Pathological Personality Traits Research Articles

The Connection Between Trauma, Pathological Personality, and Defense Mechanism in Lord of The Mysteries

The psychological problems that happen in society are growing day by day. Trauma is a common thing that can happen to somebody, and with trauma, there are also ways to handle it called defense mechanisms. From the defense mechanism, a pathological personality emerges. A person who has a pathological personality will use a defense mechanism to protect his psychological state. The connection between trauma, defense mechanisms, and pathological personality traits has become a prevalent topic of discussion. This scenario can also be found in the Lord of the Mysteries web novel where Klein Moretti as the main character experienced psychological issue in the new world. The qualitative descriptive method was used to objectively analyze the material, targeting the trauma from the main character, his defense mechanism to overcome it, and the pathological personality that emerged based on his trauma. Thus, the research aims to investigate the connection between Klein’s trauma and his pathological personality and to elaborate on what kind of defense mechanism Klein employs to overcome his trauma. Using the phenomenology approach, the researcher can collect the data based on the phenomena that happen to the main character. The researcher also does close reading while using Freudian psychoanalysis in defense mechanisms. The researcher found that trauma can create a defense mechanism due to the fact that the main character needs something to defend himself from the stress and anxiety caused by the trauma. From that trauma, pathological personality was also used by the main character to employ the defense mechanism. The researcher concludes that Klein’s defense mechanism and pathological personality are the result of his trauma.

Risk Profiles Among College Students: Associations with Pathological Personality Traits and Mental Health Issues

Risk Profiles Among College Students: Associations with Pathological Personality Traits and Mental Health Issues

Mapping Emotion Regulation Patterns Within the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders Personality Traits.

Personality pathology is associated with emotional problems that are potentially attributable to problematic emotion regulation strategy patterns. We evaluated the emotion regulation strategies associated with the pathological personality traits in the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD). A total of 504 participants completed measures of AMPD traits and strategy usage, which were analyzed using hierarchical regressions and latent profile analysis (LPA). Regression results demonstrated that each trait was associated with a unique strategy pattern: negative affect with emotional overengagement, detachment with socialemotional avoidance, antagonism with emotional externalization/avoidance, disinhibition with emotional avoidance and overengagement, and psychoticism with strategies linked to psychotic/dissociative experiences. The LPA identified three profiles with heightened AMPD traits: an internalizing/distressed profile, an externalizing/distressed profile, and a schizoid-schizotypal profile; each had a unique strategy pattern that varied depending on trait composition. This research highlights the relevance of emotion regulation strategy patterns in the assessment, conceptualization, and treatment of personality pathology.

Reliability and validity of the Personality Disorder Severity ICD-11 (PDS-ICD-11) scale and the Revised Personality Assessment Questionnaire for ICD-11 (PAQ-11R) in a Norwegian community sample.

In the ICD-11, a new model for the diagnosis of personality disorders is included, consisting of an assessment of the severity of personality impairment as well as an optional evaluation of pathological personality traits. This study aimed to examine the reliability, structural validity, and convergent and discriminant validity of the Norwegian versions of the Personality Disorder Severity ICD-11 (PDS-ICD-11) scale for the assessment of personality disorder severity and the Revised Personality Assessment Questionnaire for ICD-11 (PAQ-11R) for the assessment of the ICD-11 pathological personality traits in a Norwegian community sample. The sample consisted of 295 participants (75.9% female) with a mean age of 30.0years (SD = 10.7years). The participants answered the PDS-ICD-11, PAQ-11R, Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Brief Form 2.0 (LPFS-BF 2.0), and the Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Brief Form Plus Modified (PID5BF + M). The Norwegian PDS-ICD-11 showed good reliability. Support for a unidimensional model and a high convergent correlation with the LPFS-BF 2.0 was found. The reliability analysis of the Norwegian PAQ-11R scales yielded mixed findings with suboptimal reliability estimates for the PAQ-11R detachment, disinhibition, and dissociality scales. Analyzing the structure of the PAQ-11R items, four factors emerged (negative affectivity, detachment, disinhibition, and anankastia). The PAQ-11R scales showed good convergent and, overall, adequate discriminant validity with the PID5BF + M scales. The findings support the use of the PDS-ICD-11 for assessing severity in the ICD-11 PD model in Norway. The Norwegian PAQ-11R appears to be a useful screening tool for the ICD-11 PD trait domains.

Personality Functioning, Narcissism and Borderline Traits in the General Population Predict Deviations from the Optimal Time Perspective

Abstract The aim of this article is to clarify and describe the relationships between levels of personality functioning, pathological personality traits from the borderline and narcissistic functioning, and time perspective (TP). The study was conducted online, and 210 participants completed eight questionnaires: Inventory of Personality Organization, Boredom Proneness Scale, Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale, Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire, Depressive Experience Questionnaire, and Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. The results reveal that the pathological personality functioning was consistently associated with a deviation on each dimension of TP and the Deviation from the Balanced Time Perspective (DBTP) while the higher functioning personality indicator was associated with a balanced time perspective. When accounting for all traits in the regression, pathological personality traits predicted variance of Past-Negative, Present-Hedonistic, Present-Fatalistic, and the DBTP. Borderline and narcissistic traits were associated with the DBTP but demonstrated different time perspective profiles. Borderline traits showed an overall negative TP with a tendency to seek quick and intense pleasure in the present with no regards toward the future. These results show that there can be TP profile differences between borderline personalities, depending on their specific trait profile. Impulsivity plays an important role in how borderline personalities cope with their negative temporalities. Vulnerable narcissism is characterized by a negative past with the ability to recruit the future, while grandiose narcissism denotes an overall more balanced time perspective than their vulnerable counterpart.

The Effectiveness of Emotional Schema Therapy on Death Anxiety Nurses with Obsessive-Compulsive Pathological Personality Traits Working in The Corona Ward

The Effectiveness of Emotional Schema Therapy on Death Anxiety Nurses with Obsessive-Compulsive Pathological Personality Traits Working in The Corona Ward

Convergence of the dimensional assessment of personality pathology (DAPP-BQ) and the five-factor personality inventory for the international classification of diseases 11th edition (FFiCD) in the context of the five-factor model and personality disorders

The current manuscript presents the convergence of the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology (DAPP-BQ), using its short form the DAPP-90, and the Five-Factor Personality Inventory for International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), the FFiCD, in the context of the five-factor personality model and the categorical approach of personality disorders (PDs). The current manuscript compares the predictive validity of both the FFiCD and the DAPP-90 regarding personality disorder scales and clusters. Results demonstrate a very high and meaningful convergence between the DAPP-90 and the FFiCD personality pathology models and a strong alignment with the FFM. The DAPP-90 and the FFiCD also present an almost identical predictive power of PDs. The DAPP-90 accounts for between 18% and 47%, and the FFiCD between 21% and 47% of PDs adjusted variance. It is concluded that both DAPP-90 and FFiCD questionnaires measure strongly similar pathological personality traits that could be described within the frame of the FFM. Additionally, both questionnaires predict a very similar percentage of the variance of personality disorders.

Changes in Personality Functioning and Pathological Personality Traits as a Function of Treatment: A Feasibility Study

With the dimensional shift, personality pathology is now commonly conceptualized using a combination of personality functioning and (pathological) personality traits. Personality functioning has been deemed more sensitive to treatment than the specific trait combination of personality problems. To empirically examine just that, the goal of this pilot study was to simultaneously compare changes in personality functioning (LPFS-BF 2.0), pathological traits (PID-5-BF), and normal-range traits (BFI-2) among individuals receiving integrative, dynamic-relational psychotherapy (baseline n = 52, follow-up n = 31) and a matched control group (n = 31). The results showed that clients had stronger changes in personality functioning than in traits when compared to the control group. In addition, clients lower on personality functioning were more inclined to drop-out of therapy. This study points to the unique clinical utility of personality functioning and provides a foundation for future research focusing on the sensitivity of personality functioning and personality traits to changes within the context of psychotherapy.

The Brazilian version of the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms-Expanded Version: Internal structure, invariance by sex and race, and associations with pathological personality traits.

The Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms-Expanded version (IDAS-II) is one of the few tools designed to assess internalizing symptoms based on dimensional models. We conducted two studies, the first testing internal validity aspects of the IDAS-II and the second testing the external validity of the scales. In the first study we adapted the IDAS-II to Brazilian Portuguese and tested its internal structure, including a higher order factorial solution coherent with the internalizing spectrum, the stability of the factor structure, and its measurement invariance for sex and racial groups. Participants were 2,379 Brazilian adults. In the second study, we investigated the IDAS-II scales' associations with broad pathological personality traits in Brazilian (N = 245) and North American (N = 402) samples. The results of the first study indicated that the IDAS-II scales are grouped into three first-order factors (Distress, Obsessions/Fear, and Positive Mood), replicating Wester et al. (2022) and Petre et al. (2023). Our results also suggested the plausibility of an internalizing second-order factor for the IDAS-II Brazilian version. The multigroup confirmatory factor analysis shows that this scale is invariant for males and females and for White and Black/Brown people. In the second study, the IDAS-II scales demonstrated mostly coherent associations with broad domains of pathological personality traits. Besides the internal validity of the Brazilian IDAS-II, our results also provide information about its external validity and expand its nomological network, as it is the first study reporting its associations with broad domains of pathological personality traits. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Predicting psychological need satisfaction and frustration from early maladaptive schemas and DSM-5 and ICD-11 personality traits

The satisfaction of basic psychological needs is closely connected with an individual’s well-being and mental health. The purpose of the present study was to examine the associations of persistent and pervasive negative cognitions about oneself and others (early maladaptive schemas) and pathological personality traits (DSM-5 and ICD-11 personality traits) with the satisfaction and frustration of basic psychological needs. To this aim, self-report measures of psychological need satisfaction (Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale), early maladaptive schemas (Young Schema Questionnaire – Short Form 3), and pathological personality traits (Modified Personality Inventory for DSM-5 and ICD-11 – Brief Form Plus), were administered in a community sample (N = 322, Mage = 35.3 years, SDage = 12.5 years, 66% female). The data were analyzed using correlation analysis, linear regression analysis, and a machine-learning approach (XGBoost). The results showed strong negative relationships of early maladaptive schemas and pathological personality traits with the satisfaction and frustration of the needs for autonomy, relatedness, and competence, especially the disconnection/rejection and impaired autonomy/performance schema domains and the pathological personality traits of negative affectivity and detachment. Early maladaptive schemas predicted the frustration of the psychological needs for relatedness and competence above pathological personality traits. The study findings add to the understanding of current psychological need satisfaction.

The presence of personality traits of borderline personality disorder in anorexia nervosa and obesity

IntroductionWhile in eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, the comorbidity of pathological personality traits is very common, and accordingly the personality traits of borderline personality disorder is considered very frequent and coexisting. The treatment of anorexia nervosa is based primarily on the psychotherapy and work on pathological personality traits even more than the treatment of the syndrome and the consequences of malnutrition itself. That achieves a longer-term and more reliable solution than symptomatic treatment of anorexia nervosa which usually does not bring satisfactory results. On the other hand, in patients with obesity, pathological personality traits, especially those of borderline personality disorder, are still very rarely associated, since obesity is usually not even considered a disorder, but a variation in the population.ObjectivesThe aim of this paper is to investigate the pathological personality traits of borderline personality disorder in people with obesity.Methods Investigating relevant scientific and professional literature from the field of personality pathology and eating disorders.ResultsWhen obesity is related to impulse control disorder in the sense of emotional eating under increased stress according to today’s relevant literature, it can definitely be related to personality traits of borderline personality disorder, i.e. the presence of elements of borderline personality organization and prementalization models. Such an inability to deal with negative emotions such as increased anxiety or rejection sensitivity, which results in overeating and the related feeling of shame that overwhelms the person, regardless of whether he/she/they has any of the certain forms of compulsive behaviour afterwards, can be related to impulsive behaviour and the “all or nothing” way of thoughts. This is also confirmed by cases when certain people have a history of both one and the other disorder. Thus, some people have, for example, malnutrition in adolescence as part of anorexia nervosa, only to have problems with obesity after some time with a healthy body mass.ConclusionsSince pathological personality traits in people with anorexia nervosa and obesity give indications of common characteristics in the form of borderline personality disorder traits, i.e. borderline personality organization and prementalization models in both disorders, future research will certainly shed light on the connection between these eating disorders.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Relationship between Early Maladaptive Schemas and DSM-5 Pathological Personality Traits from a Dimensional Diagnostic Approach

IntroductionIn DSM-5 Section III, the Alternative Model for Personality disorders (AMPD), a dimensional approach for conceptualization and diagnosing complex character problems was introduced. Based on recent findings, AMPD aligns well with the theory of Young’s Schema Therapy (ST). ST seems to offer a valuable clinical framework that complements the empirically based AMPD, which is not built upon a certain theory of psychopathology.ObjectivesThe aim of the current study was to explore the association between early maladaptive schemas (EMSs), DSM-5 pathological personality traits and certain psychological symptoms to gain a better understanding of their relationship and highlight the connection points between AMPD and the theory of ST.MethodsA total of 490 Hungarian participants, including 98 males, took part in the cross-sectional research, with an average age of 26.9 (SD = 9.34). All participants completed the short form of Young’s schema questionnaire (YSQ-S3), the brief form of PID-5 (PID-5 BF) and the revised version of the Derogatis Symptom Checklist (SCL-90 R).ResultsResults of a series of hierarchical regression analyses found that all five schema domains were able to predict psychological symptoms and DSM-5 pathological personality traits at a statistically significant level. Moreover, in accordance with our data, specific EMS patterns are associated with different psychological symptoms and pathological personality traits. Ultimately, we identified two EMSs, namely Negativity/Pessimism and Insufficient Self-control, which predicted all of our dependent variables.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the relationship between EMSs and DSM-5 pathological personality traits goes beyond the established fact that EMSs, like any other indicators of personality problems are associated with psychopathological symptoms and traits. This is supported by the fact that we could link specific EMS patterns to the pathological personality traits and psychological symptoms that we investigated. We believe that our results contribute to the clinical utility of AMPD, by assisting the creation of schema profiles tailored to personality pathologies, thereby facilitate the diagnostic process and the development of schema - focused interventions. Furthermore, it seems that the identified EMSs, Negativity/Pessimism and Insufficient Self-control play a special role in relation to pathological personality traits and psychological symptoms and should be considered with particular emphasis in terms of risk group classification and vulnerability.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Sex and pathological personality traits: measurement invariance and comparisons

IntroductionThe Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) is an instrument that aims to assess pathological personality traits according to the alternative model proposed by the DSM-5. To validate the comparison of an instrument’s scores between different groups, it is necessary that the measure’s invariance be attested, in order to guarantee that the same underlying constructions are being evaluated between the groups. Differences between sex in relation to the predominance of adaptive personality traits were portrayed in previous studies, a fact that seems to be related to culture.ObjectivesThis study aims to assess whether the PID-5 presents structural equivalence between sex (sex measuremet invariance) and whether there are differences between pathological personality traits in Brazilian men and women.MethodsA community sample of 1110 subjects was assessed (71.2% women, mean age 34.6 (±15.8) years, 68.8% higher education). They were recruited through advertisements in different media and by the “snowball” method. Participants responded to the PID-5 in person. The cross-culturally adapted version into Brazilian Portuguese was usedResultsThe PID-5 showed that its structure was invariant for sex at the configural level (CFI= 1.000; TLI=1.007; RMSEA<0.001), metric (ΔCFI=0.01; ΔTLI= 0.02; ΔRMSEA=0.02) and scalar (ΔCFI=0.006) ; ΔTLI= 0.006; ΔRMSEA=0.004), allowing comparisons. Regarding the domains evaluated by the PID-5, men showed more traits of Distancing, Antagonism, Disinhibition and Psychoticism (p<0.002), while for Negative Affectivity there were no differences between genders (p=0.06). In terms of facets, women showed higher indicators of lability, anxiety and impulsivity (p<0.01), while men showed perseverance, withdrawal, restricted affectivity, manipulation, dishonesty, grandiosity, attention seeking, insensitivity, irresponsibility, exposure to risks, unusual beliefs and eccentricity (p<0.04).ConclusionsThe findings reinforce the validity evidence of the DSM-5 trait model, which, through the PID-5, similarly evaluates such aspects between sex. Differences between genders were observed in relation to pathological personality traits, which bear similarities with differences observed in terms of adaptive personality traits. Specificities are observed at the cultural level, when, for example, the findings are compared with a Japanese university sample, reinforcing the role of culture at this levelDisclosure of InterestNone Declared

Supplemental Material for The Brazilian Version of the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms–Expanded Version: Internal Structure, Invariance by Sex and Race, and Associations With Pathological Personality Traits

Supplemental Material for The Brazilian Version of the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms–Expanded Version: Internal Structure, Invariance by Sex and Race, and Associations With Pathological Personality Traits

Do PID-5 Trait Scores Predict Symptom Disorders? A Meta-analytic Review.

The Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) has become influential in the dimensional assessment of personality dysfunction. Though most studies have examined links between PID-5 trait domains and personality pathology, a number of investigations have assessed relationships between PID-5 scores and symptom disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety). We employed meta-analytic techniques to synthesize findings in this area, identifying 26 publications assessing associations between PID-5 scores and symptom disorders (N of effect sizes across the five trait domains = 260). PID-5 domain score effect sizes (rs) ranged from 0.20 for Antagonism to 0.35 for Negative Affect (all ps < .00001). Relationships between PID-5 scores and specific forms of psychopathology were generally consistent with expectations, with some unanticipated relationships as well. Findings confirm that the pathological personality traits assessed by the PID-5 predict symptom disorders as well as personality dysfunction, extending the heuristic value and clinical utility of the measure.

Evaluating the MMPI-3’s utility in the assessment of pathological personality traits

Evaluating the MMPI-3’s utility in the assessment of pathological personality traits

Atypical semantic cognition in schizotypal personality disorder and borderline personality disorder

ABSTRACT Increased schizotypal traits have previously been associated with atypical semantic cognition in community samples. However, no study has yet examined whether adults diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) display atypical semantic fluency and memory. We hypothesized that 24 adults diagnosed with SPD would name more idiosyncratic words on the semantic fluency task and show decreased semantic recall for animal and fruit category words compared with 29 participants with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and a community sample of 96 age-matched controls. We examined whether atypical semantic cognition was specifically associated with disorganized and eccentric speech and thinking, or more broadly with pathological personality traits and personality functioning. Our main hypothesis was confirmed, as the SPD participants named more idiosyncratic words and recalled fewer semantically related words compared with controls. Surprisingly, participants with BPD likewise named more atypical words compared with controls. More idiosyncratic semantic fluency was associated with more eccentric speech and thinking. Increased idiosyncratic semantic fluency and reduced semantic recall were both coupled to increased detachment and lowered personality functioning, while reduced semantic recall further was related to increased interpersonal problems. Our findings suggest that persons with SPD, and to a lesser degree BPD, show atypical semantic cognition, which is associated with eccentric speech and thinking, and more broadly with impaired personality function, social withdrawal, and emotional flatness. The idiosyncratic semantic cognition may worsen difficulties with social reciprocity seen in SPD and BPD.

Enhancing Diabetes Management Through Personality Assessment: A Pilot Study.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the utility of therapeutic assessment (therapeutic assessment) as a brief intervention to target reduction in A1C levels and to assess the levels of personality functioning and broad trait domains described in the DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders in a sample of patients with Type 2 diabetes and their relationship to A1C levels at baseline and follow-up. Participants (n = 99) were recruited from a primary care office and provided feedback on how their personality functioning and pathological personality traits might influence their diabetes management. Results indicated that 66.25% of participants receiving TA feedback decreased their A1C levels below 7. Those who improved reported less difficulty with intimacy and trends toward higher levels of personality functioning and lower levels of interpersonal detachment. Results suggest that providing TA feedback is worthy of further investigation for considering its therapeutic effects in helping patients to manage Type 2 diabetes.

Measurement invariance of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 across sex.

There has been an international movement towards dimensional models of personality disorders (PDs) in the last decades, which culminated in the publication of the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD) in the Emerging Measures and Models section of the DSM-5. This model was accompanied by a APA-sanctioned Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) for the assessment of the AMPD pathological personality traits. One major issue with the assessment of personality disorders pertains to sex differences, and measurement invariance across sex in assessment instruments for PDs is necessary in order to ensure non-biased evaluations and to make valid comparisons between men and women. This study aimed to provide more information on measurement invariance across sex for the PID-5, using both the original scoring approach provided by the authors of the instrument and the scoring approach suggested by the APA in the published version of the PID-5. This study was conducted with a sample of 2273 participants from the general Québec (Canada) adult population aged 18 to 90 years (M = 46.59; SD = 16.32; 51.8% women). The original scoring approach model showed good fit to data after freeing paths between certain traits and reached strict invariance. The APA scoring approach also showed good fit to data and reached strict invariance, but needed an adjustment (path freed between Emotional lability and Impulsivity in men) to reach scalar invariance. In line with previous research, the PID-5 is invariant across sex and the five-factor structure adjusts well to data. The APA scoring approach appears to attenuate the cross-loading problem observed with the original scoring approach. In light of these results, we recommend using the APA scoring approach to derive domain scores.

Gender Differences in the Relationship between Lifetime Exposure to Trauma and the Development of Pathological Personality Traits

ABSTRACT Gender differences in the prevalence, types and outcomes of traumas have consistently been reported in the literature. Other research has documented that exposure to trauma is associated with the development and maintenance of pathological personality traits. In the current study, we examined the moderating role of gender in the association between lifetime exposure to trauma and pathological personality traits. The sample included 148 clients who sought treatment at a community mental health clinic. All participants completed online questionnaires including demographic information, the Trauma History Questionnaire (THQ), and the Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Brief Form (PID-5-BF) at the entry to treatment. Our findings documented a significant association between exposure to trauma and pathological personality traits in men, but not in women. Furthermore, this pattern of results was specifically evident within two personality domains: antagonism and detachment. These findings contribute to the theoretical understanding of the interplay between trauma, gender, and the development of pathological personality traits. They expand upon the growing knowledge about the mental health crisis among boys and men by shedding light on the unique vulnerabilities that men face in response to traumatic experiences and how these experiences can have a lasting impact on their adaptive functioning. Consequently, at the clinical level, the current study emphasizes the importance of paying particular attention to men’s trauma histories and explicitly exploring these during the intake session.