Pathology Literature Research Articles

When No Speech Norms Exist: Observations From Sinhala.

A well-established set of language-specific norms for phonological development is imperative in the assessment of child speech sound difficulties. Currently, English norms are used clinically (in the absence of norms for local languages) to determine if a child displays age-appropriate, delayed or disordered speech patterns in Sinhala. This preliminary exploratory study aimed to document phonological processes observed in typically developing Sinhala-speaking children aged 3;0-6;11 (years;months). The Test of Articulation and Phonology-Sinhala, a picture-based assessment, was devised by the researchers and administered to 102 Sinhala-speaking children from three geographical locations (Colombo, Kandy, and Gampaha). The quantitative measures included percent consonants correct, percent vowels correct, and percent phonemes correct, while the qualitative analysis identified phonological processes. The quantitative results showed a marked influence of age on phoneme production accuracy with over 75% consonants correct by 3 years 6 months. The qualitative findings demonstrate common typical phonological processes and less common phonological processes in Sinhala compared to the speech pathology and cross-linguistic literature. Common phonological processes included fronting, stopping, and weak syllable deletion widely documented in linguistic and speech-language pathology literature. Many shared phonological processes were observed between Sinhala and Sri Lankan Tamil, the two main local languages, including fronting of retroflex sounds and lateralization. The phonological process of denasalization of prenasalized stops was observed in Sinhala, with no documentation of the phonological process found within the mainstream speech-language pathology literature. These findings reinforce the need to document and use language-specific typical phonological processes in Sinhala given the implications for early and accurate identification of speech difficulties and intervention. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.27068173.

Psychometric Properties and Factor Structure of the Disgust Scale-Revised (DS-R) for the Romanian population

Research on measuring the intensity of disgust has required the development of instruments to measure this construct. Given that, a more culturally appropriate scale is needed to ensure a valid and reliable measurement of disgust. The concept of “disgust” does not have an appropriate literature in Romanian pathology, and Disgust Scale-Revised (DS-R) is quite rarely used in the public health context. Therefore, this study focuses on the psychometric properties of the Romanian adaptation of the DS-R, one of the preferred instruments for measuring disgust. More specifically, the research investigated different forms of reliability and validity of the DS-R, using both Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT) analysis approaches. In general, the results showed good fidelity, fit of the single- factor model of the DS-R, good convergent and divergent validity with respect to the relationships of this scale with other variables. The study also highlights the important role of disgust and anxiety in predicting obsessive- compulsive symptoms. In conclusion, further refinement of the scale could be useful for a more comprehensive development of this instrument in the clinical setting.

Culturally Responsive Literacy Interventions in Speech-Language Pathology: A Scoping Review

Purpose and Method: In this study, the author employed a positivist perspective and framework, utilizing a scoping methodology to systematically explore the extant research literature in speech-language pathology pertaining to literacy interventions for children from culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) backgrounds. Results: The scoping review encompassed 22 studies selected from a pool of 908 sources, uncovering 34 literacy strategies presented in an evidence map. These strategies, intended for both school-age and preschool children, were implemented across diverse populations, including Indigenous communities, dual language learners, and children with disabilities. The strategies identified offer valuable insights for intervention planning and piloting. Conclusions: The review underscores the significance of culturally responsive literacy interventions in fostering inclusive and supportive learning environments for CLD learners. Additionally, two illustrative case studies are presented to exemplify the application of the identified strategies and discussed in the context of implementing Universal Design for Learning principles for all students. Supplemental Material: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.25864624

A Rare Case Report of Intraosseous Spindle and Epithelioid Rhabdomyosarcoma With TFCP2 Rearrangement: A Pathological Diagnostic Conundrum and Literature Review.

Rhabdomyosarcoma is a highly malignant tumor with striated muscle differentiation, which is histologically classified as alveolar, embryonal, pleomorphic, and spindle cell/sclerosing histological subtype. Rhabdomyosarcoma with TFCP2 rearrangement, which usually occurs in the bone, is a newly identified rare spindle and epithelioid rhabdomyosarcoma with characteristic clinicopathological features and molecular alterations. We report a 39-year-old female patient who underwent local excision of the mandibular lesion. Microscopically, the intraosseous tumor was composed of spindle-shaped, epithelioid, and rhabdomyoblastic cells with atypical nuclei and atypical mitotic figures. In addition, TFCP2 rearrangement was revealed by the fluorescence in situ hybridization. The tumor was thus correctly diagnosed as rhabdomyosarcoma with TFCP2 rearrangement. The patient was scheduled to undergo radiotherapy, and triple-agent chemotherapy after surgery, and no tumor recurrence or metastasis was detected during the 3-month postoperative follow up. Since this tumor is relatively rare and newly recognized, it can be easily misdiagnosed or missed and might be a conundrum of pathological diagnosis. Familiarity with its clinicopathological features and molecular alterations is essential for its correct diagnosis. Therefore, we summarized the clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular alterations of 43 cases of this rare rhabdomyosarcoma variant in the English-language literature. In addition, the differential diagnosis of this lesion is crucial either.

Death due to sickle cell crisis: a case report.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common hereditary hemoglobinopathy worldwide. It results in characteristic acute and chronic findings on postmortem computed tomography (PMCT), macroscopic and microscopic examinations. While the diagnostic imaging and macroscopic features are not specific for SCD on their own, when coupled with microscopic features such as sickled erythrocytes and evidence of chronic venous congestion (i.e., Gamna-Gandy bodies), these clues can help alert forensic pathologists to the presence of SCD. Despite the prevalence of the disease and the constellation of findings alluded to above, SCD is not often explored in forensic pathology literature. This case demonstrates classic acute and chronic features of SCD on PMCT, macroscopic and microscopic examinations. It explores the pathophysiology leading to sudden and unexpected death in a person with SCD and possible pitfalls in attribution of cause of death.

Elemental Treatment for All Disorders of Communication

Abstract Clinical literature in speech-language pathology highlights the multiplicity of treatment procedures. Clinicians tend to believe that each disorder of communication is treated with a unique set of procedures that are not applicable to other disorders. However, a critical examination of treatment programs and treatment research reports reveals only a few effective treatment procedures: (1) instructions, (2) models, (3) prompts, (4) shaping, (5) fading, and (6) response-contingent consequences. These are the elemental treatment procedures effective in treating all disorders of communication. The same treatment elements are also evaluated in all treatment efficacy research studies. Furthermore, regardless of diagnostic categories, there are only four categories of treatment target behaviors: (1) speech sound production, (2) language production, (3) vocal and resonance characteristics, and (4) fluency. Each of the four categories has multiple subtargets.

Ecological and oral toxicity assessment of urea and camphor oil against Rattus norvegicus rats.

One of the most challenging pests to control is the wild rat (Rattus norvegicus), which poses serious risks to both human health and the economy. Fertilizers are a more recent method of pest management with various action modes and are considered safe control agents when applied at low doses. The present study aimed to examine the toxicological impacts of the contaminated water with urea and camphor oil individually, post-treatment of rats with camphor oil after the pre-treatment with urea and post-treatment of rats with urea mixed with camphor oil after urea pre-treatment against the wild rats (R. norvegicus). The study extends to explore the influence of these treatments on the physicochemical parameters of the water administered by rats. Moreover, the effect of the most three toxic treatments was studied on the blood and renal functional parameters and the kidney tissue of rats after 21 days of treatment. The study showed that urea was more potent than camphor oil when applied individually and increasing the concentration of urea in the pre-treatment or when combined with camphor oil in the post-treatment caused a significant increase in the mortality of rats. The post-treatment of rats with camphor oil only or camphor oil mixed with urea after the pre-treatment with urea induced a synergistic activity against rats. In addition, the exposed water to urea and camphor oil has been modified in physicochemical parameters and formed ulcers and harm to the kidneys of the exposed wild rats. This study significantly contributes to the ecological and toxicological potential risk indexes of urea and camphor oil together, which are restricted on the perceptible value relevance in the literature of water quality and renal pathology. Therefore, urea and camphor oil represent successful agents for the wild rat's control.

The associations of cytokines and gens polymorphisms of β-adrenoceptors in patients with heart failure and some thyroid pathology (literature review and own observations).

Aim: To analyze the role of cytokines in the progression of heart failure (HF) in patients with concomitant pathology of the thyroid gland. Materials and Methods: The systematization of literature data on the role of cytokines in the progression of HF in patients with concomitant thyroid pathology (TP) was carried out. The results of our own research were presented. Conclusions: The final chapter in the history of the role of cytokines in the progression of HF has not yet been written. Further studies, including genetic ones, are necessary. The patients with HF have higher levels of TNFβ and IL-6, and a lower concentration of IL-4, compared to the control group. Patients with a fatal outcome of the disease, in contrast to those who survived for two years, have an increased level of TNFβ. In patients with concomitant TP, who had repeated hospitalization, a lower level was registered, compared to that under conditions of a more favorable course of heart failure. Concentrations of cytokines in the blood of patients with HF are associated with gene polymorphisms of the β-adrenoreceptor system: the C-allele of the Gly389A polymorphism of the β1-adrenoceptor gene leads to a decrease in the risk of increasing TNFα; IL-1α increases in the presence of the A-allele of the Ser49Gly polymorphism of this gene. In patients with HF and concomitant thyroid pathology, the risk of IL-6 growth increases in homozygous (C) patients for the Ser275 polymorphism of the β3 subunit of the G-protein.

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION IN OVERCOMING THE PHUBBING BEHAVIOR PHENOMENON IN STUDENTS IN LHOKSEUMAWE CITY

The effectiveness of communication has strong indications that it can overcome phubbing behavior. However, which factors are the most dominant in communication effectiveness is not yet known with certainty. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of communication factors that can overcome phubbing behavior among students in Lhokseumawe City, Aceh, Indonesia. The study’s population consisted of all teenagers in Lhokseumawe City actively studying at state universities in 2022, totaling 8,467 people. The sample included 382 students who met the inclusion criteria set by the researchers and according to a specific formula. This research employed quantitative methods with statistical tests involving Pearson correlation and multiple regression. The results revealed that Positiveness (X4) is the dominant factor significantly influencing the overcoming of phubbing behavior at Lhokseumawe City State University, as evidenced by a partial determination coefficient test value of 0.569 and a relative contribution value of 71.88%. This research contributes to contemporary communication studies and social pathology literature concerning phubbing behavior. It aids in developing communication theories, especially those related to communication psychology and effectiveness.

The Acquisition of Black Language by Spanish-Speaking Preschoolers: A Community-Based Sociolinguistic Approach to Language Assessment.

The purpose of this case series was to demonstrate a community-based sociolinguistic approach to language sample analysis (LSA) for the evaluation of Spanish-English bilingual preschoolers acquiring Black language (BL). As part of a comprehensive bilingual speech-language evaluation, we examined sociolinguistic variables in the context of the children's English language samples. Specific emphasis is placed on sociolinguistic information to account for all language(s) and dialect(s) in each child's environment, BL feature patterns, and appropriate scoring procedures for characterizing language use. This case series includes four monolingual English-speaking and four bilingual Spanish-English-speaking 4-year-olds in a linguistically diverse preschool program. Play samples were collected from each child and coded for morphosyntactic features across three categories: BL, Spanish-Influenced English, and shared. Measures derived from the language samples include percent grammatical utterances, mean length of utterance in words, and number of different words. The children's language is characterized within a community-based sociolinguistic approach that combines three culturally responsive methods for assessment found in the speech-language pathology literature in addition to a novel sociolinguistic questionnaire. We explain how conducting LSA using a community-based sociolinguistic approach yields diagnostically relevant information that is pertinent to conducting a comprehensive and accurate evaluation of preschoolers in linguistically diverse settings without the use of standardized assessments. A community-based sociolinguistic approach to LSA is a useful procedure for mitigating misdiagnosis in preschoolers reared in linguistically diverse environments.

Hyaline and Cystic Degeneration of Uterine Leiomyomas: CT and MR Imaging with Histopathological Sample Analyses.

Leiomyomas are the most common solid benign uterine neoplasms; they are usually asymptomatic and are identified incidentally. Yet, responsive to stimulation by estrogens, leiomyomas may expand, potentially outgrowing their blood supply to undergo hemorrhage, fibrosis, calcification, and atrophy. These pathologic mechanisms commonly lead to leiomyomas degeneration, i.e., red, hyaline, cystic, or myxoid. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the most accurate imaging technique for the characterization of leiomyomas. In cases of degeneration, variable features on T2-weighted and contrast-enhanced images can be found. With no recent radiologic pathologic correlation literature available on this matter, herewith, we provide computed tomography (CT)/MR imaging along with histopathological specimens of two young women who were diagnosed with hyaline or hyaline and cyst degeneration of uterine leiomyomas at our university hospital. We report on the imaging features of uterine leiomyomas using CT and MR imaging and discuss the available literature on imaging signs that may be suggestive of hyaline or cyst degeneration using either of the imaging examination methods.

Isolated Sacral Tuberculosis: A Case Report and Review of Literature of this Rare Sacral Pathology

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) of the spine is one of the rare secondary manifestations of the disease, while isolated TB of the sacrum is an even rarer finding of the disease. Case: The authors present the case of a male patient in their late 20s who was suffering from lower back pain radiating to the leg, on and off fever for 5 months, and stiffness of the lower back. X-ray and MRI showed a sacral mass-like lesion, which led to the suspicion of spinal TB. This diagnosis was later confirmed through adequate microbiological testing. Methods and Materials: A review of literature by a thorough search of the PubMed and Google Scholar databases was carried out, and a total of 42 patients with isolated TB of the sacrum were studied. Results and Conclusions: Sacrum in isolation is a rare location for spinal TB, often overlooked by primary physicians. A prompt diagnosis and early treatment of the disease will mitigate the risk of developing complications.

Imaging in sacrococcygeal subcutaneous myxopapillary ependymoma: Sporadically reported from Asian population

Subcutaneous myxopapillary ependymoma in sacrococcygeal region is an unusual neoplasm. It usually affects younger age groups. Only sporadic case reports from the Asian population have been reported. We here report a case of subcutaneous sacrococcygeal myxopapillary ependymoma suspected at ultrasound, suggested at magnetic resonance imaging examination, and confirmed histologically in a 10-year-old boy. We aimed at explaining its pathology, clinical implications, management, and relevant literature review.

Radical prostatectomy findings in patients with locally aggressive Grade group 5 prostatic adenocarcinoma and negative limited or extended pelvic lymph node dissection

Current management options for high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) patients include radical prostatectomy with lymph node dissection and other local or systemic therapeutic approaches. However, there is paucity of data in the pathology literature on the radical prostatectomy findings in patients with locally aggressive Grade group 5 PCa with negative limited or extended lymph node dissection. A search was made through our Urologic Pathology files and consults of the senior author for patients who had radical prostatectomy specimens with locally aggressive Grade group 5 PCa and limited or extended lymph node dissection from 2010 to 2022. Patients with lymph node metastasis were excluded. Clinicopathologic and follow up data were obtained. Forty-two patients were included in the study. Mean age was 64 years (range: 49–79 years). Forty-one (98 %) patients had PCa Gleason score 4 + 5 = 9 and 1 (2 %) patient had Gleason score 5 + 4 = 9. Extraprostatic extension and/or bladder neck invasion was present in 30 (71 %) patients and seminal vesicle invasion was present in 20 (48 %) patients, of which 10 (50 %) were bilateral. Extended lymph node dissection was performed in 18 patients with mean of 22 lymph nodes (range: 6–51 lymph nodes). Limited lymph node dissection was performed in 24 patients with mean of 7 lymph nodes (range: 2–25 lymph nodes). This study demonstrates that a subset of patients with very advanced/high grade PCa still benefit from radical prostatectomy/tumor debulking even in the setting of positive margins, and may not have lymph node metastasis.

Tumor necrosis factor α and its role in pathology (literature review),

Tumor necrosis factor α and its role in pathology (literature review),

A Clinician's Guide to Critically Appraising Randomized Controlled Trials in the Field of Speech-Language Pathology.

When considering original research articles, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) provide the highest level of research evidence. Given this, RCTS are often used by clinicians performing evidence-based practice to determine the most effective intervention for a specific patient or patient population. Although RCTs represent a high level of research evidence, it is important for clinicians to critically appraise RCTs to determine the validity of the study methods deployed, the statistical and clinical significance of treatment effects, and whether or not the results generalize to a particular patient, patient population, and/or clinical setting. Therefore, this tutorial will provide clinicians with an overview of what an RCT is, the various types of RCTs, when RCTs are appropriate to conduct and/or use to inform clinical practice, and the advantages and limitations of RCTs. Additionally, this tutorial will provide clinicians with practical tools to employ when reading an RCT, including checklists with questions, definitions of important terminology frequently used in RCTs, and demonstrations of how to critically appraise RCTs using literature examples from the speech-language pathology literature. Learning how to interpret and apply the results from RCTs to inform clinical practice for purposes of improving patient care is a critical evidence-based practice skill for clinicians to develop. This tutorial will assist clinicians in the field of speech-language pathology by furthering their fundamental knowledge of RCTs and by providing them with pragmatic tools to critically appraise RCTs to inform their clinical practice.

Pathological Observation and Literature Clinical Review of Ossifyingfasciitis

Pathological Observation and Literature Clinical Review of Ossifyingfasciitis

Utilização do biofeedback eletromiográfico na terapia fonoaudiológica para atenuar sinais de envelhecimento facial: relato de caso

ABSTRACT Myotherapy intervention in facial aesthetics aims to attenuate wrinkles and signs of facial aging. The relationship between accentuated muscle contraction during chewing, swallowing and speaking and the appearance of facial wrinkles has been suggested by speech-language pathology literature. This study aimed to report the effect of electromyographic biofeedback associated with training of chewing, swallowing, and smiling patterns, during speech therapy intervention aimed at reducing the signs of facial wrinkles and furrows, in a 55-year-old woman. The therapy also included isotonic and isometric exercises and clinical procedures to decrease the contraction of facial mimicry muscles, which were not associated with training using electromyographic biofeedback. Signal collection and training were performed using the Biotrainer software on the New Miotool Face by Miotec, over nine weekly sessions. Two assessments were performed (before and after the nine sessions), using the MBGR Protocol (assessment of chewing, swallowing, and smiling) and validated scales described in the literature (assessment of signs of facial aging). In the reported case, the usefulness of electromyographic biofeedback was verified for learning trained orofacial myofunctional patterns, as well as to improve chewing and swallowing functions and decrease signs of facial aging. However, further research is needed to demonstrate the positive effects of electromyographic biofeedback associated with myofunctional therapy aimed at attenuating the signs of facial aging.

NIMG-95. IMAGING CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYMORPHOUS LOW GRADE NEUROEPITHELIAL TUMOR (PLNTY)

Abstract Polymorphous low grade neuroepithelial tumor of the young (PLNTY) was first described in 2017 in the pathology literature based on the unique histologic and molecular characteristics. Most of the patients in the original article presented with seizures linked to a temporal lobe lesion. We report a pediatric patient who presented with seizures found to have a lesion which was consistent with PLNTY on biopsy. We will review the radiology and pathology of this case with a quick review of the characteristic findings of PLNTY.

Post mortem computed tomography is highly sensitive for pyelonephritis. A radiologic-pathologic correlation series.

Pyelonephritis is a potentially lethal disease occasionally encountered in the forensic setting. Post mortem computed tomography (PMCT) is an important investigative tool for the forensic pathologist. In particular, it may be used to document and screen disease prior to traditional autopsy methods. While the sensitivity and specificity of computed tomography for pyelonephritis is well studied in the antemortem clinical setting, the test characteristics of PMCT are not yet described in the forensic pathology literature. A series of all cases of fatal pyelonephritis identified at the Ontario Forensic Pathology Service, over the course of 1year was studied. Radiologic, clinical and pathologic findings were reviewed. A fulsome autopsy, including histopathologic examination, was considered the gold standard for sensitivity and specificity calculations. A control group consisting of 16 cases without pyelonephritis (ex: opiate toxicity) in which both PMCT and histologic data were available by way of comparison. Sixteen cases of pyelonephritis were identified. Post mortem computed tomographical signs of pyelonephritis included asymmetric renal enlargement, perinephric fat stranding, and ectopic renal air. The most (57%) individually sensitive of these findings was perinephric fat stranding but sensitivity increased to 100% if any of the three signs were present. The control group analysis revealed the specificity of air asymmetry (81%), asymmetric renal enlargement (81%), and fat stranding (69%). PMCT findings may rule in a diagnosis of pyelonephritis, and should prompt the pathologist to grossly and microscopically examine the kidneys.