Abstract Background and Aims Roxadustat is a recently approved hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor that has demonstrated favourable safety and efficacy in the treatment of renal anaemia. The goal of this study is to analyse the effect of roxadustat on the level of hemoglobin in a group of patient with chronic kidney disease with or without kidney transplantation. Method This is a monocentric study conducted on the patients of Transplant-nephrology department and/or Transplant-nephrology out-patient clinic of University Hospital Martin, Slovakia who have been treated with roxadusat since August 1st, 2022. Results 33 patients were included in the study. The average follow up of treatment with roxadustat was 4.2 months. The following parameters were recorded at the baseline: age, gender, estimated glomerular filtration rate—eGFR (CKD-EPI), treatment with iron and level of iron in serum, level of C-reactive protein, level of hemoglobin, starting dose of Roxadustat. We discovered a significant improvement in the levels of hemoglobin after one month of roxadustat treatment (P < 0.0001) and another significant improvement in follow-up (P ‚0,0373). There was no significant difference in eGFR, CRP or iron levels during follow up, so hemoglobin levels were not affected by inflammation or kidney function. In the next step the group of patients was divided based on history of kidney transplantation. Again, we confirmed significant improvement in hemoglobin levels in kidney transplantation group in first month of treatment (P < 0.0001) as well as in follow up (P < 0.0001). There was a significant improvement in hemoglobin levels in the first month of roxadustat treatment in the group of patients who did not undergo kidney transplantation (P = 0.0261). However, there was no significant difference between hemoglobin levels in month 1 and follow up in this group. Conclusion Roxadustat—as a new treatment option of anaemia for patients with chronic kidney diseases. Our first analysis confirmed that roxadustat is very effective not only in patients with CKD, but also in patients with anaemia after kidney transplantation.