Patrol Function Research Articles

사회약자층 안전도 제고방안 : 민간-경찰 협력시스템을 중심으로

The issue of vulnerable populations in South Korea has been a longstanding concern, with various attempts made to address it over the years. However, these efforts have not yielded satisfactory outcomes. On the contrary, the problem has intensified quantitatively and qualitatively, becoming a more entrenched social issue. The lack of visible progress can be attributed to the structural problems of the national economy. At the same time, there is a limitation in the fragmented approach of addressing the issues of vulnerable populations solely from an economic perspective. The category of vulnerable populations includes not only those facing economic challenges but also socially and culturally marginalized groups, as well as individuals with illnesses or disabilities who are unable to lead lives within the normal range of society on their own. These groups are being perpetuated and expanded under the neglect of the state and society. Thus, resolving the issues faced by vulnerable populations must focus on enhancing social safety measures to improve their quality of life. To achieve this, it is essential to establish a safety system tailored to each type of vulnerable population and create an environment where this system can operate effectively. Specifically, this involves setting up dedicated departments within police forces, strengthening patrol functions for identifying and detecting vulnerable groups, and building a civil-police cooperation safety system. In addition, there should be continuous training of specialized personnel to care for these populations, along with the establishment of support systems to assist them. Fundamentally, the need to enhance the cohesion among disbanded community members is to ensure a comprehensive community safety net.

Capitalizing on patrol intelligence: practitioner receptivity to patrol-driven intelligence-led policing

ABSTRACT Intelligence-led policing (ILP) approaches seek to utilize a variety of strategies capitalizing on intelligence and analysis to reduce, address, and prevent crime or harm. Often, the application of these strategies involves a top-down approach. An exception to this is the Phoenix Police Department’s patrol-driven Intelligence Officer Program (IOP). This article examines the extent to which personnel from the department are receptive to this specific patrol-driven ILP approach. More specifically, responses from surveys of patrol officers, intelligence officers, and their supervisors are used to explore the perceived value of the program to patrol activities and the patrol function more broadly. Results suggest that stakeholders seem to be enthusiastic about the IOP. Importantly, it is demonstrated that more familiarity and engagement with programs can encourage greater receptivity to policing innovations such as patrol-driven ILP programs. Potential avenues for research are also discussed.

Law Enforcement Against The Circulation Of Illegal Firecrackers In The City Of Medan In Welcoming The Holy Month Of Ramadan

The purpose of writing this article is to determine the factors of rampant sales and users of firecrackers in the city of Medan, to find out what efforts are faced by law enforcement against sales and users of firecrackers in the city of Medan and to find out what obstacles faced by law enforcement against sales and users of firecrackers in the city of Medan, especially in the holy month of ranadhan. The Data required in this paper are primary and secondary data. Primary Data obtained by conducting field research by interviewing respondents and informants. While secondary data obtained through literature research conducted by studying textbooks, legislation, and opinions parasarjana. Conclusion it is known that the factors undertaken by the police to be important in preventing the circulation of illegal firecrackers in the community, lack of public awareness of the law and the dangers posed by the use of illegal firecrackers, preventive countermeasures are carried out before the violation occurs by preventing the violation does not occur, barriers to the lack of information received, Lack of budget funds received by the National Police in carrying out patrol functions to cope with the circulation of firecrackers. It is recommended to all relevant parties to always provide counseling and socialization of the dangers of firecrackers to the community, so that Banda Aceh is safe from the circulation of firecrackers, because firecrackers are very disturbing to the comfort of the community,as parents it is very important to prohibit playing firecrackers, at least parents supervise children when playing firecrackers in the environment.

Naval Policy of Canada during First World War (1914—1918)

The activities of the Navy Ministry of Canada during the First World War are analyzed in the article. For the first time in Russian historiography, the main directions of Canada’s maritime policy are formulated within the framework of the government’s military course during the First World War. The sources for the study were the debates of the House of Commons of the Canadian Parliament, publications in the Canadian press, the military series of historical and statistical collections and journalism of those years. The state of Canadian naval bases and ports, as well as the features of the development of the shipbuilding industry of the dominion during the war years is characterized. It is proved that during the war years, Canada’s maritime policy was determined by the British Admiralty and developed in two directions: imperial and national. The development of the imperial direction of maritime policy was carried out in the interests of Great Britain. It provided for the recruitment of Canadian volunteers for service in the Royal Navy and the development of a shipbuilding industry for the needs of the British Navy. The national direction of maritime policy provided for the protection of Canadian coasts and territorial waters, for which the infrastructure of Canadian naval bases and ports was actively used. To perform patrol and escort functions, state and private vessels were involved not only for military, but also for civilian purposes.

Research on the Function of Substation Training Simulation Patrol Function Based on Computer VR Technology

With the development of computer VR technology, our country has applied VR virtual technology to the scale of power grids.This allows the system to achieve self-intelligent inspection when no one is on duty,and the detection data will be displayed efficiently.This paper mainly studies the intelligent inspection scenarios and system processes of substations.

Visual Inspection Application of Substation Based on Internet of Things

After the Internet, the Internet of Things has become another innovative technology in recent years. In recent years, the Internet of Things technology has been applied to various industries, such as agricultural production, intelligent transportation, industrial production, etc., which also includes visual inspection of substations operating system. In the implementation of the Internet of Things visual inspection application system of the substation, the wireless data collection of the substation is a key part of the entire system. The system needs to use advanced wireless sensing technology, remote data transmission technology, Internet technology and other key technologies of the Internet of Things. Since the patrol inspection of substations in the domestic power system is still dominated by manual patrol inspection, due to the high intensity of the patrol inspection and the harsh operating environment, the work efficiency is insufficient. This article starts from the needs of the Internet of Things- based substation visual inspection application, integrates autonomous robots, sensor fusion technology, visual recognition technology and GPS positioning technology, builds a 24/7, all-round autonomous inspection visualization system, and initially achieves substation autonomy Patrol function. Secondly, it analyzes the principles of the autonomous robot inspection and visualization system, expounds infrared information collection and alarm functions, and analyzes a series of functions from information visualization and recognition to background operations. The research results show that the autonomous robot inspection visualization system can improve the inspection efficiency of the power station by more than 85%, and effectively reduce the strength and risk of workers.

Frontline Science: Kindlin-3 is essential for patrolling and phagocytosis functions of nonclassical monocytes during metastatic cancer surveillance.

Nonclassical monocytes maintain vascular homeostasis by patrolling the vascular endothelium, responding to inflammatory signals, and scavenging cellular debris. Nonclassical monocytes also prevent metastatic tumor cells from seeding new tissues, but whether the patrolling function of nonclassical monocytes is required for this process is unknown. To answer this question, we utilized an inducible-knockout mouse that exhibits loss of the integrin-adaptor protein Kindlin-3 specifically in nonclassical monocytes. We show that Kindlin-3-deficient nonclassical monocytes are unable to patrol the vascular endothelium in either the lungs or periphery. We also find that Kindlin-3-deficient nonclassical monocytes cannot firmly adhere to, and instead "slip" along, the vascular endothelium. Loss of patrolling activity by nonclassical monocytes was phenocopied by ablation of LFA-1, an integrin-binding partner of Kindlin-3. When B16F10 murine melanoma tumor cells were introduced into Kindlin-3-deficient mice, nonclassical monocytes showed defective patrolling towards tumor cells and failure to ingest tumor particles in vivo. Consequently, we observed a significant, 4-fold increase in lung tumor metastases in mice possessing Kindlin-3-deficient nonclassical monocytes. Thus, we conclude that the patrolling function of nonclassical monocytes is mediated by Kindlin-3 and essential for these cells to maintain vascular endothelial homeostasis and prevent tumor metastasis to the lung.

Discussion on Quality Control Mode of Internet + Greening Maintenance

With the rapid increase of the construction volume of our country's landscape industry, the scale of the stock gardens is getting larger and larger. Later gardening maintenance technology needs to be constantly updated, and management modes and methods should be constantly innovated to meet the development needs of the maintenance market. The quality of maintenance and management in the later stage of green space construction is intuitively presented to the viewers through the quality of landscape. Therefore, improving the quality control ability of green space is the most important thing for the rapid development of garden enterprises. This paper combines the Internet with traditional maintenance quality management through Internet thinking, and achieves several important points in quality control, such as planning, traces, inspection, reporting and customer service evaluation, on the Internet management and control platform. Among them, the work plan combined with the maintenance calendar, the climate and soil and other environmental data from all parts of the country can better guide the field work; Maintenance trace record can provide data feedback through pictures, videos, etc.; Patrol function discovers green space problems in time, records data of basic problems of green space and feedback processing; And reporting function can provide customers with more convenient maintenance services. The addition of customer evaluation forms an important closed-loop for staff management and site quality from the perspective of customers. To some extent, this study solved the problems of insufficient quality standards and low efficiency under the traditional maintenance management mode, which accords with people’s service demand for greening maintenance at the present stage, and helps to enhance people’s recognition of greening personnel. With the help of Internet management and control thinking, we can better solve the pain points existing in the development of maintenance enterprises, provide new tools for the better development of maintenance industry, and lay a foundation for the growth of maintenance industry.

Endothelial Alterations in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Rheumatoid Arthritis: Potential Effect of Monocyte Interaction.

Patients with systemic autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are prone to develop atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases five times more often than the general population; this increase in frequency could be partially explained by an increase in the macrovasculature endothelial damage. In these autoimmune diseases, a microvascular endothelial injury has also been reported in different organs and tissues, especially in sites where ultrafiltration processes occur. Different components that are characteristic to the immunopathology of RA and SLE could be involved in the endothelial cell activation, permeability increase, functional alteration, and vascular injury. Circulating immune complexes (IC) detected in SLE and RA have been proposed to participate in the endothelial injury. In the vascular environment, IC can generate different responses that could be mediated by monocytes, because these cells have patrolling and monitoring functions on the endothelium. However, with certain stimuli such as TLR ligands, the monocytes are retained in the lumen, releasing proinflammatory mediators that participate in the endothelial damage. This paper aims to review some aspects about the endothelial activation and dysfunction in the context of SLE and RA, as well as the potential role that monocytes apparently play in this process.

Intravital imaging - dynamic insights into natural killer T cell biology.

Natural killer T (NKT) cells were first recognized more than two decades ago as a separate and distinct lymphocyte lineage that modulates an expansive range of immune responses. As innate immune cells, NKT cells are activated early during inflammation and infection, and can subsequently stimulate or suppress the ensuing immune response. As a result, researchers hope to harness the immunomodulatory properties of NKT cells to treat a variety of diseases. However, many questions still remain unanswered regarding the biology of NKT cells, including how these cells traffic from the thymus to peripheral organs and how they play such contrasting roles in different immune responses and diseases. In this new era of intravital fluorescence microscopy, we are now able to employ this powerful tool to provide quantitative and dynamic insights into NKT cell biology including cellular dynamics, patrolling, and immunoregulatory functions with exquisite resolution. This review will highlight and discuss recent studies that use intravital imaging to understand the spectrum of NKT cell behavior in a variety of animal models.

Transcriptomic Network Support Distinct Roles of Classical and Non-Classical Monocytes in Human

Classical and non-classical monocytes are two well-defined subsets of monocytes displaying distinct roles. They differentially express numerous genes relevant to their primary role. Using five independent transcriptomic microarray datasets, we ruled out several inconsistent genes and identified common genes consistently overexpressed either in classical or non-classical monocytes. One hundred and eight genes were significantly increased in classical monocytes and are involved in bacterial defense, inflammation and atherosclerosis. Whereas the 74 genes overexpressed in non-classical monocytes are involved in cytoskeletal dynamics and invasive properties for enhanced motility and infiltration. These signatures unravel the biological functions of monocyte subsets.HIGHLIGHTSWe compared five transcriptomic GEO datasets of human monocyte subsets.108 genes in classical and 74 genes in non-classical monocytes are upregulated.Upregulated genes in classical monocytes support anti-bacterial and inflammatory responses.Upregulated genes in non-classical monocytes support patrolling and infiltration functions.

Cops as treatment providers: realities and ironies of police work in a foot patrol experiment

Experimental research on policing is inspired by the public health analogy of officers as treatment providers. A randomised violence reduction experiment in Philadelphia recently used foot patrols as place-based interventions in violent city spaces during a hot spots policing experiment, and a 23% reduction in violent crime was observed. This paper reports on field observations of foot patrol officers involved in this experiment, which were designed to capture officers' perceptions of, and experiences with the foot patrol function. While the findings resonate with Bittner's depiction of policing on ‘skid row’, they illuminated the importance of ‘territoriality’ in a place-based intervention. Officers developed extensive local knowledge of their beat areas, which allowed them to draw from a repertoire of techniques to exert spatial control in the management of disorder. The choice of techniques depended in part on officer style, and the ways in which individual police negotiated the tensions between ‘reassurance policing’ and the crime fighting demands of ‘real police work’. Perhaps most importantly, officers felt constrained by the (artificial) parameters of an experiment that did not allow for the incorporation of local knowledge. This research helps to highlight the value of qualitative research for experimental designs, and reinforces the need to acknowledge and integrate officer knowledge in the design of sustainable interventions.

Imaging natural killer T cells in action

Natural killer T (NKT) cells were first recognized more than two decades ago as a distinct lymphocyte lineage that regulates a broad range of immune responses. The activation of NKT cells paradoxically can lead to either suppression or stimulation of immune responses, but despite this uncertainty, many investigators are hopeful that immune therapies can be developed based on NKT cell modulation. To date, the biology of NKT cells is not well characterized and details of their development have only just started to emerge. It remains unclear how NKT cells migrate from the thymus to the peripheral organs and tissues, and in turn play such diverse roles from one type of immune response to another. Despite this, recent advances in intravital microscopy represent a powerful tool for revealing new insights into NKT cellular dynamics, their patrolling and immunoregulatory functions, which could not have been gained by non-microscopy means. Indeed, imaging has revolutionized the way we visualize with exceptional resolution the cells of the immune system. Instead of seeking a comprehensive review of NKT cell biology, this review attempts to highlight some of the recent studies that use in vivo imaging technologies to address NKT cell responses in a variety of animal models.

In Situ Patrolling of Regulatory T Cells Is Essential for Protecting Autoimmune Exocrinopathy

BackgroundMigration of T cells, including regulatory T (Treg) cells, into the secondary lymph organs is critically controlled by chemokines and adhesion molecules. However, the mechanisms by which Treg cells regulate organ-specific autoimmunity via these molecules remain unclear. Although we previously reported autoimmune exocrinopathy resembling Sjögren's syndrome (SS) in the lacrimal and salivary glands from C-C chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7)-deficient mice, it is still unclear whether CCR7 signaling might specifically affect the dynamics and functions of Treg cells in vivo. We therefore investigated the cellular mechanism for suppressive function of Treg cells via CCR7 in autoimmunity using mouse models and human samples.Methods and FindingsPatrolling Treg cells were detected in the exocrine organs such as lacrimal and salivary glands from normal mice that tend to be targets for autoimmunity while the Treg cells were almost undetectable in the exocrine glands of CCR7 −/− mice. In addition, we found the significantly increased retention of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells in the lymph nodes of CCR7 −/− mice with aging. Although Treg cell egress requires sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), chemotactic function to S1P of CCR7−/− Treg cells was impaired compared with that of WT Treg cells. Moreover, the in vivo suppression activity was remarkably diminished in CCR7 −/− Treg cells in the model where Treg cells were co-transferred with CCR7 −/− CD25-CD4+ T cells into Rag2 −/− mice. Finally, confocal analysis showed that CCR7+Treg cells were detectable in normal salivary glands while the number of CCR7+Treg cells was extremely decreased in the tissues from patients with Sjögren's syndrome.ConclusionsThese results indicate that CCR7 essentially governs the patrolling functions of Treg cells by controlling the traffic to the exocrine organs for protecting autoimmunity. Characterization of this cellular mechanism could have clinical implications by supporting development of new diagnosis or treatments for the organ-specific autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome and clarifying how the local immune system regulates autoimmunity.

Urban Patrol Police-Their Role and Functions

Urban Patrol Police-Their Role and Functions

Negotiating order in the policing of youth drinking

PurposeField studies of police behavior have tended to focus on the generalized patrol function in major urban areas. Largely absent from this body of literature are considerations of specialized units, particularly in smaller communities. Studies of police discretion often center on the arrest decision, giving less attention to other aspects of sanctioning discretion. This study seeks to examine how police officers in a mid‐western college community used leniency and coercion to negotiate order in policing the consumption of alcohol by college‐aged youth.Design/methodology/approachField observations and interviews were used to study decision‐making patterns among both general patrol officers and personnel assigned to a specialized unit tasked with patrolling alcohol establishments.FindingsFindings suggested that officers employed leniency in variable patterns, primarily based on duty assignment. At the same time, citizen demeanor was often a key in shaping sanctioning outcomes in alcohol‐enforcement encounters. Within the enforcement unit, interactions between officers and young adults were surprisingly amicable, despite the potential for more contentious relations.Research limitations/implicationsThe use of qualitative methods in a single agency renders the findings exploratory in nature; further inquiry might examine the policing of youth drinking using more systematic means in similar communities.Originality/valueStudy findings contribute to understanding of police discretion by exploring the issue in an under‐studied venue and by contrasting enforcement decisions between officers with different duty assignments.

A uniform approach to order maintenance: can police community support officers step in?

The police service in England and Wales is increasingly focusing upon crime detection with the result that the patrol function, including the vital aspect of order maintenance, is being neglected. This article explores the role of police community safety officers (PCSOs) and argues that it is necessary to equip them with sufficient legal powers to perform this task.

Broken windows, crumpled fenders, and crime

This study uses state-level and city-level data from the U.S. to assess the relationship between the homicide rate and the motor-vehicle fatality rate. The analysis of ecological data for a multiyear period reveals that there is a mild to moderate relationship between homicide rates and traffic-fatality rates. The limitations of ecological data are discussed. The authors argue that law enforcement can play a minor but significant role in determining the level of each type of fatality and that public perception of police activity is important. Police are most visible in their patrol and traffic functions and research suggests that controlling traffic flow has an effect on crime. Alternatively, the traffic equivalent to “broken windows” might be “crumpled fenders.” Lack of enforcement may send a signal to residents that police are absent or uncaring, leading not only to a disregard of the traffic safety rules and to higher accident rates but also to higher rates of crime in the community generally, as reflected through the homicide statistics.

Operations research and computers in law enforcement: Some case studies of american police experience

The application of Operations Research and Systems Analysis to Law Enforcement was encouraged by the President's Crime Commission in 1967. Since then there have been a number of projects. This paper describes operations research activities in Chicago and Washington, D.C. which are illustrative of the kinds of opportunities that exist in Law Enforcement. Applicable objectives and measures of effectiveness are discussed along with some of the results of a systems analysis of the Chicago Police Department that yielded in 1969 a program budget; insight on the police response function (including forecasting demands for service) and on the prevention patrol function of the police, and tactical studies of response and prevention patrol. The problem of total manpower resource allocation is discussed from various police-community standpoints. Although there are some pitfalls for the OR analyst in Law Enforcement applications, the Law Enforcement problems are sufficiently amenable to OR and Computer sciences techniques that a bright prognosis for the future of OR is made.

Training Police Recruits for Service in the Urban Ghetto

This article describes a social worker's experience in training a group of police recruits for the police department of a large eastern city. The group reflected a departmental recruitment policy directed toward both attracting personnel from outside the area and increasing the number of black officers on the force. The paper explores the implications of such recruitment for trainers and describes the author's efforts to operationalize them. Emphasis was placed both on the acculturation needs of officers recruited outside the local community and on the inter nal conflicts of the recruits (mostly black) from the city itself. With juvenile delinquency as its focus, training was directed primarily toward helping the men discover, identify, and practice appropriate patrol skills in dealing with juveniles. The trainer sought to encourage a more comprehensive view by introducing them to other components of the criminal justice system. Training methods were participative, concrete, experience- based, colloquial, and action-oriented; they including role-plays, field visits, buzz groups, a "ghetto glossary," outside interviews, and feedback, as well as lectures and readings. The dynamics of several of the approaches in this group are described and dis cussed. Recruits' feelings about their role, the department, and the community emerged vividly; of particular importance were the varied adjustments of black recruits to the opposing pulls of the ghetto and police cultures. Although the police system is not altogether sympathetic to ideal patrol functions, policemen will continue to require effec tive training in the exercise of the wide discretion inherent in their role.