Senile Cataract Patients Research Articles

A Cataract Surgery in A Camp Patient; A Study on Visual Outcomes

Cataract is the leading cause of blindness and visual impairment among cataract patient globally including in Libya. Phacoemulsification is a commonly performed procedure to improve visual outcome among senile cataract patients because of its advantages compared to other techniques. This study was aimed to determine visual outcome improvement after phacoemulsification among cataract patient. A descriptive study was carried out among cataract patients who underwent phacoemulsification procedure. A total number of 100 operated eyes were followed-up to obtain their postoperative visual acuity (VA) and complications. There were significant improvements of VA resulting in an increase in the number of patients with good vision (normal to mild visual impairment) to 86% after phacoemulsification procedure. There was also low rate of postoperative complications. High quality cataract surgery with a low rate of intra-operative complications and good visual outcome can be attained in camp patients operated in the base hospitals, thus justifying more similar screening camps to clear the vast cataract backlog.

Comparison of SRK/T with Kane formula for prediction of refractive outcome after phacoemulsification: Insights from a South Asian patient group

BackgroundPhacoemulsification stands as the most commonly conducted ocular procedure. Biometry represents an art with numerous generations of formulas introduced to enhance refractive prediction accuracy. The Sanders Retzlaff Kraff theoretical (SRK/T), a third-generation formula that merges linear regression and a theoretical eye model, and the Kane formula, a fourth-generation formula incorporating theoretical optics, regression, and artificial intelligence, embody our focal points. Our aim is to compare post-operative refractive outcomes utilizing SRK/T and Kane formulae for calculating intraocular lens (IOL) power in senile cataract patients undergoing phacoemulsification featuring a hydrophilic acrylic, monofocal IOL. MethodsThis prospective, interventional institutional study engaged 70 patients, totaling 74 eyes. They were categorized into two groups: Group A employed the SRK/T for IOL power calculation, while Group B used the Kane formula. Quantel Medical® A-scan biometer was employed. A comparison was drawn between both formulae in terms of mean absolute error (MAE) and median absolute error (MedAE), with the utilization of IBM SPSS 20 and a significance level of p < 0.05. ResultsThe MAE for the SRK/T and Kane formulae stood at 0.18 ± 0.82 D and 0.24 ± 0.94 D, respectively, while the MedAE recorded values of 0.16 D and 0.155 D, correspondingly (p < 0.05). ConclusionWithin this South Asian cohort of senile cataract patients, the SRK/T formula demonstrated a marginally improved refractive outcome, evidenced by a reduced mean absolute error.

Clinical study on the influence of phacoemulsification on retinal structure of senile cataract based on data mining.

With the improvement of the level of science and technology, diagnosis and treatment technology of ophthalmology has continuously improved, especially with the rise of optical coherence tomography. Alternative methods have enabled clinicians to obtain more information and make greater breakthroughs in the occurrence and development of many ophthalmic diseases. To investigate changes in retinal structure in the macular area of senile diabetic cataract patients undergoing cataract phacoemulsification. This was a prospective cohort study. A total of 68 cataract patients (78 eyes) who voluntarily received phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation in the Department of Ophthalmology of our hospital from December 2018 to December 2021 were selected. They were divided into A (diabetic) and B (non-diabetic) according to whether they were complicated with diabetes. There were 24 cases (28 eyes) in A and 44 cases (50 eyes) in B. Cataract patients were collected before and after surgery. Day, 1 week, and 1 month, data on the average thickness of the fovea retina and thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer around the optic disc (average thickness, nasal thickness, topic side thickness, upper thickness, and lower thickness) were statistically analyzed analyze. The average retinal thickness of the macular fovea in Group A was found to be greater than that of Group B, however, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. At week one and week thirty, Group A's layer of retinal nerve fibers surrounding the optic disc thickened; there was no discernible difference between the two groups. One week and one month following surgery, however, showed a one-week difference in upper thickness compared to preoperative days. There was no discernible change between the preoperative and 1-day times. Both diabetic cataract patients and simple age-related cataract patients will have different degrees of increased foveal retinal thickness after surgery. However, the foveal retinal thickness of patients with diabetes increases more.

Robust Analysis of the Influencing Factors for Hospitalization Costs of Senile Cataracts Patients in Chengdu Considering Different Types of Insurance

Chengdu is one of the earliest pilot cities for urban-rural basic medical insurance integration in China. This study aimed to analyze the influencing factors of hospitalization costs of senile cataract in a tertiary hospital in Chengdu by robust method, especially considering the influence of medical insurance type. A total of 1310 discharged patients from a tertiary hospital from January 2020 to June 2021 who were mainly diagnosed with senile cataracts were selected as the research subjects. Kruskal-Wallis H test and Spearman correlation analysis are used to conduct univariate statistical analysis. The robust multivariate linear regression model and a semi-parametric multivariate regression model are established to obtain the influencing factors for their hospitalization costs. The robust multivariate regression model results show that reimbursement ratio, number of surgeries, type of medical insurance, hospitalization days, number of additional diagnoses and material proportion have significant correlations with the response variable, i.e. total hospitalization costs of the senile cataract patients. In the robust multivariate regression analysis, the type of insurance is significantly associated with the hospitalization costs. Fixing other variables, the hospitalization costs of patients with UEBMI insurance were 7.6% higher than those with URRBMI insurance. Generalized additive model (GAM) can express the nonlinear relationship between explanatory variables and response variable. Because of the nonlinear part of the GAM, the interpretation and description of the model can provide more knowledge than the linear models. In the GAM model, the type of insurance is also significantly related to the total costs. According to the regression effects of reimbursement ratio, number of surgeries, type of medical insurance, hospitalization days, number of additional diagnoses and material proportion on total costs, the paper aims to provide some references for promoting the reform of the local medical system and improving the eye health status and quality of life of middle-aged and elderly groups.

Study of Serum Sodium and Potassium Levels in Senile Cataract Patients Versus Normal Controls at Tertiary Center

Aims: Senile cataract is a common eye condition that affects many older people and can lead to blindness if not treated. It is caused by the gradual thickening of the lens of the eye, which reduces the clarity of vision. One of the factors that may contribute to the development of senile cataract is the imbalance of serum electrolytes, which are minerals that help regulate the fluid balance in the body.&#x0D; Study Design: Hospital based prospective cross-sectional study.&#x0D; Methodology: The aim of this study was to compare the levels of serum sodium and potassium in senile cataract patients and healthy controls. The study involved 200 participants aged 50 to 80 years, 100 of whom had senile cataract and 100 of whom did not. The levels of serum electrolytes were measured using standard laboratory methods.&#x0D; Results: Senile cataract patients had significantly higher levels of serum sodium and potassium than healthy controls, while there was no significant difference in serum potassium levels between the two groups.&#x0D; Conclusion: The high levels of serum sodium and potassium may affect the concentration of these electrolytes in the aqueous humor, which is the fluid that fills the eye. This may overwhelm the ability of the lens to regulate its volume and lead to lens opacities. Therefore, serum sodium and potassium levels may be useful indicators of senile cataract risk. The study also suggested that reducing salt intake may help prevent or delay the onset of senile cataract.

Topical and subconjunctival anesthesia versus topical anesthesia alone in patients with senile cataracts undergoing phacoemulsification: a double-blind randomized controlled trial

BackgroundThis study compared topical anesthesia to a combination of topical anesthesia and subconjunctival anesthesia for phacoemulsification.MethodsThis double-blinded parallel placebo-controlled randomized trial involved senile cataract patients scheduled for phacoemulsification between May and December 2022. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either topical anesthesia with 0.5% tetracaine hydrochloride and subconjunctival balanced salt solution injection (Control group) or topical anesthesia and subconjunctival injection with 2% lidocaine (Lidocaine group). Baseline parameters, cataract grades, and various outcomes were recorded, including pain scores at specific time points, patient cooperation scores, requests for additional anesthesia, and complications. Statistical methods included Fisher’s exact test, the t-test, ordinal logistic regression, and linear regression with robust standard errors.ResultsIn total, 176 patients were included in the study after excluding 33 patients. A significant reduction in immediate postoperative pain was achieved in the Lidocaine group (p < 0.001) and was maintained for 2 h (p = 0.011). Additionally, better cooperation was observed in this group (p = 0.038). However, patients in the Lidocaine group experienced more pain during the subconjunctival injection (p = 0.001) and a significant increase in subconjunctival hemorrhage related to the injection (p < 0.001). Despite this, the rates of surgical complications were comparable between the groups, and all phacoemulsification procedures were successfully completed using the assigned anesthetic technique.ConclusionsThe addition of subconjunctival lidocaine injection to topical anesthesia reduced postoperative pain and improved patient cooperation during phacoemulsification. However, the lidocaine injection was painful, and it carried a higher risk of spontaneous-relief subconjunctival hemorrhage.Trial registrationTrial Registration Number: TCTR20220804003, date of registration August 4, 2022, retrospectively registered.

Aqueous Extract Analysis of Lens Epithelial Cells: Unraveling the Link between Oxidative DNA Damage and Malondialdehyde in Senile Cataract

Background and Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine the level of oxidative stress in people with cataracts, based on previous studies that indicated its role in causing DNA damage and cataract formation. The study also sought to determine the correlation between the degree of DNA damage and the concentration of malondialdehyde, a marker of lipid peroxidation, in patients with senile cataracts. Methods: The study involved 30 senile cataract patients aged 50-80 years and 12 cadaveric donors of corneal tissue who died in road accidents. They were selected from the ophthalmology ward of Acharya Vinoba Bhave Hospital. The aim was to measure DNA damage in human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) by Comet assay and malondialdehyde levels in the aqueous extract of HLECs. Results: The study found that the oxidative DNA damage level of human lens epithelial cells is not correlated with the malondialdehyde levels in the aqueous extract of HLECs in senile cataract patients. Conclusions: The study did not support the hypothesis that oxidative stress is a major factor in the development of cataracts. The results suggest that other mechanisms, such as genetic factors, environmental factors may be more relevant in the pathogenesis of cataracts.

Visual Outcomes of Phacoemulsification in Senile Cataract Patients in Purworejo Indonesia

Purpose: There was still limited study about the success rate of phacoemulsification in Indonesia, although it has been widely used. This study aimed to assess the visual acuity based on the characteristics of patients with senile cataract who underwent phacoemulsification. Study Design: Descriptive observational. Place and Duration of Study: Panti Waluyo Hospital, Purworejo from January to November 2019. Methods: This included 58 senile cataract patients (70 eyes) who underwent phacoemulsification. Basic patient characteristics such as: age, gender, cataract stages, comorbidity and pre- and postoperative visual acuity were taken from medical records. The visual acuity was measured pre-and postoperatively using Snellen Chart. The data were analyzed using a descriptive analysis method. Results: There were 23 men and 35 women who underwent phacoemulsification during the study period. Seventy six percent were 60 – 74 years old. Eighty percent had immature cataract. Half of the patients did not have any comorbidity of diabetes mellitus or hypertension. There were 45 (64.3%) eyes with moderate to severe visual impairment (vision 6/18 – ≥ 3/60) and 25 (35.7%) eyes with blindness (vision &lt; 3/60). The postoperative vision of 57 eyes (81.4%) improved to a good outcome. Thirteen eyes (18.6%) were categorized as borderline outcome. No eyes were reported to have poor outcome post-surgery. Conclusion: The postoperative visual acuity of cataract patients who underwent phacoemulsification was classified as good outcome (81.4%) and borderline outcome (18.6%). In this study, there was no poor visual outcome found.

Risk of Macular Toxicity After Intra-Cameral 1mg/0.1 ml Cefuroxime for Endophthalmitis Prophylaxis in Phacoemulsification Cataract Surgery

The world's leading culprit of preventable blindness is cataracts. For numerous decades, postoperative endophthalmitis has instilled terror as a potential complication of cataract surgery. Objective: To determine the frequency of retinal toxicity in terms of transient macular edema following using per-operative intracameral cefuroxime 1mg/0.1ml for endophthalmitis prophylaxis. Methods: A Descriptive case series was done at LRBT Eye Hospital, Lahore, from 15th Dec 2020 to 14th Jun 2021. A total number of 118 senile cataract patients were included. After cataract surgery, an intracameral 1 mg injection of cefuroxime was given to each patient. The optimally corrected visual acuity and macular thickness at the center of the retina on OCT were assessed postoperatively at week 1. If they were found to be elevated, it was labeled as retinal toxicity. Data were collected on data collection proforma. Results: The average age of the participants was 59.68 ± 5.28 years. Mean visual acuity before and after surgery was 2.01 ± 0.74 and 1.92 ± 0.94, respectively. Mean central macular thickness before and after surgery was 241.08 ± 4.73 and 248.74 ± 5.86 µm, respectively. There were 71 (60.17%) male and 47 (39.83%) female patients. There were 42 (35.59%) farmers, 40 (33.90%) job holders, 05 (4.24%) business people, and 31 (26.27%) non-working patients. Retinal toxicity was found in 54 (45.76%) patients. Conclusions: Intracameral injection of cefuroxime sodium can result in transient macular edema and retinal toxicity. In this study, retinal toxicity occurred in 45.8% of patients undergoing phacoemulsification.

Study of level of malondialdehyde and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in human lens epithelial cells of diabetic and senile cataract patients

Study of level of malondialdehyde and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in human lens epithelial cells of diabetic and senile cataract patients

DNA Repair Enzyme XRCC4 30bp Indel Intron 3 Locus Significant Association with Predisposition of Cataract in Senility.

Impaired DNA damage repair cascade can disrupt the lens transparency due to aging-associated oxidative stress. The aim of study was to assess the association of 30bp indel mutation (rs28360071) in XRCC4 gene with susceptibility of cataract in senility. The study followed case-control design with a total of n = 200 participants and divided equally into senile cataract patients and control groups. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for the genotyping of XRCC4 (rs28360071) mutation. In statistical measures, SPSS ® 20.0 software, MedCal©, and SNPStats© tools were used for data analysis. Distribution of homozygous D/D and mutant D allele was higher in senile cataract patients in comparison to controls. XRCC4 (rs28360071) mutation was significantly associated with predisposition senile cataract (χ2 = 13.96, adjusted OR = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.5-3.4, p < 0.001). Codominant model was suggested to be a best fit model. Mutant D/D genotype described significant association with LDL (adjusted OR = 1.67, 95% CI: 0.14-1.45, p = 0.03),and HDL (adjusted OR = 1.66, 95% CI: 0.92-2.31, p = 0.05) cholesterol with higher risk of senile cataract. XRCC4 (rs28360071) mutation may serve as a potential biomarker for the prognosis of cataract in senility. It can used to measure interruption in NHEJ repair pathway to indicate DNA damage in lens epithelial cells which could accelerate cataractogenesis with aging.

Hubungan Antara Tekanan Intraokular, Diabetes Mellitus, dan Hipertensi dengan Visus Setelah Operasi Fakoemulsifikasi

Introduction: The objective of this study is to determine whether there is a relationship between intraocular pressure (IOP), diabetes mellitus, and hypertension with visual acuity in senile cataract patients after phacoemulsification surgery. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study of senile cataract patients who underwent phacoemulsification surgery from 2019-2020 at Christian University of Indonesia General Hospital. Data were taken from medical records using purposive sampling, consist of visual acuity before and after phacoemulsification, visual acuity during 3 months of follow up, IOP before and after phacoemulsification, and the presence of systemic comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Data were analyzed statistically with SPSS. Result: 122 eyes from 83 patients mostly had severe visual impairment before and a day after phacoemulsification, and improved to normal vision after a month and 3 months following phacoemulsification. The mean IOP was 18,36 mmHg and 21,33 mmHg before and after phacoemulsification. There were 78 patients who had systemic comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. There was no significant correlation between IOP and hypertension with visual acuity after phacoemulsification (p&gt;0,005). Meanwhile, significant correlation was found between diabetes mellitus with visual acuity a day and a month after phacoemulsification (p&lt;0,005). Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus has a significant relationship with visual acuity a day and a month after phacoemulsification surgery.

DNA DAMAGE IN LENS EPITHELIAL CELLS OF SENILE CATARACT PATIENTS OF DIFFERENT PRAKRITI ACCORDING TO AYURVEDA LITERATURE

Objectives: The Ayurvedic concept of the constitution is useful in predicting an individual’s susceptibility to age-related diseases like Cataracts (Kaphaja Linganasha). The objectives of the study were to assess DNA damage directly in human lens epithelial cells (HLEC) of senile cataracts of Vata Predominant, Pitta Predominant, and Kapha Predominant Prakriti individuals. Methods: After obtaining Institutional Ethics Committee permission, HLEC were taken from 20 Vatta Predominant,20 Pitta Predominant and 20 Kapha Predominant Prakriti individuals of cataract after cataract surgery and from 4 controls in which quantitative assessment of DNA damage were measured using CometScore™ software. The formation of “comets” in the DNA of lens epithelial cells can be visualized through the method of single gel electrophoresis and indicates DNA strand breaks, as the damaged DNA migrates at a different rate than non-damaged DNA during electrophoresis. Results: No such prominent comets were indicating any DNA damage in the HLEC of the four control subjects, but comets were found in cataractous HLEC. The maximal damage was found in pitta-predominant Prakriti Individuals. In senile cataract patients, in HLECs DNA was randomly damaged and this type of damage was possible by reactive oxygen species. The DNA damage in HLEC was found maximally in pitta Predominant Prakriti individuals of senile type of cataract patients. Statistical significance was observed between senile cataracts in pitta predominant Prakriti versus senile cataracts in Vata predominant Prakriti individuals and between senile cataracts in Vata predominant Prakriti versus senile cataracts in Kapha Prakriti individual. No statistically significant results were obtained for senile cataracts in pitta Prakriti versus senile cataracts in Kapha Prakriti individuals. Conclusion: The pathogenesis of senile cataracts is multifactorial and includes continuous molecular stress brought by photo-oxidative stress, UV irradiation, and oxidative reactions.

Visual outcome following clear corneal incision phacoemulsification with rigid intra-ocular lens and small incision cataract surgery in low socioeconomic group patients: A comparative analysis in a teaching hospital in South India

Background: Cataract is the most common cause of curable blindness worldwide. Aims and Objectives: A comparative analysis of clear corneal phacoemulsification with rigid intra-ocular Lens (IOL) and small incision cataract surgery (SICS) in low socioeconomic group patients in terms of post-operative visual outcome, surgically induced astigmatism (SIA), and intra-and post-operative complications. Materials and Methods: A prospective hospital-based comparative study was conducted for 8 months in 424 eyes of 400 senile cataract patients divided into PHACO and SICS groups. Each group consisted of 212 eyes of 200 patients. Detailed examinations for best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), SIA, and complications were evaluated on the 1st post-operative day, 1st week and 6 weeks postoperatively. Results: BCVA 6\18 or higher was 95.38% in the phacoemulsification group and 94.81% in the SICS group. The study revealed good visual outcome in both SICS and Phaco groups with no significant difference. The mean SIA was more in SICS group (−0.96±0.57) than in phaco group (−0.71±0.47) which was statistically significant. In terms of complications, no significant difference was noted between the groups. Conclusion: The outcome of this study indicated that though SIA is more in SICS group than Phaco group, there is no difference between the groups in terms of visual outcome. The study has proven that SICS has comparable effectiveness as phacoemulsification with rigid IOL, which should be considered in low- and middle-income countries.

The Pattern of Intraocular Pressure After Phacoemulsification Surgery In Senile Cataract

Phacoemulsification is a surgical procedure for cataracts, which can increase intraocular pressure (IOP) and cause blindness due to glaucoma. It was known that the pattern of IOP changes after phacoemulsification surgery in senile cataracts. This study was an observational analytic study without a control group design. The study population was male and female senile cataract patients over 40 years of age who underwent phacoemulsification surgery at Kebumen Eye Centre Clinic in 2020. Intraocular pressure measurements using a Noncontact Tonometry by a nurse were carried out before surgery (D-0) and postoperatively on day 2 (D-2), day 9 (D-9), day 16 (D-16), and day- 23 (D-23). The data were analyzed using the Friedman test followed by the Post Hoc LSD test. The Friedman test results showed significant differences (p 0.05) in the IOP measurement at D-0, D-2, D-9, D-16, and D-23. Wilcoxon post hoc test showed IOP measurements on D-2 increased and then decreased normally. There was a change in the IOP pattern after phacoemulsification surgery, in which the IOP increased significantly on D-2 and then decreased normally.

Is the Oxidative DNA Damage Level of Human Lens Epithelial Cells Correlated with the Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) in Aqueous Extract of HLECs in Senile Cataract Patients?

Is the Oxidative DNA Damage Level of Human Lens Epithelial Cells Correlated with the Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) in Aqueous Extract of HLECs in Senile Cataract Patients?

Molecular Characterisation of X-ray Cross-complementing Group 1 (XRCC1) Gene and Risk Factors in Senile Cataract Patients attending a Tertiary Care Hospital, Uttar Pradesh, India

Introduction: Cataract arises because of aging of the crystalline lens of the eye which prevents clear vision. X-ray Cross-complementing Group 1 (XRCC1) is a Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) repair protein which is involved in Single-Strand Breaks (SSBs) and Base Excision Repair (BER) pathway which is responsible for the efficient repair of DNA damage is mainly responsible for cataract in patients. Aim: To study the prevalence, risk factors and the molecular characterisation with its special association to XRCC1 gene in senile cataract patients. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out in the Department of Anatomy and Ophthalmology, Rama Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, from April 2021 to April 2022. A total of 500 clinical patients were included in which 250 patients were confirmed as cataract positive patients. Venous blood of 5 mL was collected in Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid tubes. The DNA extraction for the detection of XRCC1gene was done using Qiagen DNA extraction kit as per manufactures guidelines, which was further confirmed by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Results: A total of 500 clinically suspected patients were included in which 250 cases were confirmed as cataract positive patients. The ratio of females was more (n=130, 52%) compared to males (n=120, 48%) with the mean age for females with 57.6% and for males with 61.13%. Hypertension (n=173, 69.2%) was the most common disease associated with the cataract patients. The ratio of males were more (n=91, 75.8%) compared to females (n=82, 63.07%). The mean age of males was 64.40 years and that of females were 62.45 years. The other co-morbidity included diabetes (48.8%), in which males constituted 67 (55.83%) participants compared to the females with 55 (42.3%) participants. The presence of XRCC1 gene was detected in all cataract positive patients, which was also confirmed by RT-PCR. Conclusion: The polymorphisms of DNA repair genes decreased their ability to repair DNA damage, leaving human body a greatly increased susceptibility to cancer or agerelated diseases. The association of XRCC1 gene with agerelated cataract susceptibility observed in the present study supports the view that XRCC1 gene plays an important role in susceptibility to age-related cataract, so early screening and its molecular profiling will help the clinician in the early diagnosis as well as early treatment.

Visual Outcome of Phacoemulsification at Griya Husada Eye Center, Madiun, Indonesia

Introduction: Sight is one of the most important senses that absorbs more than 80% of visual information. However, visual disturbances are common, ranging from mild to severe disturbances that can lead to blindness. A cataract is the leading cause of blindness in Indonesia; it is accountable for 77.7% of all blindness. Phacoemulsification is a new ECCE technique in which cloudy or cataractous lenses are removed through a 2-3 mm incision with no sutures. The advantages of this small incision are faster visual recovery, minimal astigmatic induction due to surgery, and minimal postoperative complications and inflammation. Purpose: This study aimed to measure visual outcomes in senile cataract patients after phacoemulsification surgery at Griya Husada Eye Center, Madiun, Indonesia. Methods: A Retrospective study was carried out among senile cataract patients who had phacoemulsification surgery at Griya Husada Eye Center, Madiun, Indonesia between January and May 2021. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was recorded on the fourteenth day. Results: From 292 patients, postoperative visual acuity in the good category (6/6 - 6/18) was 94.9%, in the moderate category (&lt;6/18 - 6/60) was 1.7%, and in the poor category (&lt;6/60) was 3.4%. Conclusions: Postoperative visual acuity with phacoemulsification at Griya Husada Eye Center, Madiun, Indonesia showed satisfactory results and met World Health Organization’s (WHO) standards.

Correction of pre-existing astigmatism by on-axis incision size modulation in manual small-incision cataract surgery.

To study the effect of wound size modulation on pre-existing astigmatism by on-axis placement of incision in manual small-incision cataract surgery (MSICS). In this prospective interventional study conducted at a tertiary care centre, 40 eyes of 40 consecutive senile cataract patients with 1.00-3.00 D corneal astigmatism were enrolled for the study. MSICS by modified Blumenthal's technique was performed through 6.0, 6.5, and 7.0 mm on-axis incision in 1.0-1.49 D (group A), 1.50-1.99 D (group B), and 2.00-3.00 D (group C) astigmatism, respectively. Surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) was calculated by vector analysis and double angle plots (DAP) at 12 weeks postoperatively. There were 22 males and 18 females with mean age of 58.12 ± 1.18 years. The mean SIA at 12 weeks was 0.85 ± 0.28 D in group A (17 eyes), 1.32 ± 0.65 D in group B (10 eyes), and 1.91 ± 0.69 D in group C (13 eyes). The overall median uncorrected visual acuity was 0.18 (IQR = 0 to 0.2). The mean astigmatism decreased from 1.95 ± 0.74 D to 1.04 + 0.57 D (P = 0.00) in superior incision and from 1.70 + 0.50 D to 0.92 ± 0.45 D (P = 0.00) in temporal incision group with central shift of centroid in all cases. The customization of on-axis external incision size can be used to manage pre-existing corneal astigmatism of less than 3.00 D using both temporal and superior incisions effectively.

Evaluation of Trace Elements in Patients with Senile Cataract

Background: Senile cataract is a common cause of blindness among older people. The problem is common among adults of age 40 and older. There are various factors that cause senile cataracts among adults. These factors include protein and lipid variations, genetic role, and the existence of trace elements like magnesium, zinc and copper. Aim and objectives: To evaluate the level of zinc and relationship between copper, and magnesium in patients with senile cataract by comparing with healthy subjects. Material and Methods: This study has a key focus on examining the effect of trace elements on senile cataract patients. We conducted experiments when 100 people (50 patients and 50 non-patients). Absorption spectrometry was used to examine the blood samples of the people who took part in the research. Results: It was noted during the results that most of the patients developed senile cataracts after crossing the age of 50. It was also noted from the results that the concentration of copper and zinc was higher in the patients as compared to the non-patients, while the concentration of magnesium was lower in the patients as compared to the non-patients. Based on these results, it can be stated that an increase in the concentration of copper and zinc increases the chances of senile cataracts. The decline in the concentration of magnesium increases the chances of senile cataracts. Also, out of these patients, a majority of them were females. Therefore, there are chances of biased results in this study that can be improved in future studies with the number of patients and an equal number of males and females. Conclusion: The concentrations of copper and zinc were significantly higher in patients than in the non-patients, whereas the concentration of magnesium was lower in the patients than in the non-patients. Based on these findings, it may be concluded that an increase in copper and zinc concentrations increases the risk of senile cataracts. Keywords: zinc, copper, magnesium, senile cataract, healthy subjects.