Pattern Of Complementarity Research Articles

Role of Governance in Debt-Growth Relationship: Evidence from Panel Data Estimations

This paper provides an empirical analysis of the relationship between debt and national output mediated by a measure of the quality of state governance. Using WGIs dataset of 106 countries for the period 1996–2015, the paper analyzes the mediated effect of governance on debt-growth relationship. For this purpose, we use the fixed effect (LSDV) and system GMM estimation technique in order to overcome the possible problem of endogeneity. Results show the non-linear pattern between public debt and economic growth via governance. Although, public debt has negative impact on economic growth, but the results are statistically positive and significant when public debt is interacted with governance, which confirms that governance is a channel by which public debt influences economic growth. Moreover, we calculate the threshold of governance which shows that the public debt has positive impact on economic growth when the governance level is higher than the threshold and adversely affects the economic growth in the case of low level of governance than threshold. Evidence from this study reveals the fact that governance plays a mediating role in debt-growth relationship as there is a pattern of complementarity between public debt and governance: the higher the level of governance, the lesser the adverse effect of public debt on economic growth.

Can private governance boost public policy? Insights from public–private governance interactions in the fisheries and electricity sectors

AbstractBased on the inductive analysis of two parallel cases of private environmental governance – private, market‐driven fisheries governance and private, market‐driven governance for electricity decarbonization – this paper uncovers a trigger for positive public policy spillovers from private environmental governance. It identifies circumstances that prompt groups of business actors working as private regulators to also take on a role as public policy advocates and supporters, revealing a potential for private governance initiatives that are targeted at a particular environmental problem to serve as a bolster for the public regulatory governance of that problem as well. Both private governance cases at the basis of this analysis feature groups of business actors seeking to meet voluntary sustainability goals through the tools of private governance (specifically, through flexing buyer power and private authority in an effort to reform environmentally problematic practices among particular groups of suppliers). In both cases, the business's inability to attain private sustainability goals though private governance means alone has given rise to business demand for facilitative public environmental policy and regulation. The analysis presented in this paper thus points to the occurrence of a particular and intriguing pattern of complementarity between private authority and public policy – one where public policy is called on to fill gaps left by private environmental governance and authority. And it identifies key conditions for such private‐governance‐driven recentering of public policy to occur, namely the presence of private supply chain greening goals and commitments that are economically, reputationally, and/or competitively critical for businesses to attain, combined with shortfalls in the capacity of businesses' private authority to bring about such attainment. The two case analysis further suggests the importance of ENGOs in identifying and activating some of the opportunities for leveraging shortfalls in private environmental governance to the advantage of public environmental policy and regulation.

Do firms with different levels of environmental regulatory pressure behave differently regarding complementarity among innovation practices?

AbstractThis study explores the complementary effects among environmental innovation, organizational innovation, and training for innovation and their effect on firm productivity, within a supermodularity framework. Furthermore, it attempts to understand whether different innovation practices are complements or substitutes for firm profitability according to the industrial environmental regulation context by distinguishing between clean and dirty industries. Using a Spanish technological innovation panel survey over the period 2008–2015, our findings indicate that the interrelationship between different innovation practices is complementary rather than substitutive, and the pattern of complementarity among innovation practices differs according to the environmental regulation under which an industry operates. Engaging in a broad range of innovation practices such as environmental and organizational innovations, clean industry can strengthen productivity. For dirty industries, our results indicate a greater affinity between training activities and environmental innovation than between environmental innovation and organizational innovation on firm productivity achievement. Taken all together, these results provide managers with considerable insights in terms of how to adapt the various combinatorial practices to the industrial environment in which they are embedded, taking market and regulatory pressure into account.

Impact of trade openness on GDP growth: Does TFP matter?

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study is to empirically explore the impact of trade openness on GDP growth initiating with the idea that trade openness cannot be fully characterized through the different openness measures only, we propose to account for total factor productivity (TFP) development level as an additional dimension of countries’ trade integration. Our empirical application is based on 35 years’ balanced panel of 82 countries spanning 1980–2014. To address the potential endogeneity issue, we use the system GMM estimator developed for dynamic panel data models. The results outline that there exists an interesting non-linear pattern between trade openness and GDP growth when TFP development level is taken as an intervening variable into account: trade may have a negative impact on GDP growth when countries have specialized in low-TFP development level; trade openness clearly boosts GDP growth once countries exhibit a minimum threshold of TFP development level. Therefore, there is some pattern of complementarity between trade openness and TFP development level so that the higher the TFP development level, the higher the impact of the trade openness on GDP growth.

Tools of Government for Russian Development: The Case of Housing

The article analyses the use of policy tools in the Russian housing sector, associated with the government’s objective of development, and examines the pattern of complementarity that exists between the policy tools. Building on the insights of historical institutionalist and public policy literatures, it argues that the choices of policy tools are determined by institutional and policy sector specific structural factors and temporal calculations by the policy makers leading them to adopt specific ‘bundles’ of policy instruments as well as doubling policy arrangements.

Complementarity or independence of hemispheric specializations? A brief review

The current review investigates the question of the relationship of different hemispheric specializations. Hemispheric specializations are the result of the seemingly distinctive ability of the left and right hemisphere to specialize in different cognitive functions. The review focuses on the concept of complementarity whereby the lateralization of one function predicts the asymmetric processing of another one. The complementarity of hemispheric specializations presents an interesting dilemma as the literature evidence is outwardly mixed. The causal and statistical hypotheses attempt to account for the observed findings, with support for both hypotheses. However, most of the evidence appears to align with the statistical pattern of complementarity. Converging lines of evidence suggest that there are multiple independent biases that play a role in how these functional cerebral asymmetries are organized in the human brain. Some of the functional and evolutionary implications of the existence of complementarity of hemispheric specializations are also briefly discussed.

Assessing complementarity in organizational innovations for technological innovation: the role of knowledge management practices

We empirically investigate the pattern of complementarity among four organizational practices. Firm-level data were drawn from the Community Innovation Survey, carried out in Luxembourg. Supermodularity tests confirm the crucial role of organizational innovation in raising firms’ technological innovation. The pattern of complementarity across organizational practices differs according to the type of innovation (i.e. product or process), as well as according to whether the firm is in the first stage of its innovation process (i.e. being innovative or not) or in a later stage (i.e. sales of new products).

Complementarities in organizational innovation practices: evidence from French industrial firms*

Organizational innovation favours technological innovation. Yet the question of which organizational practices should be combined – that is, their compatibility – remains unanswered. This empirical investigation of patterns of complementarity considers three organizational practices: business practices, workplace organization, and external relations. Firm-level data drawn from the 2008 French Community Innovation Survey and supermodularity tests confirm the crucial role of organizational innovation in increasing firms’ innovation. The pattern of complementarity among organizational practices differs according to the type of innovation (i.e. product or process), as well as the type of measure used to assess technological innovation performance. These results highlight the complexity of managing organizational practices to encourage firm innovation.

New directions of trade for the agri-food industry: a disaggregated approach for different income countries, 1963–2000

The principal objective of the present study is to explain the changes in the direction of agri-food trade flows during the second half of the twentieth century. Since the end of the Second World War, trade has tended to be concentrated among developed countries, breaking the pattern of complementarity among industrialized countries and developing countries from the first wave of globalization. Elsewhere, agricultural exports from developing countries to countries of similar income have significantly increased since the 1990s. To compare and explain the evolution of different trade directions, the present article estimates the gravity equation for the bilateral volume of agri-food trade, analyzed separately in four categories of trade flows based on the development level of countries. Specifically, we have used the UN-COMTRADE database to construct a data panel for bilateral trade among 30 reporting countries and 39 partner countries with a significant presence in international markets for the period 1963–2000. The following conclusions can be extracted from the present study. Firstly, while other types of trade, such as manufactures, enjoyed greater multilateral liberalization of their markets, strong market intervention caused them to base their growth on the proliferation and success of regional trade agreements in the North. As a result, agri-food trade concentrated progressively on developed economies. Secondly, the latest liberalization of some preferential trade agreements gave rise to new increases in agricultural trade, this time in South–South flows. Finally, the negative sign of income demand elasticity for imports of agricultural products from Southern countries demonstrates that the latter behaved like inferior goods and also explains why the export growth of such countries suffered a brake on such expansion.

Interpersonal processes in psychodynamic-interpersonal and cognitive behavioral group therapy: A systematic case study of two groups.

This mixed method systematic case study applied an interpersonal stage model of the therapeutic process to examine interpersonal processes among a highly adherent Group Psychodynamic-Interpersonal Psychotherapy (GPIP) therapist and a highly adherent Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (GCBT) therapist and their groups of binge eating disordered (BED) patients. This is the first case study to apply the interpersonal stage model of psychotherapy to compare GCBT and GPIP methods and the first to apply the model to group therapy. Early-, middle-, and late-stage transcribed video recordings of sequential interactions among therapists and patients in each of these two time-limited group therapies were analyzed with the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB). We also provide qualitative presentations of the transcripts from each stage as context for the quantitative analyses. BED patients in both groups achieved positive outcomes for binge eating and depression. Consistent with their treatment model, the GPIP therapist was more autonomy-giving, whereas the GCBT therapist was more controlling/directive. The GPIP therapist and her group had high levels of interpersonal complementary interaction sequences in the early stage followed by lower complementarity in the middle stage. The GCBT therapist and her group showed a high-low-high pattern of complementarity across the three stage of therapy. However, overall the GPIP group had higher levels complementarity than the GCBT group. This mixed method case study of group processes based on an interpersonal stage model of psychotherapy suggested specific therapist behaviors in each modality to maximize positive therapeutic interactions at each stage of group therapy.

Correlations between industrial demands (direct and total) for communications and transportation in the U.S. economy 1947–1997

Using input–output (I–O) accounts provided by the U.S. Department of Commerce, this study investigates the aggregate relationships between the transportation and communications inputs demanded (directly and in total) by all industries in the U.S., and compares the results across time. We analyzed five pairs of Spearman correlations of transportation and communications demands (utilities, manufacturing, and overall) using the direct and total coefficient tables from the ten benchmark input–output years spanning 1947 to 1997. To correctly represent the overall economy-wide relationship, each industry (direct table) or commodity (total table) in the correlation was weighted proportionately to the monetary value of its contribution to the U.S. economy. In the analysis using direct I–O coefficients, we found a pattern of predominant complementarity between transportation and communications manufacturing, and substitution between transportation and communications utilities. There are intriguing indications, however, of a shift from substitution to complementarity in the latter case, beginning around 1987. In the analysis using total I–O coefficients, we found a pattern of complementarity for all years between transportation and communications manufacturing, and a pattern changing from substitution to complementarity for the remaining four pairs (transportation manufacturing and communications utilities; transportation utilities and communications manufacturing; the utilities pair; and the overall pair). Thus, from the industrial perspective (which constitutes a sizable proportion of the total demand for communications and transportation), it is not realistic in modern times to expect telecommunications to substitute for travel. Nevertheless, further research is needed into the specific causes of the observed shift from substitution to complementarity, and current trends should continue to be monitored for any changes.

Complementarity analysis: Mapping the performance of surrogates for biodiversity

Efficient planning for biodiversity conservation requires a consideration of complementarity when assessing the value of adding new areas for management. Unfortunately, complementarity in biodiversity across all groups cannot usually be measured directly, so methods are needed to choose good surrogates (or ‘indicators’) for predicting this overall complementarity. Previous attempts at assessment of biological surrogates have measured dissimilarity among biotas, or congruence between sets of selected areas, or species representation within a set of selected areas, all of which can seriously misrepresent the strength of a surrogate relationship across all areas. Therefore, we propose a new approach to complementarity analysis. We show that the pattern of complementarity among all biotas can be assessed in terms of the frequency of false high and false low predictions by the surrogates. We also show how the spatial pattern in these false predictions can be mapped and discuss their usefulness. On the one hand, areas on these maps associated with many false high predictions are overvalued and would be an inefficient investment for scarce conservation resources. On the other hand, areas associated with many false low predictions are undervalued and unlikely to attract conservation action, so we need to know whether they are particularly likely to be highly threatened. These geographical patterns can be used to identify habitat-associated biases in the performance of surrogate groups.

Review Feature: A review of Genesis of the Pharaohs: Dramatic New Discoveries that Rewrite the Origins of Ancient Egypt, by Toby Wilkinson. London: Thames & Hudson, 2002. ISBN 0-500-05122-4 hardback £18.95; 208 pp., 87 ills., 25 in colour

The processes leading to the formation of early state societies remain one of the key topics of archaeological research. Few of these early states are as famous or evocative as that of ancient Egypt, a land of dramatic monuments and terrain, with mysterious and exotic religious practices and a distinctive and exotic iconography. But was Egypt the gift of the Nile, as the Greek historian Herodotus alleged? In this new book, Toby Wilkinson draws attention to a relatively neglected part of the Egyptian landscape: not the fertile river valley, but the deserts which fringe it to east and west. It is here in the deserts, he argues, that the origins of the Egyptian state are to be found. In recent millennia, the deserts have been hostile environments of rock and sand. Go back before 3000 bc, however, and a rather different picture emerges. This different picture is of a desert hinterland peopled by nomadic groups who spent part of their year in the Nile valley. It suggests a more mobile view of Egyptian Predynastic society than has usually been supposed. Desert and valley may have functioned together in a classic pattern of complementarity between contrasting environmental zones, with cattle herds perhaps moved from valley floor to desert in step with the cyclical pattern of the seasons. The specific ingredient which Wilkinson uses to link valley and desert during the fourth millennium bc is rock art. Egyptian rock art has not yet been properly recognized as a rich and important repertoire by specialists in the burgeoning field of rock art as whole. Surveys over more than a century, however, have revealed numerous groups of pecked and engraved images on the desert cliffs and boulders, and recent expeditions (including those by Wilkinson himself) are continually adding to the corpus. The Egyptian desert rock art is generally less well-known than the vivid rock paintings of the central Sahara (such as the famous Tassili frescoes), though it too conveys the image of a greener more habitable landscape. Wilkinson ties specific motifs found in the desert rock art to iconography from the Nile valley during the fourth millennium and later. Yet the linkages and chronologies remain controversial, along with the central hypothesis. Did the desiccation of the savannas lead to the formation of the Egypt, forcing the scattered pastoralist populations to withdraw to a cultivated Nile valley? Was Egypt the gift of the deserts, not the Nile? In this Review Feature the hypothesis is examined by specialists working in Egypt and Nubia, and the reliability of the supporting evidence is assessed.

The Role and Characteristics of Accounting-based Performance Pricing in Private Debt Contracts

Performance pricing is a recent contractual innovation, which ties interest rates to a pre-specified grid of some measure of credit risk. We investigate performance pricing because it is becoming a common feature in bank debt, and essentially represents a rare example of market pricing directly tied to accounting-based measures of performance. Our major findings can be summarized as follows. First, we argue that performance pricing emerged as a response to increasing competitive pressures in the market for corporate financing. It reduces transaction and agency costs, and allows for more efficient contracts, furthering the competitive appeal of bank debt. Second, accounting-based performance pricing provisions are detailed, sophisticated, and expansive. The typical pricing grid accommodates ranges of credit risk and interest rate changes, which seem large compared to the economics of private lending. Third, there is a strong pattern of complementarity between same-variable performance pricing and covenant provisions. Probing further, we find that the typical contract sets the initial pricing at the high-cost end of the performance grid, with a same-variable covenant set tightly beyond the top of the grid. Thus, performance pricing and covenants form a well-defined contractual package, where performance pricing provisions are typically designed to handle credit improvements, while credit deteriorations are handled with covenant provisions.

The interpersonal process of cognitive–behavioral therapy: An examination of complementarity over the course of treatment.

Data from 20 clients seeing 4 experienced therapists conducting time-limited, cognitive-behavioral therapy in a university counseling center were examined with respect to the pattern of complementarity and its relation to outcome. The Interpersonal Communication Rating Scale-Revised (S. R. Strong, H. Hills, & B. Nelson, 1988) was used to determine levels of complementarity. Results of growth curve analyses support the covariation of the U-shaped pattern of complementarity with outcome. More successful dyads demonstrated a pattern of initial high levels of complementarity, decreasing levels in the middle of treatment, and then increasing levels at the end, but not as high as at the beginning. Less successful dyads did not demonstrate this pattern.

Transportation-communications relationships in industry

Relationships between transportation and communications have generally been analyzed at the household level. Yet most transportation and communications services are used by industry. This paper examines the relationship between uses of transportation and communications services by industry in the countries of the European Community. It is shown that a clear pattern of complementarity appears to hold for such industrial uses throughout Western Europe. The complementarity appears to hold for all subsectors of the transportation service industry.

Electrostatic complementarity between proteins and ligands. 1. Charge disposition, dielectric and interface effects

Electrostatic interactions have always been considered an important factor governing ligand-receptor interactions. Previous work in this field has established the existence of electrostatic complementarity between the ligand and its receptor site. However, this property has not been treated rigorously, and the description remains largely qualitative. In this work, 34 data sets of high quality were chosen from the Brookhaven Protein Databank. The electrostatic complementary has been calculated between the surface potentials; complementarity is absent between adjacent or neighbouring atoms of the ligand and the receptor. There is little difference between complementarities on the total ligand surface and the interfacial region. Altering the homogeneous dielectric to distance-dependent dielectrics reduces the complementarity slightly, but does not affect the pattern of complementarity.