Consumption Expenditure Patterns Research Articles

Consumption Expenditure Patterns and Food Security Dynamics in Nigeria

Food insecurity remains a critical issue globally, as highlighted by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 2). In 2023, nearly 25 million Nigerians faced food insecurity due to factors like insurgency affecting agricultural activities. This, therefore, worsens the food insecurity in the country. Thus, this study investigates the dynamics between household consumption expenditure patterns and food security in Nigeria over a decade (2010-2019). This was done by analysing four waves of secondary panel data of 4,000 nationally representative households of the Nigeria General Household Survey GHS - Panel collected by the National Bureau of Statistics in four waves over ten years from 2010 to 2019. Analytical tools used were descriptive statistics and the Food Security Index. The results of the consumption patterns of the respondents showed that the majority of the respondents were in the lowest band of per capita total expenditure and sectoral expenditures. The ratio of food secure to food insecure averages around 30% to 70% with a food security (surplus) index of 1.26 and food insecurity (shortfall) index of 0.53. Nigeria was food insecure during the period. The analysis concludes that boosting agricultural productivity, improving infrastructure, and addressing corruption are essential to enhance food security in Nigeria. The government is recommended to prioritize long-term strategies for food production, support vulnerable households, and leverage technological advancements to increase agricultural productivity. This study underscores the need for comprehensive policies to address the multifaceted challenges of food insecurity in Nigeria.

Consumption Quality and Employment Across the Wealth Distribution

Abstract In the U.S., market hours worked are approximately flat across the wealth distribution. Accounting for this phenomenon is a standing challenge for standard heterogeneous-agent macro models. In these models, wealthier households consume more and work fewer hours. We propose a theory that generates the cross-sectional wealth-hours relation as in the data. We quantify this theory in a heterogeneous-agent incomplete-markets model with three key features: a quality choice in consumption, non-homothetic preferences, and a multi-sector production structure. We show that the model produces consumption expenditure patterns consistent with the data and realistic “quality Engel curves”.

Excess Savings and Consumer Behavior: Excess Compared to What?

How much accumulated savings do households hold, and what do these savings imply about future consumption? Economists typically consider excess savings when gauging the level of savings that households may use to maintain real consumption as costs rise. Economists have estimated strikingly different levels of currently held excess savings. We highlight the differences between measures of counterfactual savings—that is, the amount of savings households would be expected to hold barring unusual events—and their relevance in computing post pandemic excess savings. Furthermore, we show that, using counterfactual savings that rely on the idea of consumption smoothing, excess savings are currently positive in the case that households assume that recent income losses are transitory. These findings carry additional implications for expected personal consumption expenditure patterns.

Household consumption expenditure behaviour towards outside ready-made food: Evidence from Bangladesh

Young and middle-aged people in Bangladesh are increasingly eating out. This paper examines consumer demand characteristics associated with consumption expenditure patterns toward eating out using the nationally representative Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey 2018-19 dataset, which is conducted by the International Food Policy Research Institute in all 64 districts of Bangladesh. Data from 5604 sample households and 20,717 individuals within those households were analysed for this study. The descriptive statistics highlight that gender, education, employment status, and occupation are significant individual-level characteristics related to having prepared outside food. People generally eat snacks and sample ready-made foods from local shops and the Haat/Bazar (market). Empirical evidence based on Cragg's double-hurdle model assesses that secondary or higher school education, family size, and annual food expenditure are important determinants of the likelihood of household participation in consumption and spending on eating out in the past week. In contrast, raising livestock noticeably reduces expenditures on eating outside meals. This study, therefore, recommends that educated households be aware of the adverse health effects of eating food prepared outside. In addition, livestock raising could complement the diet outside the home and decrease expenses on eating out.

IMPACTS OF CONSUMER EXPENDITURE PATTERNS ON SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING IN CHINA: EVIDENCE FROM MICROSURVEY DATA

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of consumer expenditure patterns, rather than categories, on subjective well-being (SWB) in China. This study adopts microsurvey data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) and performs cluster analysis to form household consumer expenditure patterns for five burdens. The primary finding is that consumer expenditure patterns as well as consumer characteristics can significantly affect Chinese people’s SWB. However, the results from using consumer expenditure categories as explanatory variables are not reliable due to inconsistent results from using the amount and ratio of consumption expenditure. The conclusions regarding the influences of consumer expenditure patterns on Chinese people’s SWB are, nevertheless, robust.

Some Issues of Middle-Class Formation in the Republic of Armenia

A stable and fair society is formed and established based on the principle of fair distribution of incomes and expenses of the population, the implementation of which is the core and main direction of social policy. Although any society can be conventionally divided into "poor", "middle" and "rich" groups, for the establishment of a just state, it is important to distribute income and expenses among the mentioned groups in such a way that the minimum share of the "poor" group is ensured, as well as the formation of the middle group at the most and the creation of a "rich" group whose incomes only marginally exceed the incomes or consumption levels of the "poor" group. Social policy is considered successful if the middle class prevails among the three groups mentioned above. Accordingly, the establishment of the middle class is not only of political, social, and economic importance, but it is also the "cement" that completes and unites the progress of the society and the state. The purpose of the article is to identify the problems of the formation of the middle class in the Republic of Armenia and to point out the main ways of its establishment. To achieve that goal, the following issues were put forward by: • investigating the identification of population income and consumption expenditure patterns by quintile groups and disparities, • emphasizing the social significance of poverty reduction, by limiting the incomes of the rich classes of the population, based on the consideration that the effect of these restrictions should be directed to increase the incomes and consumption of the middle class.

Expenditure responses to the COVID-19 pandemic

We examine how the COVID-19 contagion influences consumer expenditure patterns. We show that the consumption expenditure responses to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic are significantly different between the older and younger generations. We find that older adults spend less than the younger generation by at least 5% during the pandemic. In fact, those aged above 60 significantly decrease their spending even on food and drink products by 13%. We also find that older adults forgo shopping in favor of the younger generation. These responses might be due to the fear of COVID-19 infection (Immordino et al., 2022).

Pattern and Correlates of Consumption Expenditure in the Rural Areas of Punjab

The pattern of consumption expenditure in the rural areas of Punjab was evaluated based on the primary data collected from the 400 sample households. The findings revealed that cultivating households spent higher per-capita expenditure on food and non-food items than non-cultivating households in rural Punjab. Step-wise regression analysis found the level of education, size of land holdings, distance from the nearest town, size of household, number of dependents, total farm workers and total non-farm workers as the statistically significant correlates, creating the difference in monthly per capita consumption expenditure among the sample rural households.

Analisa Penerapan Integral pada Fungsi Konsumsi dalam Perekonomian di Indonesia

In this study, the author took the title " Analysis of Integral Application of the Consumption Function in the Indonesian Economy". Economics is a science that discusses how a group of people or individuals make choices. An economic science that is often related to everyday life is consumption. One of the important components for assessing the development of the level of economic well-being of the population is the pattern of people's consumption expenditure. In Indonesia, consumption also has a very dominant role in the economy where the contribution of consumption to the Indonesian economy is very large and dominant, which is between 57.7% and 73.9% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Keynes' theory of consumption explains the relationship between current income (disposable income) and current consumption. This research is prepared based on the method of literature or literature study through reference books related to the preparation of the research discussed, as well as scientific articles such as journals or conference proceedings related to research problems and objectives. The consumption function in the integral is integral to its marginal consumption and conversely consumption is the first derivative of the consumption function with its integral form. In this case, the integral of the consumption function can be used as a calculation to find out the cost of consumption if there is a marginal desire as well as its income.

Mapping the Consumption Expenditure Pattern of West Bengal: Some Revelations on the Recent State of Development

Abstract: The structural transformation of the Indian economy from an agriculture based economy to service sector based economy has resulted in gradual hybridization of the Indian consumer society in the dart of adopting the western culture. The rampant transformation is accompanied by increasing use of consumer durables. Thus, the Indian economy being one of the largest of its kind has emerged as one of the attractive destinations of the producers’ due to its substantially growing middle class and a slighter growing affluent class of consumers. There has been a series of debates on the prospects and sustainability of this booming consumption demand. Hence the study attempts to explore the current pattern of consumption keeping in view the diversity in pattern of distribution for the state of West Bengal The expenditure pattern depends on various economic, social, geographic and several others factors affected by some external stimuli. Hence, the study attempts to explore the extent of improvement using indicators from the consumption expenditure schedule on the basis of unit level data for the last two NSS rounds available i.e. Round 66th (2009-10) and Round 68th (2011-12). Keeping aside the debates on setting the poverty line, this paper also finds the level of poverty persistent in West Bengal and finds that the poverty is on a steady decline. Development indices have been constructed at the district level and the change in corresponding ranks over the years have been used to indicate the state of development or underdevelopment with respect to the indicator in concern. JEL Classification: I32, O15, P46

Quality assurance program provider’s influence on wine purchases among Tennessee and U.S. consumers: a multiple indicators multiple causes model analysis

PurposeThis study aims to provide insights on how different sources of information concerning a quality assurance program (QAP) influence consumers’ wine purchase likelihood, profiles of consumers most likely to use QAPs (demographics, wine consumption and expenditures, wine involvement behaviors) and consumer attitudes toward QAPs.Design/methodology/approachData are from a 2021 survey of 1,191 wine consumers in Tennessee and other US states. A multiple indicators multiple causes model is used to estimate how consumer demographics, wine consumption and expenditure patterns and several wine-involvement measures influence likelihood of using QAPs from eight provider sources when making wine purchase decisions. Sources include university, government, third-party certifiers, wineries and wine associations at the state, regional, national and international levels.FindingsWine consumers have an interest in QAP information when making wine purchase decisions. Not all QAP provider information is used equally, with almost 69% of the sample indicating the use of state wine association QAPs, but less than 44% indicating the use of government agency QAPs or third-party QAPs. Wine consumers’ demographics also influence the use of QAP information. Males, higher income consumers, residing outside of Tennessee and more wine-involved consumers are more likely to use QAPs. Consumers view QAPs as indicators of overall wine quality, ingredient quality and wine consistency rather than necessarily a means of building knowledge about local wines.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first to examine not only QAP use from multiple providers but also how demographics, wine consumption, wine expenditures and wine-involvement impact QAP use.

The impact of changing consumer expenditure patterns at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic on measures of consumer inflation

The impact of changing consumer expenditure patterns at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic on measures of consumer inflation

IMPACT ON HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION PATTERNS DUE TO COVID-19 IN INDIA

Covid-19 has created fear amongst the people and government. Government policies and strategies to control covid-19 have created a huge economic lossto the country.In March 2020,government of India implemented lockdown when cases of covid-19 were rising rapidly. Laterrelaxation was provided but another peak of cases was seen in the start of 2021. Due to these multiple lockdowns many businesses were shut, and it impacted GDP very severally. In this paper, researcher analyses the impact of covid-19 lockdown on household consumptionpatterns in Delhi. Delhi is the capital of India and it would provide significant data and help other Indian states. Researcher analyse the effect of covid-19 lockdown on household consumption patterns and see whether they will be able to regain that confidence. Previous researcher provides a significant result, but they consider only one factor while estimating household consumption. Researchers analyses all the factors and gain data from previous literatures while estimating the consumption expenditure patterns. Researcher uses bothqualitative and quantitative data to provide a strong evidence. The survey in this search will provide an in-depth idea of people’s situation in this pandemic lockdown. This research will helpgovernment and other states in policy making with an idea of economic growth.

Distribution of Household Assets and Pattern of Income and Consumption among Rural Artisans Households in Punjab

The present study attempted to analyse the distribution of household assets and pattern of income and consumption expenditure among rural artisan households in Punjab. The durable household's asset had the predominant percentage of the total asset structure among sampled households. An average household from rural artisan families held around 39000 per capita assets in rural areas. The study found that slightly more than 50 per cent of the total income of sampled households comes from their respected traditional occupations. As far as the pattern of households was concerned, the overall analysis observed that an average sampled household consumed a higher percentage share of his income on non-durable items followed by marriages and other socio-religious ceremonies, services and durable items of consumption. The overall analysis revealed that the income of rural artisan households was low, but faced the challenge of maintaining a reasonable level of living and meeting their basic living needs.

Measuring Inflation under Pandemic Conditions

Abstract National statistical offices have faced unprecedented circumstances in the modern history of economic measurement. There were dramatically changing consumer expenditure patterns due to pandemic conditions, with lockdowns and fear of infection making many goods and services unavailable. We examine the implications of changing relative expenditures for the construction of Consumer Price Indexes, with special reference to the treatment of prices for unavailable products. We conclude that for many purposes, it would be useful for statistical agencies to establish a continuous consumer expenditure survey. We also examine various other practical pandemic induced CPI measurement problems.

The long shadow of the Kargil War: The effect of early-life stress on education

The paper examines the long-term impact of the India-Pakistan war of 1999 on the educational attainment of children born to families of soldiers who survived the war. Based on the assumption that military families faced higher levels of psychological stress than civilian families during the war period, the paper uses a difference-in-difference methodology with household fixed effects to show that the education of military children exposed to the war during their formative years suffered significantly. An examination of the consumption expenditure pattern of military and civilian households suggests that the effect was unlikely to be via resource-related channels. The improbability of other direct pathways through which the war could affect these families suggests that the negative effect might have resulted from the psychological stress that the war generated for the affected families.

Level and Pattern of Consumption Expenditure of Rural Households among Different Regions of Punjab

The present study, dealing with the inequality in consumption of the rural households across the different regions, is based upon the primary data of the Punjab state. The analysis showed that Malwa excelled other two regions in the per capita consumption. The highest average propensity to consume was observed for Doaba, and it was the lowest for Malwa. All the rural households except large farm of all the three regions and medium farm households of Malwa and Majha were in deficit. Considering all households together, the inequality of household consumption expenditure was relatively high in all three regions, with the same being highest in Majha, followed by Malwa and Doaba. The concentration of consumption expenditure among the land-owning households was greater than the landless households.

AN ANALYTICAL STUDY FOR FOOD CONSUMPTION SPENDING IN EGYPTIAN RURAL AND URBAN COMMUNITIES IN THE LIGHT OF SOME ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL FACTORS: A CASE STUDY FOR GIZA GOVERNORATE

The study included five chapters in addition to the summary and references. The first chapter included three chapters. The first chapter included the general framework for the study. It includes the study problem, its goal, the research method, data sources, study organization, and sample study. As for the second chapter, the theoretical framework of the study. This chapter deals with the concepts and terminology included in the study and related to the research topic. In addition to his discussion of the methodology of preparing income, expenditure and consumption research by the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, especially with regard to the research sample. The third chapter dealt with reviewing the study a number of the most important research, studies and scientific messages that dealt with the study and analysis of food consumption spending in Egypt and the most important factors affecting it during the period (2000: 2019), in order to be a starting point towards a new study in which repetition and mistakes that were made by the former are avoided With the benefit of their research methods, results and recommendations. As for the second chapter, it was devoted to analyzing the conditions of the food balance of the most important food groups in Egypt and the chronological development of its main components for the most important food groups in Egypt during the period (2001-2016), which is useful in identifying the size of the gap or surplus in each of these groups, In addition to determining the direction of temporal changes that occurred during the study period. While Chapter Three deals with the consumer spending functions of food commodity groups and estimating the spending elasticities of food commodity groups in urban and rural Egypt. The fourth chapter is devoted to studying the analysis of the pattern of food consumption expenditure of Egyptian families, and this chapter discusses the pattern of food expenditure of Egyptian families in rural and urban Egypt on the main food groups, where the pattern of food expenditure of Egyptian families is discussed in terms of the concept, and how Egyptian families are allocated for their spending on groups The staple food in the Egyptian consumption pattern according to the annual income classes of those families. The fifth chapter deals with studying the impact of the most important economic, social, health and demographic factors that are expected to have an impact on the food expenditure of Egyptian families in rural and urban Egypt, as this helps in identifying and measuring the impact of the most important factors affecting the food expenditure of Egyptian families in rural and urban Egypt on the one hand, in addition to an attempt Finding a logical explanation for the effects of that spending on the other hand, which helps in understanding the nature of these variables, as well as it helps in proposing appropriate policies that help in rationalizing and organizing food spending for Egyptian families in rural and urban Egypt.

Dynamics of consumption inequality among occupational groups in India: Evidence from National Sample Survey data

This study analyses the dynamics of consumption inequality among various occupational groups using household survey data from National Sample Survey (NSS). Three rounds of NSS data namely, the 50th (1993–1994), 61st (2004–2005), and 66th (2009–2010) were taken for the purpose of analysis. Various measures such as Gini coefficient, overlapping index, and raking matrices are estimated for the whole as well as the subgroups using ANOGI methodology. From the analysis, it is found that the level of overall inequality as well as the between‐group inequality is on the rise during the period of analysis. Further, the measures such as relative overlap index and ranking matrices give conclusive evidence that the difference between various groups in terms of consumption expenditure pattern is increasing over time. From the ranking matrices, it is seen that the last six groups, constituting households with occupation in the unorganized sector and low level organized workers falls below the 30th percentile of consumption expenditure distribution of the first group groups that consists of individuals holding to technical, administrative, managerial, and executive occupations. Worsening inequality across various occupational groups is a matter of concern, especially from the policy perspective. As economic growth without equitable distribution of income is not a desirable outcome.

Fear of COVID-19 Contagion: The Idiosyncratic Effects of an Aggregate Pandemic Shock

We examine how the fear of COVID-19 contagion influences consumer expenditure patterns. We show that the consumption expenditure responses to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic are significantly heterogeneous across generations. We find that the elderly spend less than the younger generation by at least 5% as COVID-19 spread. In fact, those aged above 60 significantly decreased their spending even on food and drink products by 13%. We also find that the elderly forgo shopping in favor of the younger generation. These heterogeneous responses are likely to be due to the fear of the COVID-19 infection.