length from one to four syllables. Statistical analysis found significant main effects of Direction and Target-Trigger Distance, with the progressive group outperforming the regressive one and shorter target-trigger distances yielding better performance than longer ones. Affix-controlled groups also learned the pattern more slowly than stem-controlled groups, although overall performance did not differ between affix-controlled and stem-controlled groups. Overall, the results indicate that the typological lack of prefix-controlled consonant harmony is not due to a lack of learnability, as there was no statistically significant difference in ultimate achievement between the four groups.

Definitions, patterns and history of the study of vowel harmony in the Kazakh language

Relevance. Since phonological changes at the junction of morphemes, in particular in the consonantism system, have not been sufficiently studied. The formation of an idea of synharmonic processes is relevant in modern linguistic science. Purpose. The research purpose was to study the sound parameters, phonological features and synharmonism on the example of the Kazakh, Turkish and English languages. Methodology. The following methods were used to achieve the research purpose: comparative, structural, phonetic, analytical and synthetic. Results. This article presents definitions, patterns and four stages in the history of the study of vowel harmony in the Kazakh language. To determine the level of labial harmony of Kazakh vowels, a table of comparison with other Turkic languages was presented. In this paper, the main phonological changes at the junction of the root and affixal morphemes and their expression in the sound plane were noted, the influence of phonetics on other language levels was assessed. The idea of four main timbres in the Kazakh language has been formed: soft, hard, rounded and unrounded, the features of vocal and consonant synharmonism. Methods for improving the identification of sound parameters and the formation of phonetic speech patterns using machine technologies are considered. Conclusions. The study concludes that while Kazakh and Turkish share similarities in vowel harmony patterns, they differ in application, and English exhibits a largely disharmonious sound structure with some exceptions in borrowed words. Keywords: vowels and consonants; phoneme; sound system; affix; morphemic junction

The "Starting-Small" Effect in Phonology: Evidence From Biased Learning of Opaque and Transparent Vowel Harmony.

The starting-small effect is a cognitive advantage in language acquisition when learners begin by generalizing on regularities from structurally simple and shorter tokens in a skewed input distribution. Our study explored this effect as a potential explanation for the biased learning of opaque and transparent vowel harmony. In opaque vowel harmony, feature agreement occurs strictly between adjacent vowels, and an intervening "neutral vowel" blocks long-distance vowel harmony. Thus, opaque vowel harmony could be acquired even if learners start with structurally simpler and more frequent disyllabic tokens. Alternatively, transparent vowel harmony can only be observed in longer tokens demonstrating long-distance agreement by skipping a neutral vowel. Opaque vowel harmony is predicted to be learned more efficiently due to its compatibility with local dependency acquired via starting-small learning. In two artificial grammar learning experiments, learners were exposed to both vowel harmony patterns embedded in an equal number of disyllabic and trisyllabic tokens or a skewed distribution with twice as many disyllabic tokens. In Exp I, learners' test performance suggests the consistently biased learning of local and opaque vowel harmony with starting-small learning. Furthermore, in Exp II, the acquired vowel harmony patterns varied significantly by working memory capacity with a balanced but not skewed input distribution, presumably because of the ease of cognitive demand with starting-small learning.

Weak determinism and the computational consequences of interaction

Recent work has claimed that (non-tonal) phonological patterns are subregular (Heinz 2011a,b, 2018; Heinz and Idsardi 2013), occupying a delimited proper subregion of the regular functions—the weakly deterministic (WD) functions (Heinz and Lai 2013; Jardine 2016). Whether or not it is correct (McCollum et al. 2020a), this claim can only be properly assessed given a complete and accurate definition of WD functions. We propose such a definition in this article, patching unintended holes in Heinz and Lai’s (2013) original definition that we argue have led to the incorrect classification of some phonological patterns as WD. We start from the observation that WD patterns share a property that we call unbounded semiambience, modeled after the analogous observation by Jardine (2016) about non-deterministic (ND) patterns and their unbounded circumambience. Both ND and WD functions can be broken down into compositions of deterministic (subsequential) functions (Elgot and Mezei 1965; Heinz and Lai 2013) that read an input string from opposite directions; we show that WD functions are those for which these deterministic composands do not interact in a way that is familiar from the theoretical phonology literature. To underscore how this concept of interaction neatly separates the WD class of functions from the strictly more expressive ND class, we provide analyses of the vowel harmony patterns of two Eastern Nilotic languages, Maasai and Turkana, using bimachines, an automaton type that represents unbounded bidirectional dependencies explicitly. These analyses make clear that there is interaction between deterministic composands when (and only when) the output of a given input element of a string is simultaneously dependent on information from both the left and the right: ND functions are those that involve interaction, while WD functions are those that do not.

The Role of Organizations in Taking Care Life Harmonization Between Religious Communities

Research has been conducted on community interactions that can produce tolerance to create harmony in diversity in Banyumas Regency. The specific objectives of this study are: first to find patterns of interaction that occur in the heterogeneous Banyumas community. The second objective is to explore the concept of community views on diversity. Third, it reveals the involvement of organizations and or communities that intersect with issues of tolerance in creating a conducive religious atmosphere in Banyumas Regency. This research was conducted by gathering information and analyzing the harmony of the community in Banyumas Regency. This research is qualitative and analytic descriptive. This method is carried out to solve actual problems by collecting data, compiling or classifying, analyzing and interpreting it using multicultural education theory and then drawing conclusions. This research focuses on the embodiment of the harmony pattern of Banyumas community diversity through FKUB, SMLI and FORSA. These three organizations have a real contribution in the formation of a harmony society in diversity in Banyumas Regency. The results of this study show that the harmony of religions in Banyumas regency has been successfully carried out because there is no mutual suspicion of interfaith leaders and have the same understanding of "never being different in harmony" which forms the basis of religious and social life. In addition, the community togetherness is based on the sincerity of the characters causing religious harmony in Banyumas Regency.

Vowel Phonotactics in Modern Korean Phonology: A Corpus-Based Approach

Ideophones are believed to exhibit distinct phonotactic patterns compared to regular language, in their expressiveness. Vowel harmony can be observed in ideophones in Modern Korean. However, over time, Korean has gradually lost its regular vowel harmony process, due to the influx of foreign words, especially from Chinese, and historical sound changes like the vowel shift of /ɔ/ to different vowel types. Previous studies have mainly focused on the vowel patterns of ideophones without necessarily comparing the degree of vowel harmony between ideophones and other lexical strata. This lack of comparison makes it challenging to assess the level of corruption in vowel harmony specifically within ideophones, relative to other components of the lexicon. To address this gap, this paper examines vowel patterns extracted from the online dictionary of Korean, developed by the National Institute of the Korean Language (NIKL) with contributions from anonymous users and specialists. The analysis specifically explores vowel patterns across lexical items with varying syllable lengths, focusing on the lexical stratum, adverbial parts of speech, and the semantic meaning of the adverbials. This examination aims to assess the regularity of vowel sequencing and determine the extent of purity in vowel harmony patterns. The quantitative analysis of the compiled dictionary provides valuable insights into the degree of irregular phonotactics and its relationship to sound symbolism in Modern Korean.

The Calibrated Error-Driven Ranking Algorithm as a Solution to Oscillation in Antagonistic Constraints: A Necessary Bias for Algorithmic Learning of Kihnu Estonian

This paper investigates the learning of Kihnu Estonian, a minority dialect of Estonian (Balto-Finnic). I propose a set of constraints to account for Kihnu Estonian vowel harmony patterns, and show that they can be used to produce a restrictive grammar for Kihnu Estonian vowel harmony. With this constraint set, I model the acquisition of Kihnu Estonian vowel harmony via the application of the Gradual Learning Algorithm (Boersma and Hayes, 2001). Antagonistic constraints in the set I adopt pose obstacles to successful learning of the vowel patterns attested in the learning data. These obstacles can be circumvented via use of the update rule from the Calibrated Error-Driven Ranking Algorithm (Magri, 2012).This update rule has been argued to be detrimental to learning variation in stochastic OT. However, though it was originally proposed to address the Credit Problem (Dresher, 1999), I show that it is in fact an elegant solution to the learning problems caused by oscillating constraints when modeling acquisition of Kihnu Estonian vowel harmony.

Use It or Lose It Harmony in Komo

This paper discusses a case of putative dominance reversal in the Komo language (Otero 2015, 2019), which we analyze as a related, but distinct repair strategy called “Use it or Lose it” (Mullin & Pater 2015).Mullin & Pater (2015) argue that Use it or Lose it harmony is a pathological prediction of Agree for the same basic reason that “Sour Grapes” harmony (Wilson 2003, 2006; Heinz & Lai 2013) has been regarded as pathological – both Use it or Lose it and Sour Grapes harmony patterns are non-myopic (Wilson 2003, 2006). Wilson argues that unbounded spreading patterns are universally myopic, and as such, no theory should predict that the realization of some element in spreading – trigger or target – depends on downstream information. However, recent research has shown that some patterns in natural languages are, in fact, non-myopic, indicating that the predictions of Agree are not as problematic as previously thought. This paper argues that the best analysis of Komo relies on the activity of [Atr] and both regressive [+Atr] spreading and [+Atr] trigger effacement are repairs to a single marked structure in the language, *VC0[Hi, Atr].

Wind farm repowering optimization: a techno‐economic‐aesthetic approach

AbstractWhen a wind farm (WF) approaches the end of its life cycle, repowering is another opportunity for wind energy to prove its value. This paper proposes an optimization framework to guide the WF repowering, considering the power generation, the economic cost, and the aesthetic of the WF when various types of new wind turbines (WTs) are added. When calculating the wake deficits inside the WF, a three‐dimensional (3‐D) Gaussian wake model is applied which considers the height differences among the new WTs. A harmony pattern metric is used to assess the visual impact of the rebuilt WF. This optimization problem is formulated as an integer programming (IP) problem and is tackled by the integer particle swarm optimization (IPSO) algorithm. The wind data used for this optimization procedure is predicted by the auto‐regressive (AR) model. The case study on the OWEZ WF verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method. It is also validated that the application of predicted wind data is better than the historical data for WF repowering optimization.

Are Human Learners Capable of Learning Arbitrary Language Structures

The artificial grammar learning paradigm is a classic method of investigating the influence of universal constraints on shaping learning biases on language acquisition. While this method has been used extensively by linguists to test theoretical claims in generative grammar, one of the most prevalent frameworks in language acquisition, several studies have questioned whether artificial grammar learning reflects language acquisition enough to allow us to use it to draw inferences about the validity of universal constraints, particularly those arising from phonetic naturalness. The current study tests whether artificial grammar learning shows the effect of one robust phonetic naturalness constraint: the restriction on nasal harmony patterns arising from the sonority hierarchy. Nasal harmony is of particular interest because it is one of the few types of harmony that occurs between consonants and vowels, which is an under-researched topic. The results, contrary to the skeptical concerns, showed that participants (n = 120) could learn an artificial grammar involving a natural pattern, but could not learn one corresponding to an arbitrary/phonetically unmotivated pattern in the same way or to the same degree. This study contributes epistemic support to the large body of work using artificial grammar experiments to test phonological operations.

SONG ANALYSIS ON THE PRESENTATION OF POMPANG MUSIC

This study aims to analyze the song on the presentation of Pompang music in Mamasa district. The research approach is to use descriptive qualitative research methods where data collection, is done through document studies, observations, and interviews, including recording research activities. This study focuses on the intra-musical analysis of the presentation of pumping music, especially the type and structure of the song and how the composition of the musical aspects. Data analysis is done by reduction, display, and verification. The results of the research are the types of songs that are played in the presentation of Pompang music, namely songs in the form of Maras and Hymns. The song Maras is presented without lyrics and vocals, while the hymn uses poetry with the main melody dominated by a flute. In the presentation of the music, each group of instruments has a pattern of rhythm, harmony, and melody that influence each other and form the uniqueness of pumping music.

완주 방언 활용형의 모음조화 실현 양상

The purpose of this study is to examine that the vowel harmony for conjugated form in Wanju dialect appears differently in southern and northern regions. Until now, Wanju has been regarded as the same dialect area as Jeonju. However, some studies have mentioned that the Wanju dialect differs geographically. To examine this, this article divides the boundaries between the southern and northern Wanju, and analyzes the data of the elderly at each point. In particular, the vowel harmony pattern that appears in the conjugated forme was analyzed. This is because vowel harmony is the main criterion for dividing the Jeollabuk-do dialect into the southeast and northwest. Therefore, it was considered useful to check the difference between the dialects of the southern and northern Wanju. The vowel harmony patterns of type 1 (when the vowel of the stem is 'a, æ') were different in the southern and northern regions of Wanju. This was generally consistent with the characteristics of the southeastern and northwest regions of Jeollabuk-do, respectively. And, type 2(when the vowel of the stem is 'o, ø') maintained the characteristics of the Jeollabuk-do dialect in both the southern and northern Wanju. In addition, it was interpreted that the vowel harmony of p-irregular verb shows the process of assimilating the vowel harmony pattern of the southern part of Wanju to the northern characteristics.

Суштина на хармонијата

The paper aims to explore the harmonious relations between man and nature, in terms of ecopsychology, representing a solutionfor pointless/deviant discussions in the field of post- and transhumanism, especially in the abnormal period of the pandemic. According to the author, the establishment of harmony is primarily contained in the “moderation” of the senses and the ratio through intuitive knowledge. The establishment of several patterns of harmony will be considered through Honeyland ( 2019 ), the poetry of Koneski, and the eco analysis of Miljovska. The paper will examine the intuitive human abilityto establish this harmony, seen as a process of creating cosmic balance. The analyzed works manifest the harmonious relationship: human—biotope, principles of “eco-cosmos” of the local man.

Religious Moderation Based on Value of Theology: A Qualitative Sociological Study in Islamic Boarding Schools (Pesantren) in Southeast Sulawesi Indonesia

The article focused on the study of religious moderation based on values of moderation in three Islamic boarding schools (Pesantren) in Southeast Sulawesi, namely Pesantren al-Muhajirin Darussalam Konawe, Pesantren Ummu Sabri Kendari, and Pesantren Darul Mukhlisin Kendari. Therefore, a qualitative approach was used with a case study design -the techniques of collecting data used in interviews, participatory observations, field notes, and documentation. Data analysis in this article was done using interactive data analysis by Miles, Huberman, and Saldana. This study found that the construction of religious moderation in the pesantren emerged from the basis of religious textual-scriptural combined with the performance of rationality (reason). This combination emerges to a dialogical pattern of harmony between the text and the context to color the behavior and social actions of the community. Precisely this attitude of religious moderation can prevent residents of Islamic boarding schools from behaving radically both in attitude and thought, so the outputs of pesantren can accept all forms of differences in religion and respect the beliefs believed by others in the community. This attitude of religious moderation in the pesantren also emerges in religious behavior that is tolerant and respectful of differences in society.

Icy Targets in Karajá ATR Harmony as Contrast Preservation

This paper presents a novel application of Contrast Preservation (Lubowicz 2003) to analyze a puzzling pattern of icy targets (Jurgec 2011). Icy targets are segments which harmonize but then block the spread of harmony, and a particularly theoretically challenging type is present in Karajá, in which derived and underlying [+ATR] high vowels behave differently (Ribeiro 2002;2012). We show that this harmony pattern can be successfully analyzed by considering the behaviour of these icy targets as a form of contrast preservation, where high [-ATR] vowels must harmonize when followed by a [+ATR] vowel, but the underlying contrast between [-ATR] and [+ATR] high vowels is preserved on any preceding vowels. The icy target effect thus emerges as a way to compromise between the pressure to harmonize high vowels and the pressure to preserve underlying ATR contrasts in high vowels. In this way, we extend Contrast Preservation Theory to include vowel harmony patterns, opening new opportunities to analyze puzzling patterns as a choice in which contrasts to preserve.

The Harmony Pattern through Huma Betang Culture of the Dayak Communities in Central Kalimantan

Indonesia is somewhat affluent with conflict experiences due to differences in various backgrounds. The poorly managed religious, tribal, and cultural heterogeneities have become threats. Accordingly, the harmony amid heterogeneity in Central Kalimantan has become an interesting phenomenon. The harmony has fairly solid foundations, and one of them is the cultural base. This article aims to explore the cultural base that has become the foundation for the creation of harmony and the interaction between the community leaders in building harmony. The method used was qualitative-descriptive using empirical and normative approaches. The data was collected through observations, in-depth interviews, and documentation. They were further analyzed by using Miles and Huberman’s models. This article found that huma betang has become a fairly solid cultural base in preserving community harmony. The interaction between community leaders, religious leaders, and indigenous leaders has become a supporting factor to maintain harmony in Central Kalimantan. This article is still limited to cultural harmony. Therefore, it calls for other perspectives to further enrich and deepen the study.

Domains and directionality in Kinande vowel harmony: a Correspondence approach

The ATR vowel harmony patterns observed in Kinande have received persistent attention for their combination of stem control and dominance, as well as less familiar phenomena such as dominance reversal and cross-word harmony. This paper provides a Syntagmatic Correspondence analysis of the Kinande vowel harmony system and demonstrates that it straightforwardly accounts for the intricate interaction of featural, directional and morpho-prosodic domain restrictions that define the occurring harmony patterns. The analysis obviates an appeal to dominance reversal, and cross-word harmony is shown to be phonological, not phonetic (contra Archangeli & Pulleyblank 2002; Kaisse 2019), yielding to a non-stratal analysis in the approach adopted. The analysis thus provides additional evidence for incorporating directionality into the formalization of Syntagmatic Correspondence constraints and for morpho-prosodic domain limitations on these and other OT constraints.

Interactions of Nasal Harmony and Word-Internal Language Mixing in Paraguayan Guaraní

Words containing morphemes from multiple languages offer a unique look into the grammatical systems that constrain word formation. In this paper, I introduce novel data from nasal harmony patterns in contexts involving word-internal language mixing between Paraguayan Guaraní and Spanish, collected with native speakers of Guaraní. I provide the first full formal constraint-based analysis of nasal harmony in Paraguayan Guaraní, then show that nasal consonants within Spanish roots trigger nasal harmony in Guaraní affixal morphology, providing evidence for an emergent case of long-distance nasal harmony in the language. I demonstrate that this data supports an analysis in which a single phonological system has access to two different strata based on language of origin, countering predictions made by some previous approaches to the phonology of language mixing. My analysis combines Cophonology Theory and Agreement by Correspondence with phase faithfulness: a root is first evaluated according to the phonological grammar associated with its lexical stratum, and is then subject to faithfulness to that output.

Religious Harmony in the Era of Globalization: Social Interaction of Muslim and Christian Religions in Pelang Village, Lamongan

Religious harmony is a coveted hope in building a nation and state community in an effort to achieve a safe, peaceful, and prosperous life. The interaction of people who have different beliefs is not a trivial matter to be addressed. However, collective awareness is needed to understand the importance of harmony in building community life with various religions. This study takes the theme of the role of local culture in preserving harmony, as well as the impact of globalization on inter-religious relations in Pelang Lamongan Village. The purpose of this research is to understand the role of local culture in preserving religious harmony, and to know the impact of globalization on inter-religious relations in the Pelang Lamongan village community. As for the analysis knife, this research uses the Trilogy theory of religious harmony, Mukti Ali, with the model of internal harmony between religious communities, inter-religious communities, and religious communities with the government. Research using a qualitative approach seeks to examine more deeply the pattern of inter-religious harmony in the village of Pelang Lamongan. With the findings, that culture is one of the efforts to build religious harmony such as local traditions, namely earth alms and life cycle rites, they become routines that they do continuously and continuously. This directly or indirectly has the consequence that it can foster and strengthen inter-religious harmony. An inclusive religious attitude also underlies the tolerant attitude of the Pelang village community, this attitude is manifested in the practice of gotong royong in carrying out socio-religious activities involving Muslims (NU, Muhammadiyah) and Christians. In addition, globalization can be used as capital in strengthening the intensity of social interaction among the people of Pelang Lamongan village.