Pathogens Of Fungal Diseases Research Articles

ADAPTATION OF PHYTOPHAGES AND PHYTOPATHOGENS TO NEOPHYTES OF THE GENUS IMPATIENS L. (BALSAMINACEAE) IN MOSCOW REGION

Results of a five-year study of phytophages and phytopathogens in the Moscow region on two invasive species of the genus Impatiens L. (Balsaminaceae): I. parviflora DC. and I. grandi ora Royl. are presented. The damaging complex consists of representatives of herbivorous polyphages, fungal pathogens, phytoviruses and indicates the adaptation of autochthonous phytotrophic organisms. 6 phytophages and 4 pathogens of fungal diseases at I. parvi ora, and 5 phytophages, 4 fungal phytopathogens and 3 phytoviruses at I. glandulifera were found. During the study period, there was no critical increase in the density of populations of harmful arthropod species and the development of epiphytoties.

Pathogens of fungal diseases in the spiked cereal crops

The article presents the results of the study of the composition of fungal species that cause staining, necrotization of grain tissue, stems to common wheat leaves, durum wheat, barley. The fungi with the highest incidence were Alternaria alternata (33.8 %), Fusarium avenaceum var. herbarum (20.6 %), Helminthosporium avenae (19.4 %). Culture filtrates of the F. avenaceum var. herbarum isolates involved in the study inhibited the germination of the kernels, the growth of the embryonic root with different intensity, the largest share in the source of variation of the growth of the embryonic root returning to the isolate factor of the fungus (65.7 %%). The role of genotype and isolated genotype x interactions was 25.5 % and 5.7 %, respectively.

Yield and quality of potatoes depending on the use of biological preparations

In biologized agricultural production, together with minimized chemical agents, promising preparations based on various subspecies of spore-forming bacteria are widely used. The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the use of biological preparations of Kartofin (based on the Bacillus subtilis strain I5-12/23) and BisolbiSan, (based on the Bacillus subtilis strain h-13) according to the following indicators: – germination of tubers, plant growth and development, prevalence and development of diseases on plants, crop weight and its marketability. The results of the studies showed that pre-planting treatment of seed tubers with Kartofin and BisolbiSan biologics had a positive effect on the germination of potato tubers, increasing it by 6.3 – 8.7% compared to the control. Under field conditions they showed high biological effectiveness against pathogens of fungal diseases of potatoes: late blight (from 37.5% to 100%). Accounting for the total yield showed that the highest yield indicators were noted on the variant with the use of the biological preparation BisolbiSan – 38.4 t/ha (20.5% higher than the control variant).

Creation of new tomato forms with fungal disease resistance genes based on marker selection

Relevance. The presented studies are aimed at obtaining new forms of tomato with a complex of genes for resistance to fungal diseases in combination with a standard type of bush and dark coloring of fruits based on marker-mediated selection.Methodology. The biological objects of the study are varieties and hybrid forms of tomato from the collection of the Michurinsky SAU. Molecular genetic analysis was performed using the following methods. DNA extraction was carried out from young leaves using a kit for isolation of NC Sample NC manufactured by Agrodiagnostika LLC according to the manufacturer's protocol. Fermentas production kits were used for PCR. Identification of the cladosporosis resistance gene was Cf-19 performed using the DNA marker R7. The presence of a fusarious wilting resistance gene was determined by a I-2/5 marker. The amplification results were visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis.Results. During the research, a collection of varieties and hybrid forms of tomato of the Michurinsky GAU was analyzed in order to identify genes for resistance to cladosporiosis Cf-19 and fusarium wilt I-2. A total of 52 genotypes were analyzed. It was found that most samples (41 samples) are characterized by a heterozygous state of the Cf-19 gene. All indeterminant and semi-determinant forms had both alleles. Of the 23 determinant forms presented in the collection, 10 had only one allele corresponding to recessive homozygote. Among all analyzed tomato genotypes, no dominant homozygous forms were noted. The study of the collection revealed several alleles of the I-2 gene. In total, four fragments corresponding to various alleles were amplified. A total of 50 resistant genotypes have been identified in the collection. Two alleys of the I-2 gene (633/693 bp) were identified in 42 tomato samples. Four varieties are homozygous in one allele (633 bp), which determines resistance. Three varieties have a second resistance allele (566 bp). One genotype has only an allele defining susceptibility (693 bp). On the basis of molecular analysis, as well as an assessment of the type of bush and fetal color, initial forms were selected with subsequent hybridization. 67 hybrid tomato plants were obtained. Evaluation of the presence of resistance genes showed that most of the resulting hybrids are resistant to cladosporiosis and fuzariosis. This is due to the presence of dominant alleles of Cf-19 and I-2 genes in a heterozygous state. Among the resulting hybrids, plants with a bark type of bush were identified. A total of 13 such plants were obtained.Conclusion. Thus, the work carried out allowed to obtain hybrid forms of tomato combine the signs of resistance to two pathogens of fungal diseases and the stem type of the bush. These forms are planned to be used in further selection work.

Antagonism of Bacillus thuringiensis to phytopathogenic micromicetes as pathogens of apple trees

Antagonistic microorganisms, producing bactericidal and fungicidal substances, spread in space and occupy various ecological niches. Antagonistic action of microorganisms can be combined with a number of other properties that can be used by humans for their own purposes. Microorganisms — agents of biological products often have a multifunctional effect on the components of the agroecosystem, which under the influence of various environmental factors could have positive and negative consequences. The aim of the study was to study the effect of new highly active entomopathogenic strains of Bacillus thuringiensis on non-target objects — components of the biocenosis of the apple orchard. When developing technologies for biocontrol of the number of apple trees pests using B. thuringiensis revealed an additional positive protective effect — reducing the number of pathogens of fungal diseases on the leaf surface. Treatment of apple leaves with a liquid culture of strain B. thuringiensis 0376 after 72 hours of application reduced the number of scab of Fusicladium dendriticum by 7 times, and the pathogen of monolisis of Monilia fructigena — 9 times. Strain B. thuringiensis 0371 showed the highest level of antagonism, because in vitro completely inhibited the growth and development of micromycetes on the surface of the nutrient medium. On the leaf surface, the application of culture strain 0371 reduced the number of Fusicladium dendriticum by 92%, and Monilia fructigena — by 86% after 72 hours of treatment. In a field experiment when treating apple trees with a culture of this strain, scab development decreased by 7.1%. Strain B. thuringiensis 787 did not show antagonism against phytopathogenicmicromycetes during co-cultivation on nutrient medium, which may be explained by its inability to produce water-soluble exotoxin, in contrast to strains of B. thuringiensis, which are antagonists of scab and apple monolisis. Strain B. thuringiensis 0371 requires further research and development of its formulations, because it is promising for the creation of a complex biological product with insect-fungicidal properties for use in ecological and agriculture friendly technologies.

Antagonistic potential of chemical fertilizers "FITOSPORIN – M" against the pathogens on common hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.)

Data on the study and therapeutic prospects of Hyssopus officinalis L. as a valuable essential oil culture of the NBS are presented. The composition of infectious agents on hyssop was determined. Several variants of plant treatment with biological preparations were tested to identify the most effective way to protect hyssop from pathogens. The fungal pathogens Fusarium solani (Mart.) App. & Wr. were found on the culture of Hyssopus officinalis in the rhizosphere, the hyssop stem zone is affected by dry rot pathogens – Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl. Verticillium allbo-atrum Reinke & Berthold and V. dahlia Kleb were the dominant pathogens of Verticillium wilt on the top of the stem and on the leaves. The use of the biofungicide «Fitosporin – M» had a significant effectiveness against fungal pathogens on hyssop medicinal. Marked reduction in the degree of development of the disease from 24.1 % to 4.2 %. The number of spores in native preparations from extracts of tissues of infected plants of hyssop decreased in 15 times for the pathogens of Fusarium (F. solani), and 17 times for the agents of verticillata (V. allbo-atrum and V. dahliaе). High antagonistic activity in relation to pathogens of fungal diseases of Hyssopus officinalis was observed in the case of using a composition of two drugs. It was found that when the biofungicide «Fitosporin – M» and vitalizer «HB – 101» were used together, the number of spores of fungal pathogens fixed in the tissues of affected plants decreased to zero.

Fungal Diseases in Some Leafy Vegetables Growing Areas in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

Fungi are one of the plant disease pathogen groups that restrict economic production in leafy vegetable growing. In this study, one of the leafy vegetables that eat an important place in our food is; It is aimed to determine the pathogens of fungal disease, which are the leading factors that limit the production of parsley, arugula, mint, spinach and lettuce. For this purpose, the study was carried out in the production areas of Guzelyurt, Gazimagusa, Girne, Iskele and Lefkoşa provinces in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) between 2014-2016, and fungal disease pathogens and prevalence rates were determined. At the end of the studies; Septoria petroselini, Alternaria petroselini, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani in parsley; Albugo candida, Alternaria japonica, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum in arugula; Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Verticillium dahliae in mint; Albugo occidentalis, Colletotrichum dematium, Cercospora beticola, Peronospora farinosa f.sp. spinaciae, Fusarium oxysporum in spinach; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Bremia lactucae, Fusarium oxysporum in lettuce, fungal diseases were detected. Keywords: Leafy vegetables, lettuce, spinach, parsley, arugula, mint, fungal disease DOI: 10.7176/JSTR/6-09-08

The influence of growing technology on the resistance of potato varieties to dry fusarium rot

Goal. The study of the effectiveness technology of potato cultivation for the phytosanitary state of tubers in the conditions of the Polesie region of Ukraine.
 Methods. Research of production crops of the Gabenets farm. Monitoring of major fungal diseases on potato tubers. Identification of phytopathogens on potato tubers. Farming technology consisted of 9 stages and included 6 herbicide-fungicidal treatments in the growing season of potato plants. Samples were collected and phytopathological analysis of potato tubers during harvest was conducted according to conventional methods. Identification of pathogens of fungal diseases was carried out at the Institute of Plant Protection of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, according to conventional methods.
 Results. The performance of potato varieties in the application of a set of protection measures in FG “Gabenets” was evaluated. It was analyzed that the yields of varieties on the production crops of the farm were quite high and ranged from 50.25 to 58.10 t / ha, and the yield from one bush — from 1.014 kg to 1.163 kg. The highest yield was on production crops of the Pirol variety and amounted to 58.10 t / ha, compared to the control — 47.30 t / ha. Phytopathological analysis of potato chips varieties was carried out, which resulted in the detection of dry fusarium potato rot in control variants of Opal, Karlenа, Fantasia and Kibitz. No crop disease was detected in production crops where a system of protective measures was applied. Pirol cultivar has proven to be resistant to fungal pathogens.
 Conclusions. Protective measures during the vegetation of potato plants prevented the mass development of fungal diseases on potato tubers, which in turn will have a positive effect on the stickiness of the tubers and preserve their marketability.

Пошук нових джерел стійкості пшениці озимої до основних збудників грибних хвороб

Пошук нових джерел стійкості пшениці озимої до основних збудників грибних хвороб

CHARACTERIZATION OF ISOLATES OF ALTERNARIA AND FUSARIUM FOUND IN CARROT FROM DIFFERENT ECOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHIC ZONES

Selection of infected material for research was carried out in experimental carrot plots at GNU VNIIO (Moscow region), Voronezh OOS (Voronezh oblast), Baraccudas OOS (Rostov region) and Israel. The first year plants of carrot, the roots, were used for the study. There are many scientific papers cited where many different methods of artificial infection of plants with fungal disease pathogens were given to control the stability of carrot genotypes in various phases of plant development. One of the ways to lead the purposed breeding program for resistance is the extraction of pathogens isolates and the method of fast assessment on the basis of determining the aggressiveness of new strains and their use in breeding work. This article presents a method of inoculation of cut-discs of root. A great advantage of the method is in its efficiency and the current results can be obtained within 2 weeks from the moment of infection. As a result, the work on the isolation of fungi from carrot plants, the pure culture collection of strains: Alternaria radicina and Fusarium avenaceum was obtained. The characteristics and morphology description of colonies of isolates of RR. Alternaria and Fusarium found in carrot plants taken from different ecological and geographical zones were given. The most aggressive isolates of the following ecological and geographical zones as Alternaria at Moscow and Rostov regions, Fusarium at Voronezh and Moscow regions were revealed. These isolates will be used as standards of aggressiveness for the test of newly isolated strains regarded as inoculum to conduct immunological experiments in carrot breeding for resistance to Fusarium and Alternaria.

Transformation of Fungal Grapevine Trunk Disease Pathogens with the Green Fluorescent Protein Gene

Eutypa lata and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora are important fungal grapevine trunk disease pathogens. Studies of their epidemiology and disease progression are hampered by the slow growth rates of the fungi and a lack of molecular tools. A protoplast-based transformation system was developed using hygromycin resistance as a positive selectable marker. The system was used to introduce a green fluorescent protein reporter gene that was expressed in the hyphae of both species. The reporter strains will be useful tools for further epidemiological studies. Furthermore the transformation system will allow for genetic dissection of candidate pathogenicity or virulence genes by targeted replacement or disruption, in order to discern the role of these genes in the disease process.