Pattern Of Rate Changes Research Articles

Efficient matrix profile computation with Euclidean distance using Eigen transformation: Performance evaluation based on beat-to-beat interval (BBI) data.

The matrix profile serves as a fundamental tool to provide insights into similar patterns within time series. Existing matrix profile algorithms have been primarily developed for the normalized Euclidean distance, which may not be a proper distance measure in many settings. The methodology work of this paper was motivated by statistical analysis of beat-to-beat interval (BBI) data collected from smartwatches to monitor e-cigarette users' heart rate change patterns for which the original Euclidean distance ( -norm) would be a more suitable choice. Yet, incorporating the Euclidean distance into existing matrix profile algorithms turned out to be computationally challenging, especially when the time series is long with extended query sequences. We propose a novel methodology to efficiently compute matrix profile for long time series data based on the Euclidean distance. This methodology involves four key steps including (1) projection of the time series onto eigenspace; (2) enhancing singular value decomposition (SVD) computation; (3) early abandon strategy; and (4) determining lower bounds based on the first left singular vector. Simulation studies based on BBI data from the motivating example have demonstrated remarkable reductions in computational time, ranging from one-fourth to one-twentieth of the time required by the conventional method. Unlike the conventional method of which the performance deteriorates sharply as the time series length or the query sequence length increases, the proposed method consistently performs well across a wide range of the time series length or the query sequence length.

Twenty-Year Observational Study Shows Rising Alcohol-Attributable Death Profiles in the U.S. and Delaware.

The U.S. alcohol-attributable mortality burden makes it the third-leading cause of preventable deaths. This 1999-2018 observational study used the Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases codes and the alcohol-related disease impact (ARDI) causes of death records to track alcohol's mortality burden. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention keeps Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) death certificates for the U.S. community. Evidence indicates that the U.S. ARDI mortality rates progressively trended upward (53.73%). Men were three times as likely as women to die, but female mortality rate changes (90.03%) advanced more rapidly than males. The study also revealed that the changes in alcohol-related death rate percentages for middle-age groups increased faster. In contrast, the African American/Black (AA/B) community's age-adjusted mortality rate change patterns first declined and then increased. The alcohol-attributable mortality rate (1999 to 2018) difference for AA/B was -6.35%. Delaware's population is around one million, and about 23% is African American/Black. The subgroup analysis for Delaware's population was robust and showed alcohol-attributable mortality rates above national averages. This trend was apparent for both gender and race. In conclusion, for both the U.S. and Delaware, alcohol use disorder is a risk factor for mortality, especially for males.

Regional Suicide Rate Change Patterns in Korea.

Background: Korea had the highest suicide rate among OECD countries for the 10 years leading up to 2016; however, the suicide rate in Korea has declined since 2010, after policy-driven interventions were implemented. Methods: Suicide rates from all of the 229 cities, counties, and districts in Korea were reliably estimated from the period 2010 to 2017, and data were examined by Stata 14.0 and M-plus to identify regional suicide rate change patterns by latent growth modeling. The dependent variable is the suicide rate, and independent variables as characteristics of the various districts are the region (cities, counties, and autonomous districts), proportion of elderly residents, financial independence rate, establishment of mental health and welfare centers, and number of social welfare facilities. Results: Three suicide rate change patterns were identified: ‘average’, ‘precipitous drop’, and ‘high level’. Two of the three patterns exhibit features that are markedly different to the national data as a whole, and the three patterns appear across the 229 cities, counties, and districts of Korea. Some of the determinant factors have been postulated here. While a high proportion of elderly residents in a given area is a significant indicator that the suicide rate will increase, having a large elderly population in combination with an increased number of social welfare facilities centers appeared to show a discrete pattern of suicide rate reduction when compared with average national data. Conclusions: Policy-driven interventions should be planned and implemented by central and local governments in conjunction, by considering regional characteristics to decrease local suicide rates more effectively.

Grouping substitution types into different relaxed molecular clocks.

Different types of nucleotide substitutions experience different patterns of rate change over time. We propose clustering context-dependent (or context-independent) nucleotide substitution types according to how their rates change and then using the grouping for divergence time estimation. With our models, relative rates among types that are in the same group are fixed, whereas absolute rates of the types within a group change over time according to a shared relaxed molecular clock. We illustrate our procedure by analysing a 0.15 Mb intergenic region to infer divergence times relating eight primates. The different groupings of substitution types that we explore have little effect on the posterior means of divergence times, but the widths of the credibility intervals decrease as the number of groups increases.This article is part of the themed issue 'Dating species divergences using rocks and clocks'.

An Update of DIVERGE Software for Functional Divergence Analysis of Protein Family

DIVERGE is a software system for phylogeny-based analyses of protein family evolution and functional divergence. It provides a suite of statistical tools for selection and prioritization of the amino acid sites that are responsible for the functional divergence of a gene family. The synergistic efforts of DIVERGE and other methods have convincingly demonstrated that the pattern of rate change at a particular amino acid site may contain insightful information about the underlying functional divergence following gene duplication. These predicted sites may be used as candidates for further experiments. We are now releasing an updated version of DIVERGE with the following improvements: 1) a feasible approach to examining functional divergence in nearly complete sequences by including deletions and insertions (indels); 2) the calculation of the false discovery rate of functionally diverging sites; 3) estimation of the effective number of functional divergence-related sites that is reliable and insensitive to cutoffs; 4) a statistical test for asymmetric functional divergence; and 5) a new method to infer functional divergence specific to a given duplicate cluster. In addition, we have made efforts to improve software design and produce a well-written software manual for the general user.

Abstract A112: Time trend and spatial pattern in the use of hormone replacement therapy in Taiwan before and after WHI trial report

Abstract Background: In 2002, trial by Women's Health Initiative that reported the long-term risks of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) of postmenopausal women. Combined estrogen and progestin hormone use outweighed the benefit for women health. This study aimed to examine the time trend and spatial patterns of HRT use and determine whether the declines occurred in Taiwan. Methods: The present study analyzed HRT utilization and influencing factors by the postmenopausal or osteopenic Taiwanese women. We investigated a case-control cohort analysis of a national health insurance (NHI) claimed dataset. NHI outpatient services claimed data of 82,478 beneficiaries aged above 40 had a principal diagnosis of postmenopause (ICD-9-CM Diagnosis Code 627) and osteopenia (ICD-9-CM Diagnosis Code 7330) were included in this study. HRT utilization trend was examined by different diagnostic codes, specialists, hospital level, hospital ownership, physicians' gender and age, also patients' resident area. The geographic variations of HRT use were obtained from 6 national insurance branches to compare the utilization rates before and after 2002. The highest use of HRT of region (eastern branch) was selected with 2,447 cases to compare the risk of usage and duration of HRT. Spatial patterns of rate change of breast cancer incidences between 1998-2002 and 2003-2008 were obtained from Taiwan Cancer Registry to examine changes in spatial trends in relations to HRT use and high mammography screening hospitals. Results: A reduced frequency of use of HRT was reflected in the decrease in hormone prescriptions after 2002. The largest drop was occurred between 2002 and 2003(from 51.5% to 37.9% in 2003). Similar reducing trend of use HRT was also showed in different specialists (8.1% drop in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 4% drop in Orthopedics and 12.8% drop in other department between 2002 and 2003). The HRT use rate for women visited clinic in 2002 and 2003 dropped from 56.2% to 42.8%, but slow decrease between 2004 to 2007 (37.3% in 2004, 34.8% in 2005, 35.0% in 2006 and 34.7% in 2007). There are slight increase use rate between 2005 and 2006. In 2008, there was another larger drop of 3.4%. The eastern branch compared with other branches between two period of time (2000-2002 and 2003-2008). Relative risk of 1.47 (95% CI: 0.72-3.00) before 2002 and 1.57 (95% CI: 0.81-3.11) after 2002. Spatial patterns showed the increasing breast risks in central and southern region (rural area) compare with northern region (metropolitan area). The increase of age-adjusted incidence rate in central and southern region outweighed the increase rate of HRT use. In the contrast to these regions, an increasing rate of HRT use did not observe the similar effect in northern metropolitan regions. Discussion: To our knowledge, this is the first Taiwan study to examine the link between population-level declines in use of hormone replacement therapy among postmenopausal women with different levels of utilization. Spatial observation was also indicated the different between breast incidence and HRT use in Taiwan. Spatial observation found the different pattern change between HRT use and breast incidence rate in term of geographic prospect and urbanization level. Further long-term investigation to determine whether the geographic accessibility and availability of breast screening programs do affect the ascending breast cancer risk. Citation Format: Po-Huang Chiang, Eng-Mei Tsai, Yen-Chen Chang. Time trend and spatial pattern in the use of hormone replacement therapy in Taiwan before and after WHI trial report. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A112.

REM Sleep Reorganizes Hippocampal Excitability

Sleep is composed of an alternating sequence of REM and non-REM episodes, but their respective roles are not known. We found that the overall firing rates of hippocampal CA1 neurons decreased across sleep concurrent with an increase in the recruitment of neuronal spiking to brief "ripple" episodes, resulting in a net increase in neural synchrony. Unexpectedly, within non-REM episodes, overall firing rates gradually increased together with a decrease in the recruitment of spiking to ripples. The rate increase within non-REM episodes was counteracted bya larger and more rapid decrease of discharge frequency within the interleaved REM episodes. Both the decrease in firing rates and the increase in synchrony during the course of sleep were correlated with the power of theta activity during REM episodes. These findings assign a prominent role of REM sleep in sleep-related neuronal plasticity.

Cesarean Delivery on Maternal Request in Southeast China

To estimate the incidence of overall cesarean delivery and cesarean delivery on maternal request in southeast China in the past decade. We used data from a population-based maternal and child health surveillance system, which covers 21 cities and counties in two provinces in southeast China. We examined the rate of cesarean delivery and cesarean delivery on maternal request in 1.1 million singleton births from 1994 to early 2006. Cesarean delivery on maternal request was defined as a prelabor cesarean delivery for a singleton gestation without contraindications for vaginal delivery at 38 weeks of gestation or later. During the 13-year study period, the percentage of women who had high school or higher education increased from 13% to 46%. The overall cesarean rate increased from 22% in 1994 to 60% in 2003 and moderated to 56% in 2006. The corresponding rates of cesarean delivery on maternal request (per 100 all deliveries) were 0.8%, 22%, and 20%, respectively. The rates varied enormously among cities and counties. In some areas, cesarean delivery on maternal request accounted for half of all cesarean births. The patterns of rate change were diverse and uneven, and the pattern of risk factors changed substantially between 1994 and 2006. Nulliparity, higher education, older maternal age, having been delivered at provincial or county hospitals, and women's occupations were previously associated with rate of cesarean delivery on maternal request. The rate of cesarean delivery on maternal request no longer varies by age, hospital level, or occupation. The rate of cesarean delivery increased dramatically in southeast China in the past decade. Cesarean delivery on maternal request was the predominant contributor to the increase. III.

Perpetration of Severe Intimate Partner Violence: Premilitary and Second Year of Service Rates

A longitudinal design was used to compare rates of severe intimate partner violence (SIPV) perpetration during the year before enlistment and the second year of service in a sample of 542 female and 421 male Navy personnel. Overall, 11% reported perpetration of SIPV during the year before service. Premilitary SIPV perpetration rates were significantly higher for women (20%) than for men (4%). After 2 years of service, the overall percentage reporting past-year perpetration of SIPV increased slightly (14%, compared with a premilitary rate of 11%). The patterns of changes in rates of SIPV perpetration varied for men and women. Across time, SIPV perpetration increased among men (from 4% to 16%) and decreased among women (from 20% to 12%). Respondents who were female, younger, and minority reported higher rates of premilitary SIPV perpetration. No demographic factors were associated with reports of SIPV perpetration during the second year.

Metabolism analysis and on-line physiological state diagnosis of acetone-butanol fermentation.

Fermentation equations for acetone-butanol (AB) were applied in a metabolic analysis of the reaction network under various conditions; that is, at different pHs and a high NADH2 turnover rate using methyl viologen, in a Clostridium acetobutylicum culture. The results disclosed variations in the pattern of rate changes that reflected changes in the physiological state. A linear relationship was found to exist between NADH2 generation and butanol production rate. By coupling an automated measurement system with the fermentation model, on-line estimation of the culture state was accomplished. Based on the AB fermentation model, new parameters were defined for on-line diagnosis of the physiological state and determination of the best timing for amplifying NADH2 generation by the addition of methyl viologen to obtain a high level of butanol productivity. A potential means of achieving optimal control for a high level of solvent production, involving the correlation of certain rates, is proposed.

Metabolic Mapping of the Effects of Oral Alcohol Self‐Administration in Rats

The functional effects of the voluntary consumption of ethanol in rats were investigated using the quantitative autoradiographic 2-[14C]deoxyglucose method for measurement of rates of local cerebral glucose utilization. A modified sucrose-substitution procedure was used to train three groups of Wistar rats to self-administer water, a 5% sucrose solution, or a 10% ethanol/5% sucrose solution in daily sessions. Once stable rates of consumption were established, the 2-[14C]deoxyglucose method was applied immediately after completion of the final test session. Rats received a dose of ethanol equivalent to 0.5 g/kg (n = 6) on the day of the procedure or a comparable volume of sucrose solution (n = 6) or water (n = 5). Rates of local cerebral glucose utilization in rats that ingested water did not differ from those that rats consumed a 5% sucrose solution. In contrast, voluntary ethanol consumption produced a highly discrete pattern of changes in rates of glucose utilization. Ethanol ingestion increased cerebral metabolism, as compared with rates of metabolism in rats that consumed either water or sucrose in the rostral pole and shell of the nucleus accumbens, medial prefrontal cortex, lateral septum, basolateral and central nuclei of the amygdala, substantia nigra, and the ventral tegmental area. This pattern of alterations in functional activity is distinctly different from that observed when equivalent doses of ethanol are administered acutely, emphasizing the importance of self-administration in determining the changes in glucose utilization. Furthermore, within the nucleus accumbens, glucose utilization was selectively augmented in the rostral pole and shell subterritories, whereas cerebral metabolism in the core was unaffected. Finally, these data demonstrate that it is the simultaneous activation of an interconnected network of limbic brain regions that serves as the substrate of the effects of voluntarily ingested ethanol.

Lactate utilization by the heart in vivo

We have demonstrated that rates of glucose utilization (uptake and phosphorylation by oxidative skeletal muscles vary markedly over the diurnal cycle, with peak rates during the dark (feeding/activity) phase [ 11. The pattern of change in rates of glucose utilization are explained partially by changes in rates of glycogen synthesis [l]. We have also shown that the heart can alter its metabolic profile over the diurnal cycle (21. Diurnal changes in the activities of cardiac lipoprotein lipase are associated with reciprocal changes in plasma triacylglycerol concentrations [2], lm lying the variable use of fatty acids

Kinetic control of Ca(II) signaling: tuning the ion dissociation rates of EF-hand Ca(II) binding sites.

EF-hand Ca(II) binding sites share a conserved architecture and are prevalent in Ca(II) signaling pathways. The ion binding kinetics of these sites are carefully tuned to provide the physiologically appropriate activation and inactivation time scales. Here we examine kinetic tuning by the side chain at the ninth position of the EF-loop. A model is proposed in which both the size and charge of the side chain contribute to kinetic tuning. To test this model, the ninth loop position of the EF-hand-like site in the Escherichia coli D-galactose binding protein has been engineered and the Tb(III) dissociation kinetics of the resulting sites have been analyzed. Substitutions at this position are observed to generate up to 10(4)-fold changes in Tb(III) dissociation rates, with little effect on Tb(III) affinity. Furthermore, the observed pattern of rate changes confirm the model's predictions; long side chains at the ninth loop position yield slow dissociation kinetics as predicted for a steric block, whereas acidic side chains yield slow dissociation kinetics as expected for an electrostatic barrier.

Metabolic Rates of Female Viviparous Lizards (Sceloporus jarrovi) throughout the Reproductive Cycle: Do Pregnant Lizards Adhere to Standard Allometry?

The standard metabolic rate (SMR) of viviparous female lizards (Sceloporus jarrovi) was measured at different times during the reproductive cycle at 30°C. The pattern of change in rate of O₂ consumption (V̇o2) during pregnancy is sigmoidal. Oxygen consumption increases slowly during the first two-thirds of pregnancy and rapidly during the last trimester, with a slight plateau before parturition. Immediately following parturition, V̇o2 decreases sharply and is not different from V̇o2 of nonreproductive females. The SMRs of early, middle, and late pregnant lizards is 80%, 98%, 140%, respectively, of that expected of nonreproductive lizards, after adjusting SMR for body mass. Deviations from standard allometry are due mostly to changes in litter metabolism. Litter metabolism is low during early pregnancy because litter mass consists mostly of metabolically inert yolk. At the end of gestation most of the mass of a litter consists of metabolically active embryos, which have nearly twice the mass-specific metabolic rate of the female's somatic mass. It can no longer be assumed that gravid or pregnant lizards conform to inter-or intraspecific allometric equations relating V̇o2 to body mass. When constructing energy budgets for female squamates, investigators should take into account changes in maternal V̇o2 during pregnancy, as well as the litter's contribution to that change.

Variations in hepatic carbon flux during unrestricted feeding.

Previous findings have established a pivotal role for hepatic pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) in regulating hepatic carbon flux during the starved-to-fed and fed-to-starved nutritional transitions [Holness, McLennan, Palmer & Sugden (1988) Biochem. J. 252, 325-330; Holness & Sugden (1990) Biochem. J. 268, 77-81]. We have therefore examined liver PDH activities during the light and dark phases of the feeding cycle in the adult rat in relation to hepatic glycogenesis, fatty acid synthesis and cholesterogenesis. There was significant synchronous suppression of lipogenesis and glycogenesis during the light phase; rates were restored asynchronously during the dark (feeding) phase. Glycogen concentrations declined during the light phase and increased during the dark phase. Despite quite dramatic changes in rates of glycogen and lipid synthesis and hepatic glycogen concentrations during the light and dark phases, hepatic PDHa (active form) activity remained relatively unchanged. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the pattern of change in rates of synthesis of fatty acid and cholesterol suggested regulation at pathway-specific sites distal to PDH.

A comparative study of the kinetics of amino acid racemization/epimerization in fossil and modern mollusk shells

The present study examines the question of whether heating experiments on modern shell material accurately model the pattern of kinetics of racemization/epimerization in fossils. Using one modern sample and four fossil samples (dating to 9700-1700 yr B.P.) of a species of land snail from the Negev Desert, the kinetic behavior of the samples in laboratory heating experiments are compared. Results are then compared to the Holocene trend in kinetic patterns observed in a large series of radiocarbon-dated shells. For most amino acids (alanine, alloisoleucine/isoleucine, phenylalanine, and glutamic acid), the fossil material displays the same pattern of kinetics in relation to time as the modern shells; deviant patterns are observed for aspartic acid, proline, and methionine. Adherence to a first order kinetic pattern in heated shells occurs only in alloisoleucine/isoleucine (within the range of D/L ratios studied). Differences in the temperature dependence of racemization/epimerization rates are found between modern and fossil samples. In most cases this relationship (established at high temperature in heating experiments), when extrapolated to natural temperatures, does not agree well with observed rates of racemization / epimerization in the fossil series. However the pattern of change in rate of racemization/epimerization with time in the heating experiments generally follows the trend observed in the fossil series rather well. The experiments indicate that heating experiment results for certain amino acids, such as the widely used alloisoleucine/isoleucine, do give good predictions of kinetic patterns in relation to time in fossils but that predictions of the temperature dependence of rates are less accurate.

Articulatory-rate context effects in phoneme identification.

Three experiments demonstrated that the pattern of changes in articulatory rate in a precursor phrase can affect the perception of voicing in a syllable-initial prestress velar stop consonant. Fast and slow versions of a 10-word precursor phrase were recorded, and sections from each version were combined to produce several precursors with different patterns of change in articulatory rate. Listeners judged the identity of a target syllable, selected from a 7-member /gi/-ki/ voice-onset-time (VOT) continuum, that followed each precursor phrase after a variable brief pause. The major results were: (a) articulatory-rate effects were not restricted to the target syllable's immediate context; (b) rate effects depended on the pattern of rate changes in the precursor and not the amount of fast or slow speech or the proximity of fast or slow speech to the target syllable: and (c) shortening of the pause (or closure) duration led to a shortening of VOT boundaries rather than a lengthening as previously found in this phonetic context. Results are explained in terms of the role of dynamic temporal expectancies in determining the response to temporal information in speech, and implications for theories of extrinsic vs. intrinsic timing are discussed.

The effect of sentence timing on the perception of word-initial stop consonants

The influence of temporal context on the perception of voice onset time (VOT) as information for the identity of a word-initial stop consonant was examined in three experiments. Different versions of a ten-word precursor phrase were constructed by recording the phrase at a fast and a slow rate and then combining words from the two original phrases to produce composite phrases with various patterns of rate changes. A final (target) syllable from a seven member /gi/-/ki/ VOT continuum constructed from natural speech was added to the end of the phrase after a variable pause duration. Subjects listened to each phrase version and judged the identity of the target syllable. In general, the VOT boundary was found to shift to shorter values with precursors that contained more fast words and shorter pause durations. Furthermore, while the rate of the words immediately preceding the target appeared to have the greatest effect, there were also significant rate effects due to the rate of stressed words early in the precursor and the pattern of rate changes throughout the precursor. [Work supported by NIMH.]

Transcriptional activity of the uteroglobin gene in rabbit endometrial nuclei during early pregnancy.

In studies on the regulation of rabbit uteroglobin production by progesterone, we have shown previously that the increase in uteroglobin secretion by the uterus in early pregnancy is preceded by an increase in uteroglobin synthesis and a parallel increase in uteroglobin messenger (m) RNA activity, which is accounted for by a rise in the steady state level of this specific mRNA in uterine epithelial cells. To investigate whether similar changes in the transcriptional activity of the uteroglobin gene occur during this period, we have transcribed endometrial nuclei in a "run-off" endogenous transcription system with [32P]uridine triphosphate as the precursor, given as a short pulse over 7 min at 25 C in vitro. Specific uteroglobin RNA transcripts were quantitated by hybridization of [32P]RNA to nitrocellulose filters containing cloned, full length uteroglobin complementary DNA. The percentage of uteroglobin RNA transcripts rose from day 0 (nonpregnant rabbits) to a peak on day 4 and declined on day 6 of pregnancy. No differences in RNA degradation and no preferential degradation of newly transcribed uteroglobin RNA were found during incubation of nuclei from the different days of pregnancy. The pattern of change in rate of transcription of the uteroglobin gene corresponds to the pattern of change in level of uteroglobin mRNA, suggesting that transcriptional controls are important in regulating the production of uteroglobin in pregnant rabbit uterus.

Effects of catecholamine manipulations on three different self-stimulation behaviors

Rats with self-stimulation electrodes in the medial part of lateral hypothalamus (LH) or in the lateral part of LH were trained to bar press, to run in a continuous, square-shaped runway, and to move their tails from side to side while otherwise restrained, all using LH stimulation on an FI 2 sec schedule as the reinforcement. At low doses of pimozide (a dopaminergic blocker) or of FLA-57 (a dopamine beta- hydroxylase inhibitor) different effects on rates of responding were observed on each of the three tasks at the two electrode placements, indicating that the rate reductions were not the results of specific performance effects of the drugs. The patterns of rate changes suggested that the effects of LH stimulation on behavior in the runway were primarily, but not exclusively mediated by a dopaminergic system; that the effects of LH stimulation on tail movement were primarily, but not exclusively mediated by a noradrenergic system; and that the effect of LH stimulation on bar pressing was mediated by both, or either of these substrates. These results suggest that the reinforcement of behavior by LH stimulation is flexibly mediated by at least two different neural systems.