Patriarchal Research Articles

La privazione della propria individualità: analisi sugli sviluppi della legge sul singolo patronimico per le coppie sposate in Giappone

The article examines Japan’s legal requirement for married couples to adopt a single surname, focusing on its impact on gender discrimination and individual identity. Predominantly affecting women, with 95% adopting their husband’s surname, this practice is rooted in the patriarchal ie system and continues to emphasize family unity under one name, significantly impacting women’s identities. Despite reforms aimed at gender equality, the single surname requirement persists, perpetuating discrimination by compelling women to relinquish their surnames, which hold significant personal and social value. International law, particularly the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), has been critical in pressuring the Japanese government to align national laws with international standards and empowering civil society to push for changes. The article also explores the role of strategic litigation in fostering social change.

The RETURN OF THE MOTHER-FIGURE IN CARSON MCCULLERS’ "THE BALLAD OF THE SAD CAFÉ"

Carson McCullers’ The Ballad of the Sad Café is a mysterious novella depicting the clash between masculinity and femininity and their strife for dominance in a southern patriarchal society. In the midst of this quarrel, the arrival of the effeminate Cousin Lymon to the town marks the emergence of a new atmosphere. Since the Ballad is similar to many American literary works which delineate the father-figure as either absent or weak, and with reference to Gilles Deleuze’s vitalist-inspired philosophy, this article aims to argue that the arrival of Lymon to the town is reminiscent of the return of the mother-figure, which entails creativity and birth. With Lymon’s becoming-woman, an immense change pervades the town and Miss Amelia’s café; however, as the society of brothers is always under the threat of the return on the part of the father figure, with Marvin Macy’s return from the penitentiary, a block of becoming barricades any further flourish of brotherhood, and sanguinity gives its place to annihilation. Here, once the banner of becoming-woman, Lymon grabs this opportunity to conspire with the father-figure in order to break the fixity of the café and guarantee his nomadic flow.

Connotation and Value: The Images of China through the Works of Chinese-American Writer Maxine Hong Kingston in a Cross-Cultural Context

The Woman Warrior, China Men and Tripmaster Monkey, three representative works written by contemporary Chinese-American writer Maxine Hong Kingston, are compatible with the historical tradition, value and spiritual pursuit of different culture of China and the United States. These masterpieces have established the author’s status in the American literary world. The author looks at traditional Chinese culture from the perspective of American culture, and at the same time deeply reflects on the conflict and integration of Chinese and American cultures in the Chinese community, and runs her perception and imagination of the two culture through her works. The works portray rich images of China, including the patriarchal society, the magical and spectral society, fictional “utopia” society, which show the survival situation of Chinese-American people, and then trigger the reflection on the construction of images of China in Chinese-American literature.

Act Like a Woman, Play Like a Man: Manhood Acts and the Gendered and Racialized Organization of Online Professional Streamers

Professional gaming is a billion-dollar industry with some earning incomes comparable to those of popular athletes and entertainers. The rapid rise of professional gaming owes its success to the advent of Twitch.tv, a video streaming platform that enables streamers to broadcast a live feed of their gameplay while interacting with fans. While white men have mostly dominated this arena, white women and people of color are beginning to rise in the ranks of professional streaming. In this article, we examine how online platforms like Twitch represent a new type of workplace that is organized around geek masculinity and manhood acts, establishing and perpetuating hierarchies of masculine dominance and white privilege. Analyzing interaction patterns of streamers and their viewers via publicly available text and video data, we find that men streamers and their audiences create a hostile work environment for white women and people of color online in three ways. First, gendered communication patterns of streamers uphold the gender hierarchy. Second, communication patterns of the audience rely on racialized manhood acts that put women in their “place” and perpetuate white supremacy through racialized stereotypes. Finally, manhood acts based on sexual harassment towards women, including racial epithets, signal male dominance and the dominance of white culture. These virtual manhood acts perpetuate an organizational structure of sexism and racism that establishes a hierarchical workplace, placing white men “geeks” at the top and reinforcing gender and racial inequalities in the workplace.

Invisible and Replaced: The Female Ghost Workers in the History of Information Technology From the Perspective of Media Archaeology

Drawing on Marxist feminism, this article provides general literature analyses and conducts interviews of Chinese participants to explore woman's historical roles as telephone operators, punched card operators, and artificial intelligence (AI) trainers. This article highlights women's significant but marginalized technical labor across different stages of technological revolutions. It examines how patriarchal and capitalist systems confine women to low-end technical roles, perpetuating their invisibility and vulnerability to technological unemployment. In the end, the study advocates that the state should intervene into platform capitalism and promote gender equity through technical education and long-term opportunities.

Assessing Challenges and Sources of Dissatisfaction among Accredited Social Health Activists Employees

Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) are integral to India’s healthcare system, particularly in rural and underserved areas like those in district Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh. They serve as community health workers who facilitate access to essential health services, but their roles often place them in vulnerable positions. Operating within patriarchal societies and situated at the lower levels of the healthcare hierarchy, ASHAs are prone to various forms of violence and harassment. Despite their crucial role, there is limited understanding of the specific challenges they face, particularly regarding harassment in their work environment. This study aims to identify the key challenges encountered by ASHA workers in the Aligarh district of Uttar Pradesh and sources of dissatisfaction faced by ASHAs. A cross-sectional survey was conducted involving a representative sample 150 of ASHAs across several blocks of in Aligarh of Uttar Pradesh. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The survey addressed various aspects, including working conditions, support from healthcare systems, remuneration, training, and community relations. In a study of 150 ASHA workers, key challenges include delays in incentives (70%), excessive workload (92%), and unsatisfactory training (71.3%). Many faces harsh working conditions (73.3%), harassment (95.3%), and high stress (89.3%). Issues like inadequate facilities (97%) and transportation difficulties (90.6%) further impact their performance and well-being. This study evaluates ASHA workers’ duties, challenges, and well-being. Despite their critical role, they face financial instability, inadequate facilities, harsh conditions, and harassment, including from hospital staff. Long travel, stigma, and social discrimination further impact their effectiveness and morale, emphasizing the need for better support and protective measures.

History and Evolution of the Folk Tale Genre Through the Prism of Reflection of the World of the People

A fairy tale, as one of the folklore genres, is a traditionally orally transmitted work of an artistic nature. She is influenced by a general oral-poetic character, which will determine the collectiv of the author's beginning, the traditionality of the artistic components of the narrative, the typification of all the characters represented in the dynamics of action, and not the dynamics of the psychological development of the image. The «setting on fiction», which is realized in the fantastic elements of the narrative and the displacement of the image plan to the unreal, became specific to the genre itself; the individual inclusion of the author-creator in the selection of those compositional and artistic techniques and methods that are personally sympathetic to him. The amount of fiction in fairy tales depends on the degree of remoteness from reality, which leads to genre differentiation into fairy tales, household and tales of animals. The article proceeds from the fact that the problem of reflecting the popular understanding of the surrounding world in a folk tale still exists in literary studies, and also requires a comprehensive interpretation of textual material. The aspect of social life is reflected in household tales, demonstrating the views of the people on class stratification. The plots are based on the extreme sharpening of conflict situations, exposing the parasitism of the clergy, the exploitative attitude of the nobility in generalized images. In the second type, there are intersperses of household traditions, wedding customs, as well as relationships within the patriarchal family and contradictions in it. Based on the fact that the history of the appearance of fairy tales as a folklore genre originates from mythological views of the world, it becomes possible to create tales of animals. They bear historical evidence of the prevailing totemic and the further decline of mythological consciousness, which reduces the sacred image to an allegorical representation of human character. The fairy tale captures the reinterpretation of rituals unnatural to the folk worldview, reveals the idea of dividing reality into the afterlife and the world of the living.

‘What they owe to their children’: Edmund Burke on parental love and liberty

ABSTRACT This is the first article to investigate the role of parental affection in Edmund Burke’s political thought. It challenges the widely held view that Burke defended patriarchal authority in reaction to egalitarian ideas of the family advanced by the French Revolution. Burke, himself a devoted father, believed that civil liberty depended upon parental rights and responsibilities. Long before the revolution began, he warned against a contemporary fascination with Spartan ideas of parental indifference in the Annual Register – ideas that the National Assembly in France appeared, in his view, to be implementing in their reforms to family law. From Burke’s perspective, the revolutionaries in France were interfering in the relationships between parents and their children in order to make way for an all-encompassing devotion to the state. Burke warned that by undermining parental love and duty, the revolutionaries in France were not only instituting a new tyrannical regime but also destroying the very foundation of humanity.

INEFICÁCIA DAS MEDIDAS PROTETIVAS NOS CRIMES DE FEMINICÍDIO

Gender inequality, the patriarchal system, and the submission of women—these are the perfect representation of why so many women are still being killed in our country. The country has made progress in legislation on this issue but has yet to establish effective mechanisms to eliminate inequality between men and women, which would consequently break the cycle of violence, still seen as a means of controlling relationships. The system's reluctance to acknowledge the lack of practical measures to curb violence causes many women to remain trapped by their partners, clinging to the excuse that "it was just a slap, he’s not a bad person."

“Being a woman in the men’s game, it’s brutal”: a longitudinal photo-elicitation exploration of a woman football coach’s well-being

Historically within UK professional football environments, women’s coaching representation has been low, irrespective of gender participation. The involvement of women coaches in the context of men’s football has been contested due to dominant hegemonic masculinity. For the limited number of women coaches in the men’s game, there is a need for deeper contextual understanding of how organizational dynamics and minority status intersect to shape well-being. An auto-driven photo-elicitation was employed to explore a woman coach’s well-being experiences longitudinally over a season whilst working in a men’s professional football club. Bioecological theory was utilized as a theoretical lens to enrich participant interpretations and sensemaking, and longitudinal interpretative phenomenological analysis (LIPA) was implemented to analyze interview data at four time points. Four experiential themes were created “I can’t hide that I am a woman, so it is gonna be different for me,” “I don’t really know which direction to go in,” “I’m trying to get the balance between professional and personal life,” and “If I’m not coaching, what am I?.” Our findings illuminated that the woman coach excessively worked to progress their career in the men’s side of the game, which had deleterious consequences for well-being (e.g., neglecting wider aspects of life). Being an authentic self and seeking a third space away from work and home-life commitments were perceived as therapeutic for well-being. Well-being sensemaking was enriched by utilizing an auto-driven photo-elicitation approach. Our work acts as a springboard for future work to creatively explore well-being within varying sports coaching contexts.

Women and Nature in the Movie, "Black November"

Issues about people’s natural environment have undeniably become an integral part of human existence. In this regard, a lot of literary scholars and social critics have unrelentingly written on how to curtail or end the numerous environmental degradations. Despite many studies conducted on environmental concerns in Nigerian literature, only little attention has been given to how Nollywood movies contribute to this cause. Using Jeta Amata’s film, Black November—an outstanding film with environmental underpinnings—this paper argues that there is a gender trajectory to the environmental issues in Nigerian literature. Specifically, in Black November. We find that women possess an innate ingenious heroism, which upstages the notion that the Niger Delta struggle was carried out by men alone. Drawing on an ecofeminist theoretical approach, this essay further explores the affinity between man’s domination of nature and the patriarchal domination of women. Considering the various resilient attributes of women in the movie towards a sustainable environment, the study concludes that women could contribute immensely towards curbing environmental issues if patriarchal authorities would give them more latitude to do so.

Patriarchy Driven Invisible Exploitation Among Putting Out System Women Workers in Moslem Democracy Country

Most workers in the Putting-out System (POS) are dominated by women who come from poor families, are married and have children, have low education and do not have skills who work because of family economic pressures. This homework is informal work that is vulnerable to exploitation by not getting decent wages, long working hours, and not getting social protection such as work accident insurance and insecure job status. The Indonesian Home Workers Network (Jaringan Pekerja Rumahan Indonesia/JPRI) is an organization that accommodates homeworkers to carry out social movements to obtain decent work. However, the involvement of female homeworkers in this movement is still very low. This study aims to describe how female workers are increasingly exploited because they are not considered worthy of their rights as workers and how the patriarchal system perpetuates this exploitation by placing women in the domestic sphere and examines JPRI efforts to raise this issue by utilizing social movements. This study is a descriptive study with a qualitative feminist approach. The selection of informants was carried out by snowballing method to members of JPRI and the Trade Union Rights Center (TURC) as an NGO accompanying JPRI. The results of the study show that female homeworkers’ choice of jobs reflects invisible exploitation based on gender discrimination and this is reinforced by the dominance of men over women through a patriarchal system that is perpetuated through the institutions of family, economic and nation. The study recommends that at the macro level, the government needs to recognize the existence of home workers by making regulations related to home workers so that their problems are exposed. Meanwhile, at the micro level, JPRI needs to continuously build awareness among female home workers that they are also real workers by taking individual and group approaches.

Balibe Mountain Stone Worker Women: Innovation in Science and Technology of Mining Waste Crafts to Improve the Welfare of Bonder Village, West Praya District

The development and progress of the world towards the end of the 21st century has raised the issue of gender. This issue of gender has become a debate among many circles. Gender is a term used to describe the distinction between men and women. In a society that adheres to a patriarchal system, the economic function of the family is played by the husband as the head of the household, while the existence of a woman is identical to domestic work in the household. The pressure of economic needs is a real challenge that must be addressed by the family, including encouraging the role of women to help with the economic function of the household. When women work outside the home, especially as stone breakers, there is a shift in roles and functions that are certainly inherent in the understanding of women as part of their self-existence. Women stone breakers who work around the Balibe rock mountain are a group of women housewives who are poorly educated and have no skills. Economic pressure is the main reason they become stone breakers. This community service activity aims to provide innovation and education to groups of women farm workers in improving soft skills to improve quality, through counseling and training. The location of the community service activity is in Bonder Village, Praya Barat District, Central Lombok Regency-NTB. With partners of the Balibe stone labor group totaling 15 people. This activity is strongly supported by partners and all communities at the research location. The involvement of partners in this activity is in the training activities for making handicrafts from mining waste, partners collect stones that are unique in shape and can be formed as basic materials for making crafts. There are several crafts made, namely frames, flower vases, bamboo gazebos. In this activity, the equipment provided is in the form of stone-breaking business equipment including hammers, protective glasses, gloves, hammers and Japanese hats

Феміністичні аспекти життєпису Елізи Ожешко та Олени Пчілки

The purpose of the publication is to determine the origins of feminist views based on specific facts from the biographies of Ukrainian Olena Pchilka and Polish Eliza Orzeszkowa. The results. In the 19th century, views on the role and place of women in family and society began to change radically. It is outlined that these changes start with family upbringing, which, according to both writers, plays a crucial role in preparing girls for adult life, laying the foundation for the realization of their personal needs and desires, and developing a clear civic position. An important role in this process is assigned to the mother, who should contribute to teaching her daughter not only good manners, crafts, singing, and dancing but also to cultivate a love for the native language and respectful attitude towards folk traditions. It is clarified that in the family of the Dragomanovs, the role of women and mothers went beyond the traditional boundaries of patriarchal society. Olena Pchilka is a vivid example of a new woman-mother, a woman-citizen. It is determined that the lack of understanding with her mother prompted Eliza Orzeszkowa to pay much attention to family issues and its role in shaping the next generations of Poles, giving rise to the conviction that the fate and future of the nation are in the mothers’ hands. A woman-mother should not forget that having a family is not just a privilege, but above all a duty. On her shoulders lies the burden of raising the next generations, and therefore, the responsibility for the fate of future Poland. It is noted that for the full fulfilment of these functions, women lack appropriate education, knowledge in solving household problems, and financial independence since women cannot realize themselves in many professions. The conclusions emphasize that the personal life experience of Olena Pchilka and Eliza Orzeszkowa influenced the formation of feminist views in them, which undermined patriarchal notions of women and their purpose.

(Не)стереотипи любові: «Світова річ» Олени Пчілки у XXI столітті

The article presents the peculiarities of constructing the image of love in Olena Pchilka's comedy “The World Thing” given the modernization of Ukrainian society at the end of the 19th century. Poetological, gender, and feminist-critical methods and a modelling approach were used to implement the research. Intelligence about a woman's place in society and marriage at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century proved to be helpful for the identification of artistic models of the image of love since at that time the vector of a girl's upbringing was strictly limited to her future social roles inherent in her gender. It was established that three models of the image of love are implemented in the play – traditional mesalliance, romanticized adultery, and modern marriage for love. The system of characters is quite heterogeneous since the author depicts protagonists with opposite views on relationships and marriage. The views traditional at that time are embodied in the more mature characters of Krasovska, Marya, Zaychevska, Pavluschenko, and Bogush. Marriage as a business contract and a woman as a commodity are common characteristics of “love” relationships rooted in the thinking of the older generation. While young people prefer marriage over love, this is exactly the position advocated by Holub and Sasha, in whom Olena Pchilka embodies the features of the modernized future. The basis of the first model of the image of love is the unrealized marriage of Pavlushchenko with Sasha, the motives of which lie in the preservation of the Krasovska family estate. Yakiv Stepanovych is a typical representative of a patriarchal society that considers his wife as property. Using a comic effect, the playwright portrays Pavluschenko's true character – an “educated” character with conservative views on marriage, from time to time diversifying the husband's speech with expressive mistakes and rude addresses to his chosen one. Romanticized adultery is the second artistic model of the image of love, which is realized through the relationship of Alexandra and Victor, in the image of which the features of a typical hero-lover, a seducer, with distinct features of a trickster, can be traced. The “innovative” views of Tamalii debunk the permanence of the institution of marriage, and provoke non-acceptance on the part of Alexandra, due to which their relationship is short-lived. The cornerstone of the third is the background and at the same time cross-cutting relations between Sasha and Golub, which represent a shift in emphasis in the value system – the leveling of the material and the elevation of the spiritual. The feeling of needing each other occurs only after a long separation and is accompanied by certain deviations in usual behavior. A particularly expressive artistic technique in the play is the identification of a wedding with death – the parallelism and representation of the ritual as a transition reinforce the absurdity of the outdated traditional arranged marriage, thus emphasizing the need to rethink the value system. We see the prospects of continuing studies of Olena Pchilka's work, in particular dramaturgy, in the possibility of including it in the context of early Ukrainian feminism.

Social determinants of the mental health of pregnant women in Nepal: Stakeholder perspectives.

Women during pregnancy are at a greater risk of experiencing poor mental health, which is one of the major global public health issues, and more so in many developing countries like Nepal, but limited evidence of research on this topic is evident. In this paper, we are focused on exploring the social determinants of the mental health of pregnant women in Nepal from the stakeholder perspectives. This paper utilises eight stakeholder perspectives collected through open-ended in-depth interviews. All the interviews were analysed thematically using an inductive approach. This paper presents three major findings: Inadequate social support, Limited availability and accessibility of maternal health services, and Restricted socioeconomic and cultural context. The inadequate social support from family/relatives, neighbours, community and national policies such as maternity leave, alongside the absence of NGOs/INGOs support, put women at risk of poor mental health. In addition to the inadequate support, limited availability and accessibility of maternal health services potentially cause immense distress among pregnant women. Furthermore, in the context of a patriarchal society, the impact of socioeconomic and cultural context on pregnant women's mental health is also presented as a major determinant of poor mental health among pregnant women. Based on the findings, we conclude that pregnant women are at risk of poor mental health experiences in Nepal and recommend that promoting mental health among pregnant women needs a multifaceted approach that should be considered in all the policies and practices involved in promoting the mental health of pregnant women.

Women’s Empowerment and Health: A Narrative Review

Empowerment, the process by which a person is enabled to increase control over decisions concerning their life, is a multidimensional construct that has been extensively discussed by various disciplines for more than four decades. Several empowerment models have been presented, based on different approaches. This paper proposes a four-step model, based on individual and contextual awareness and advancement. Disparate factors may positively or negatively affect empowerment, including gender, race, culture, education, financial autonomy, socioeconomic status, family, neighborhood, religion, social cohesion, civic society, and political context. Empowerment has been extensively discussed in parallel with health promotion, since it is expected to positively affect health, both on the level of the individual and community, as well as in the context of the patient–healthcare professional relationship. Considering the position of women in patriarchal societies, where women may experience feelings of powerlessness, their social position and more importantly health may be adversely affected. Gender biases that were developed due to the marginalized position of women in different societies, coupled with paternalistic approaches of healthcare professionals, may significantly contribute to higher comorbidity, albeit longer life expectancy for women. Empowerment can therefore be a powerful tool for achieving equity in health and improving women’s well-being.

Female Literacy and Crime Against Women in India: Complex Trajectories and Correlations

ABSTRACTGender equality remains a recurrent goal of governments across the world, yet discrimination and abuse continue to impede the progress of women. Within India's patriarchal society, women continue to be viewed through a stereotypical lens. Despite greater focus on female literacy and enactment of legislations that seek to protect women's rights, the safety of women from crime remains tenuous. This research explores trajectories of female literacy and crimes against women (CAW) in India to find possible correlations. Data from the Ministry of Statistics, the National Crime Record Bureau, National Census records and official sample surveys were obtained from government databases. Further, bivariate regression analysis was used to validate the hypothesis. The results indicate a clear correlation between female literacy and CAW, although other factors may be considered to explain certain anomalies.

<명주보월빙> 연작에 나타난 우부형(愚婦型) 인물의 양상과 의미* -‘연군주’와 ‘연희벽’ 숙질(叔姪)을 중심으로-

This study explores the portrayal and narrative significance of the “foolish wife” (愚婦型) character type in the Myeongju Bowolbing(明珠寶月聘) series, a classic Korean novel from the late Joseon Dynasty. The series repeatedly presents this character type through the figures of Yeon Princess and Yeon Hui-byeok. In the first part, Myeongju Bowolbing, the focus is on the marriage between Ha Won-gwang and Yeon Princess, while the second part, Yunhajeong Sammun Chuirok(尹河鄭三門聚錄), examines the marriage between Ha Mong-seong and Yeon Hui-byeok. The narrative, which shows two generations of prominent male heirs marrying “foolish wives,” adds complexity and illustrates the evolution of this character type throughout the series. In the series, Yeon Princess holds the status of a “secondary wife,” while Yeon Hui-byeok occupies the role of the “primary wife,” leading to different outcomes of acceptance and exclusion. This reflects the conservative and discriminatory attitudes toward the roles of primary and secondary wives. Despite her foolishness, Yeon Princess is accepted into the family due to her love and obedience toward her husband. In contrast, Yeon Hui-byeok, lacking the qualities expected of a primary wife and consistently challenging her husband’s authority, experiences ongoing conflict and eventually dies of postpartum illness. Her death symbolizes how women who fail to meet the expectations of a primary wife and Matron of the household are excluded and erased in a patriarchal society, while also illustrating the differential expectations of primary and secondary wives in late Joseon society. Moreover, unlike other works such as Yussi Samdaerok(劉氏三代錄) and Imssi Samdaerok(林氏三代錄), which depict foolish wives from humble backgrounds, Myeongju Bowolbing portrays foolish wives from prestigious families, offering a more nuanced interpretation. The series also demonstrates narrative expansion and variation across its two parts. Through its depiction of the “foolish wife,” Myeongju Bowolbing reveals diverse character portrayals and new narrative possibilities, while also reflecting the values and consciousness of its readers from that era.

Breaking the Magic Spell of the Feminine Fairy Tales Through Subversion: Angela Carter’s Wolf Trilogy

This study, analyzing Angela Carter’s three fairy tales: “The Werewolf”, “The Company of Wolves”, and “Wolf-Alice” comparatively with Perrault’s and Grimms’ versions of “Little Red Riding Hood”, aims to show Carter’s subversion of Perrault’s and Grimms’ versions. It presents different reasons why fairy tales have been changed and rewritten over years. Afterwards, dwelling on the motives behind the urge of the feminist writers to create revisions of the classical fairy tales, it specifically displays how and why Carter altered the classical fairy tales, interestingly drawing on an earlier version while rewriting her own versions. Thus, it concludes that Carter, with her revisions of the fairy tales, wanted to break up with the norms of the patriarchal society reflected in Perrault’s and Grimms’ versions, and she desired to subvert the idealized and coded gender roles. All these points contribute to the originality of the study. Key Words: Fairy Tales, Perrault, Grimms, Angela Carter, revisions of fairy tales, subversion