Pattern Of Bacterial Pathogens Research Articles

Isolation and antimicrobial drug susceptibility pattern of bacterial pathogens from pediatric patients with otitis media in selected health institutions, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a prospective cross-sectional study

BackgroundOtitis media is inflammation of the middle ear and tympanic membrane, which often occurs after an acute upper respiratory tract infection. It is the most common episode of infection in children and the second most important cause of hearing loss affecting 1.23 billion people, thus ranked fifth global burden of disease with a higher incidence in sub-Saharan Africa. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the isolation rate of bacterial pathogens from pediatric patients with otitis media.MethodologyInstitutional based cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2013–June 2014 in Addis Ababa among 210 pediatrics patients. Demographic, clinical and associated factors data was obtained in face to face interview with guardians/parents by 5 trained nurse data collectors using structured questionnaire. Middle ear drainage swab was collected following all aseptic procedures and transported to the microbiology laboratory. Culture and Antimicrobial sensitivity test were performed according to the standards. The data quality was assured by questionnaire translation, retranslation and pretesting. Reference strains were used as a positive and negative control for biochemical tests, and culture results were cross checked. Data was checked for completeness, consistency and then entered into Epi Info v3.5.1 and analyzed by SPSS v20. Data interpretation was made using graphs, tables, and result statements.ResultA total of 196 middle ear drainage swab samples were analyzed from pediatric patients and of those 95 (48.5%) samples were positive for pathogenic organisms. The major isolate was S. aureus (15.8%) followed by P. aeruginosa (10.9%), Viridians streptococcus (9.9%), S. pneumoniae (8.9%) and S. pyogenes (7.9%). Upper respiratory tract infection history and living in the rural area have shown significant association with the isolation of pathogenic organism, (p-value = 0.035) and (p-value = 0.003) respectively. Most of the isolates show a high level of resistance to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole, Penicillin G, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, and Chloramphenicol.ConclusionS. aureus and P. aeruginosa are the most common pathogens that contribute to otitis media as well most of the isolates show a high level of resistance to commonly used drugs to treat otitis media. Therefore, culture and susceptibility testes have paramount importance for the better management of otitis media and drug-resistant infections.

Pattern of Bacterial Pathogens Causing Urinary Tract Infection and Their Antibiotic Sensitivity: A Tertiary Care Hospital Experience

Background and Aims: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common illness. The spectrum of bacteria causing UTI and their antibiotic sensitivity is not uniform. This study was designed to describe the bacteriological spectrum causing UTI and their antibiotic sensitivity.Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in the Department of Internal Medicine, BIRDEM General Hospital from January to June, 2013.Results: Total number of patients was 103 with females predominance (F:M ratio 2:1). Mean age was 57.5 years. Most (91.3%) of the study population were diabetic with poor glycaemic control (mean HbA1c 9.9%). Common symptoms were fever, dysuria, increased urinary frequency, suprapubic pain, vomiting and loin pain. Neutrophilic leukocytosis was common (94.2%). E. coli (79.6%) was the commonest aetiological agent followed by Klebsiella (9.7%), Citrobacter (3.9%), Acinetobacter (1.9%), Enterobacter (1.9%), Enterococcus (1.9%) and Pseudomonas (0.9%). Imipenem (100%), aminoglycosides e.g. amikacin and gentamycin and nitrofurantoin were among the most sensitive antibiotics.Conclusion: E. coli is the commonest organism causing UTI and imipenem, amikacin and nitrofurantoin are the most sensitive antibiotics.Birdem Med J 2015; 5(1): 20-23

Pattern of Bacterial Pathogens and Their Susceptibility Isolated from Surgical Site Infections at Selected Referral Hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Background. The emergence of multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens in hospitals is becoming a challenge for surgeons to treat hospital acquired infections. Objective. To determine bacterial pathogens and drug susceptibility isolated from surgical site infections at St. Paul Specialized Hospital Millennium Medical College and Yekatit 12 Referral Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2013 and March 2014 on 107 surgical site infected patients. Wound specimens were collected using sterile cotton swab and processed as per standard operative procedures in appropriate culture media; and susceptibility testing was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. The data were analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Result. From a total of 107 swabs collected, 90 (84.1%) were culture positive and 104 organisms were isolated. E. coli (24 (23.1%)) was the most common organism isolated followed by multidrug resistant Acinetobacter species (23 (22.1%)). More than 58 (75%) of the Gram negative isolates showed multiple antibiotic resistance (resistance ≥ 5 drugs). Pan-antibiotic resistance was noted among 8 (34.8%) Acinetobacter species and 3 (12.5%) E. coli. This calls for abstinence from antibiotic abuse. Conclusion. Gram negative bacteria were the most important isolates accounting for 76 (73.1%). Ampicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin, cephazoline, and tetracycline showed resistance while gentamicin and ciprofloxacin were relatively effective antimicrobials.

Pattern of Bacterial Pathogens and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility from Blood Culture Specimens in a Tertiary Care Setting

The objective of this paper is to find out the pattern of bacterial pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility from blood culture specimens received from a tertiary care referral setting. This cross-sectional observational study was carried out at the Department of Microbiology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, from July 2011 through June 2012. Blood culture specimens were dealt with brain heart infusion broth based manual method and automated BACTEC system. The specimens yielding positive growth were further analyzed and antimicrobial susceptibility carried out as per CLSI recommendations. Out of 2921 blood culture specimens, 465 (16%) yielded growth. Out of these, 245 (53%) isolates were Gram positive, 209 (45%) Gram negatives while 11 (2%) were yeast. Among Gram positive isolates, 208 (85%) were Staphylococcus spp. and among these 158 (76%) were methicillin resistant. Amongst Gram negative group, 115 (55%) isolates were members of enterobacteriaceae family and E. coli was the leading pathogen, while 94 (45%) were non-fermenters (NF). Among these, Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were common pathogens. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococci revealed that 100% isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid. The organisms of family enterobacteriaceae revealed better susceptibility to amikacin (68.7%) and imipenem (64.3%). The NF group showed better in vitro susceptibility to tazobactam/piperacillin (65%). Gram positive organisms were predominantly causing blood stream infections. Vancomycin and linezolid in case of Gram positive and amikacin and tazobactam/piperacillin against Gram negative organisms revealed better in vitro efficacy.

Nosocomial significant bacteriuria: prevalence and pattern of bacterial pathogens among children hospitalised for non-infective urinary tract disorders.

This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of nosocomial significant bacteriuria (NSB) and pattern of bacterial pathogens among children hospitalised for non-infective urinary rtract disorders (NUTDs) namely, acute glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, renal failure and congenital urinary tract anormalies in our nephrology unit. Serial midstream or suprapubic puncture urine specimens were collected into sterile plastic universal bottles from the patients for microscopy, culture and sensitivity, using the standard laboratory methods. Seventeen of the 96 patients admitted for NUTDs were excluded from the study based on the set exclusion criteria; only 19 out of the 79 patients studied were found to have NSB giving a prevalence rate of 24.05%. The isolated pathogens included Klebsiella spp. (47.37%). Staphylococcus aureus (31.58%). Escherichia coli (10.53%), Pseudomonas spp. (5.26%) and Citobacter spp. (5.26%). While 78.95% and 69.23% of the isolates were sensitive to gentamicin and cefuroxime respectively, 57.9% were sensitive to ceftazidime and nitrofurantoin. Less than 50% of the isolates were sensitive to each of the other antibiotics tested. Five of the patients died giving a case fatality rate of 26.3%. In this study, NSB is evidently a very common health problem and a significant risk factor for mortality in patients with NUTDs. Weekly urine culture is recommended in any hospitalised child with NUTD in order to diagnose and manage NSB early before clinical deterioration sets in.

Selected overview of nongynecologic surgical intra-abdominal infections: Prophylaxis and therapy

True prophylaxis of intra-abdominal nongynecologic infections is limited to elective, nonemergency surgery and is best shown in three clean-contaminated surgical procedures. All of these have an infection rate of approximately 10 to 20 percent and include all colon resection surgery, most gastric surgery, and about one third of the cholecystectomies for chronic calculous cholecystitis. Each of these three surgical procedures has a somewhat different pattern of bacterial pathogens. The most useful comparative studies of early preoperative therapy have been performed in cases of suspected appendicitis (50 percent of which usually show perforation or gangrene at the time of surgery) and penetrating abdominal wounds (80 percent of which usually enter some part of the bowel and theoretically soil the peritoneum). These procedures are usually classified as contaminated, with a 20 to 30 percent infection rate, or dirty, with a more than 30 percent infection rate, depending upon several factors. Comparative investigations of intraoperative and postoperative antibiotic therapy of established intra-abdominal infections are more difficult to obtain because of the heterogeneity of the sites, organisms, and medical and surgical therapy. The initial pathogens causing secondary peritonitis and hepatic, perirectal, diverticular, and most other types of intraperitoneal abscesses are mixed coliforms and anaerobes, with emphasis on the anaerobes. Retroperitoneal abscesses, pancreatic abscesses, and biliary tract infections are predominantly caused by coliforms. The organisms responsible for these early infections are usually community-acquired rather than more antibiotic-resistant hospital-acquired bacteria. Considering the availability of a large number of effective broad-spectrum antibacterial agents and therapeutic combinations, it has become increasingly difficult to assess the rightful place of any new prospective antimicrobial regimen unless it has quite unique characteristics. Most empiric therapy In established intra-abdominal infection studies have compared gentamicin and clindamycin, the most popular regimen in the United States over the past 15 years, with a cephalosporin, broad-spectrum penicillin, or aminoglycoside, either alone or together with clindamycin or metronidazole. Results have usually been considered similar In most studies, although in some studies, agents with limited Bacteroides fragilis activity, such as cefamandole or cefaperazone, have been considered inferior. Most new prophylactic regimens have been compared with the first-generation cephalosporins and, again, similar results have been obtained between the groups with two exceptions: Cephalothin is now considered inferior to the longer-acting cephalosporins and the first-generation cephalosporins have been found inferior to regimens with some activity against B. fragilis in prophylactic studies of colon resections. Additional studies will determine whether clavulanate potassium will induce chromosomally mediated type I beta-lactamases in some strains of Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Serratia, and Pseudomonas and thus counter the beneficial effect of beta-lactamase inhibition against a majority of plasmid-mediated beta lactamases (mostly type Ill) that would otherwise markedly broaden the spectrum of ticarcillin. The broad spectrum of ticarcillin plus clavulanate potassium against many community-acquired gram-negative bacilli, including some strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococci, almost all Bacteroides species, and most staphylococci, suggests a possible superiority of this agent compared with most of the recently released cephalosporins. More studies are necessary to determine whether this potential superiority has any clinical significance.