Pathogenic Flora Research Articles

Immunomodulators use in a treatment of lower urogenital tract infections in women

Relevance. Women’ immune system indexes are dependent on cyclic hormonal influences. They decrease in the ovulation and in luteal phase of the menstrual cycle forming a “window of vulnerability” when there is an increased risk of infection with pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms. Infected tissues inflammatory reaction in its turn aggravates these disorders. For these reasons, one should not only use empirical regimens of antimicrobial therapy covering wide spectrum of pathogens, but also to consider the possibility and need of a comprehensive approach with use of adjuvant treatment methods (detoxification, immunomodulatory, supportive therapy). Aim. To determine immunological changes in the body of women with lower genital tract infectious and inflammatory diseases and to justify a role of immunomodulators in increasing of treatment and relapse prevention efficacy. Materials and methods. In order to write this review domestic and foreign publications were searched in Russian and international search systems (PubMed, eLIBRARY, etc.) for the last 2-22 years. The review included articles from peer-reviewed literature. Results. Due to its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and detoxifying effects azoximer bromide contributes to an increase in treatment efficacy: elimination of pathogenic flora increases by 30%, clinical manifestations resolution occurs 2 times faster, a relapse risk reduces. Conclusion. To activate anti-infective immunity a comprehensive treatment with immunomodulators use is advisable.

Систематический анализ исследований лактитола

Lactitol is a prebiotic disaccharide that supports the functioning of lacto- and bifidobacteria, also inhibits the growth of pathogenic flora. The results of transcriptome and proteomic studies have shown that lactitol is characterized by unique absorption and processing mechanisms in lactobacteriathat distinguish it from other prebiotics. In high doses (5 … 50 g/day) lactiol is used as an osmotic laxative. Lactictol enhances the detoxification of the body (in particular, the excretion of ammonia and toxic amines). The detoxification effect of lactitol, lack of lactitol’seffect on blood lipid and glycemic profiles, lack of food intolerance and rare occurrenceof side effects (flatulence, transient diarrhea when the dose is exceeded) make lactitol an important tool in the treatment of dysbiosis, liver disease and hepatic encephalopathy.

Interrogating the spectrum of bacterial pathogens in ulcers of cutaneous leishmaniasis

Purpose: Secondary bacterial infections are commonly identified in ulcers of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), thus, antibiotics are often empirically prescribed prior to anti-Leishmania therapy. Here, we aim to identify the spectrum of bacterial pathogens present in CL ulcers to better enhance antimicrobial stewardship and targeted antimicrobial therapy. Methods & Materials: DNA was extracted from filter paper lesion impressions (FPLIs) of 6 CL ulcers and amplified by real-time PCR (qPCR) and end-point PCR targeting organisms implicated in skin- and soft-tissue infections. Targeted species included: Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus spp., Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 16S rDNA. Amplified products were Sanger sequenced for bacterial species confirmation. Samples were then sent for Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS). The severe CL phenotype was defined as: intercurrent mucosal involvement; multifocal disease (ulcers ≥4 in number in ≥2 anatomic locations); purulent/exudative ulcers with associated erythema and pain (“secondarily infected” appearance); or ulcers with lymphatic involvement. Results: Of 6 FPLIs, 4 (68%) were identified as Leishmania Viannia braziliensis, 1 (16%) was L. V. peruviana, and 1 (16%) was L. tropica. Based on single assay detection, the following common potentially pathogenic flora were detected in all 6 FPLIs: S. aureus (100%), C. freundii (100%), Enterobacter spp. (67%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (67%). Whole Genome Sequencing yielded identification of many environmental and skin contaminants; however, Brevundimonas nasdae was detected in 3 out of the 6 FPLIs (50%), in addition to all of the aforementioned flora using the single assay detection protocol. Overall, the distribution of flora in ulcers of severe (n = 2) and non-severe phenotypes (n = 4) did not differ (p = 1.000). Conclusion: CL ulcers with a secondarily-infected phenotype are universally treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, often without microbiological confirmation of presence of bacterial pathogens. Therefore, understanding the presence and complement of bacterial potential pathogens in ulcers of CL has implications for antimicrobial stewardship and evidence-based management strategies. WGS enables detection and identification of the full range of organisms present in the microbiome of the CL ulcer. Further prospective analysis, including additional WGS studies of CL ulcers, is necessary to determine the role of empiric antibiotic therapy in CL ulcers with an inflammatory phenotype.

Diode Laser as an Adjunct to Kirkland Flap Surgery-A Randomized Split-Mouth Clinical and Microbiological Study.

Background: Mechanical methods of periodontal therapy alone may fail to eliminate the tissue-invasive pathogenic flora; therefore, considerable attention has been given to adjunctive antimicrobial measures. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the clinical and microbiological effects of diode laser (DL) as an adjunct to Kirkland flap surgery versus Kirkland flap surgery alone for the treatment of generalized chronic periodontitis. Materials and methods: A total of 20 patients with generalized chronic periodontitis with probing pocket depth ≥5 mm after phase I therapy were included in this split-mouth study. Two contralateral quadrants of each patient were randomly assigned to either test or control group. Control group was treated with Kirkland flap surgery alone, whereas test group was treated with DL as an adjunct to Kirkland flap surgery. Periodontal parameters were recorded, and subgingival plaque samples were collected from both the control and test groups at baseline and third and sixth month. The plaque samples were then analyzed for red complex organisms using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Compared with baseline, both treatments showed an improvement in periodontal parameters at the third and sixth month. However, test group produced a significant improvement in plaque index (1.039 ± 0.069 vs. 1.392 ± 0.17, p < 0.001), bleeding on probing (16.512 ± 5.982 vs. 37.051 ± 7.459, p < 0.001), probing pocket depth (1.727 ± 0.39 vs. 3.016 ± 0.47, p < 0.001), and clinical attachment level (2.054 ± 0.524 vs. 3.354 ± 0.728, p < 0.001) at third and sixth month compared with the control group. Moreover, in the test group, levels of red complex bacteria were significantly reduced at third and sixth month compared with the control group. Conclusions: DL as an adjunct to Kirkland flap surgery has resulted in a greater reduction in clinical and microbiological parameters compared with Kirkland flap surgery alone, thereby offering additional benefit in treating generalized chronic periodontitis patients.

Intestinal Microbiota as a Host Defense Mechanism to Infectious Threats.

The intestinal microbiota is a complex microbial community, with diverse and stable populations hosted by the gastrointestinal tract since birth. This ecosystem holds multiple anti-infectious, anti-inflammatory, and immune modulating roles decisive for intestinal homeostasis. Among these, colonization resistance refers to the dynamic antagonistic interactions between commensals and pathogenic flora. Hence, gut bacteria compete for the same intestinal niches and substrates, while also releasing antimicrobial substances such as bacteriocines and changing the environmental conditions. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) generated in anaerobic conditions prompt epigenetic regulatory mechanisms that favor a tolerogenic immune response. In addition, the commensal flora is involved in the synthesis of bactericidal products, namely secondary biliary acids or antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as cathellicidin-LL37, an immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and wound healing peptide. Gut microbiota is protected through symbiotic relations with the hosting organism and by quorum sensing, a specific cell-to-cell communication system. Any alterations of these relationships favor the uncontrollable multiplication of the resident pathobionts or external entero-pathogens, prompting systemic translocations, inflammatory reactions, or exacerbations of bacterial virulence mechanisms (T6SS, T3SS) and ultimately lead to gastrointestinal or systemic infections. The article describes the metabolic and immunological mechanisms through which the intestinal microbiota is both an ally of the organism against enteric pathogens and an enemy that favors the development of infections.

The human gut resistome: Current concepts & future prospects.

The human gut is home to a myriad of organisms. While some are harmless commensals, others are transient, pathogenic flora. The gut microbiome is composed of diverse bacterial flora, and apart from playing a major role in protecting from various infectious and non-infectious diseases, it plays an important role in resistance to antimicrobials. The collection of genes or genetic material that confers antimicrobial resistance constitutes the gut resistome, and it may involve the pathogens or commensals of the intestinal tract. The diversity of this gut resistome is influenced by various environmental factors including the diet and antibiotic exposure. This review highlights the recent concepts pertaining to the human gut resistome, factors affecting it, how it impacts human health and diseases, methods to study the resistome and potential therapeutic approaches.

Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of local therapy of chronic tonsillitis in children

Objective: comparative analysis of the antibacterial efficacy of local treatment of chronic tonsillitis in children. Material and methods. The study included 116 children from 5 to 12 years old divided into two groups: Group 1 (main group) and Group 2 (control group), 59 and 57 patients respectively. All patients were subjected to examination of ENT organs, bacterial and viral antibodies check-up, and microbiological research of the tonsil’s lacunae. Group 1 was subjected to rinsing lacunas with a solution of furasol (potassium furazidin), Group 2 was subjected to rinsing lacunas with a solution of furatsilin (nitrofural). With similar input data, clinical examination and microbiological research in one month after the end of treatment showed higher efficacy of furazidine potassium in relation to the main pathogenic agents of the tonsil’s lacunae as compared to furatsilin. Conclusion: 1. The lacunae of the tonsils contain several microorganisms of different groups, which requires a more careful selection of the treatment in relation to bacteria with a high pathogenic potential. 2. Furasol is a highly effective antimicrobial drug for the local treatment of chronic tonsillitis, which helps to restore the biocenosis of the tonsils by affecting the pathogenic flora without adversely affecting saprophytic bacteria.Conflict of interest: The authors of this article confirmed the lack of conflict of interest and financial support, which should be reported.

Advanced Using of Apiculture Products in Patients with Chronic Bronchitis at Primary Level

This paper presents the results of rehabilitation of 128 patients with chronic bronchitis using apiculture products. The impaired pulmonary function has been found to persist in patients with chronic bronchitis in incomplete remission along with incomplete elimination of pathogenic flora from bronchial tree. It has been demonstrated that consuming honey, propolis, and farina leads to alleviated bronchial obstruction and, consequently, to the improved pulmonary function. The patients with chronic bronchitis demonstrate reduced expectoration with decreased pathogenic flora content. All these factors can ensure prolonged remission, reduced incidence rate, and decreased disability period.

Вплив біологічних препаратів на фітосанітарний стан насіння сої

Викладено результати фітоекспертизи насіння сої сорту Вільшанка Визначено показники якості, ступінь інфікованості та видовий склад патогенних мікроорганізмів. Визначено домінуючі гриби родів Fusarium, Alternaria, Mucor. Вивчено дію хімічних і біологічних препаратів для знезараження насіннєвого матеріалу та їх вплив на ріст і розвиток проростків сої.&#x0D; Soybean is one of the most demanded legumes in the world of leguminous crops. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in its production in Ukraine. The presence of pathogenic flora on the seed material significantly affects its quality, further development of plants and productivity of the studied crop.&#x0D; The vast majority of researchers offer to disinfect seeds and protect them from soil infection using chemical agents that in their opinion effectively and long-term protect a crop with a minimum negative environmental impact. Modern requirements for the quality of agricultural products focus on the use of environmentally safe plant protection measures, which include the biomethod.&#x0D; The purpose of the research is to investigate the influence of biopreparations on the degree of infection and the species composition of phytopathogens of soybean seeds, the crop quality of the investigated material, the development of plants in the initial stages of organogenesis and their racing properties.&#x0D; As a result of the research, the crop quality of the soybean seeds of Vilshanka crop was determined in 2016 and 2017. The germination energy and laboratory similarity were higher in the seeds of the crop in 2016: 78.3% and 81.8% respectively, the level of infection was 56%. In 2017 it showed a little worse quality, contamination with pathogens was 88.5%.&#x0D; In order to determine the causes of low crop quality of soybean seeds the microscopy of grain with signs of damage was performed. Fungal pathogens and bacterial etiology were detected.&#x0D; It should be noted that the fungal pathogens dominated the samples under study regardless of the harvest year. Their distribution was 85.71% and 85.76 %. Bacterial infections did not exceed 15%, and a certain number of specimens (2016 – 16.42%, and in 2017 – 7.11%) was characterized by a mixed infection.&#x0D; Alternaria was the highest in the soybean affected by the Alternaria genus, reaching 25.3% in 2016, while in 2017 this figure was almost three times smaller – 8.7%. The prevalence of fungi of Fusarium and Botrytis genera in the 2016 harvest was 2.2% and 2.5%, while in 2017, the level of gray rot affected was 1.2%, and the defeat of Fusarium sp. remained at last year level.&#x0D; The species composition of saprophytes in 2016 was represented by fungi of the genera Mucor, Aspergillus, Penicillium. The prevalence ranged from 0.5% (Penicillium sp.) to 7.5% (Mucor sp.). And in 2017 the species of scads of pathogens of secondary infection decreased to two genera Mucor, Aspergillus (3.3% and 1.5% respectively).&#x0D; The next stage of the research was the assessment of the biological activity of fungicidal preparations of chemical and biological origin against detected phytopathogenic microorganisms. As a benchmark, «Maxim XL» fungicide was used, as well as biological products «Phytodoctor» and «Trichodermin» in other cases.&#x0D; In our experiments carried out in 2016 chemical fungicide «Maxim XL» decreased the manifestation of fungal infection in 6.5 times, and in 2017 – 5.9 times compared with the control, while it was not effective against the bacterial infection. In this variant the infection with bacterial pathogens was 4.3–3.2%.&#x0D; In «Trichodermin» and «Phytodoctor» variants, the laboratory similarity was recorded at almost the same level – 85.1% and 85.3%, respectively, while the number of conditionally healthy seedlings was slightly higher with the use of «Trichodermin» – 95.2%, which is 2.3% higher than in the version with «Phytodoctor» (92.9%). «Trichodermin» showed greater effectiveness against fungal etiology, which decreased to 3.3%. «Maxim XL» positively influenced the similarity of the seeds – 93.4%, but was not sufficiently effective against the bacterial flora, the prevalence of which was manifested at 3.8%.&#x0D; It is worth noting that «Maxim XL» actively destroys the fungal pathogenic microflora, which was 2.8%, that is 4.8% less compared to the control.&#x0D; In addition to the evaluating the effectiveness of the drugs studied against the pathogenic flora, we determined their effect on the growth and development of soy sprouts. The analysis of the data shows the positive effect of biofungicides on the development of soybean variety Vilshanka. Thus, the height of the germs for the use of drugs «Trichodermin» and «Phytodoctor» increased in comparison with the control of 8.4 mm and 10.6 mm respectively, while the chemical trainer suppressed this figure by 5.8 mm. A similar trend was observed in the determining the length of the root. Consequently, at the initial stages of the development of soy plants, biopreparations showed a stimulating effect.

The modern view on optimal therapy of HPV-associated pathology of cervix at the vaginal dysbiosis background

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a proven cause of precancer and cervical cancer. Violation of the vaginal microbiota in women with HPV-associated cervical pathology may contribute to the development of carcinogenesis. Deficiency of lactobacillus contributes to the growth and development of opportunistic microorganisms, reducing the synthesis of bactericidal and antifungal substances. The study of the clinical efficacy of the vaginal Lactoginal® (strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus LCR35), in the complex treatment of HPV-associated cervical pathology at the vaginal dysbiosis background’s. The results of the study showed a significant decrease in cases of vaginal dysbiosis, an increase in the number of lactobacilli in the vaginal secretion, a decrease in the microbial associations of relative pathogenic flora, an improvement in local immunity and complete elimination of HPV with the addition of the Lactoginal® to the basic therapy. The results obtained allow us to recommend the Lactoginal® for treatment of precancerous diseases of the cervix.

Evaluation of the Hygienic Quality of Raw Milk at Different Levels of the Dairy Chain

Variations in the hygienic quality of raw milk collected at different levels of the dairy chain from the farm, tanks, at the end of collection and at delivery in the north-central region of Algeria were studied over a period of one year. The average loads of all the germs of contamination increased gradually (p<0.001). The average values of these respective evolutions of the farm, at the end of collection and delivery, expressed in Log10 cfu/ml of raw milk for total aerobic mesophilic flora (TAMF), total and faecal coliforms (TC), (FC) values are (5.11, 6.42 and 7.5), (3.1, 4.6 and 5.31), (1.61, 3.29 and 4.29). Yeasts and molds are present with high levels of contamination in the samples analyzed, the average per milliliter expressed in Log10 cfu at each collection site are respectively (2.84, 4.58 and 5.34), (1 24, 3.23 and 3.88). The pathogenic flora also has increasing presence rates at each level of the dairy chain. Milks from farms that were already contaminated with Clostridium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus (15.27, 1.39 and 4.86%), respectively, arrived at the different dairies with exponential mean presence (50; 28.33 and 56.66%). However, it should be noted that the danger is all the more important as the presence rate and the microbial load are higher in raw milks. The strong growth of the micro-organisms studied once again demonstrates the variability of practices from one sampling site to another. This is the result of poor hygienic conditions during milking, they also provide information on the degree of handling of milk, including the observed transvasions.

Estimating the proportion of bystander selection for antibiotic resistance among potentially pathogenic bacterial flora

Bystander selection-the selective pressure for resistance exerted by antibiotics on microbes that are not the target pathogen of treatment-is critical to understanding the total impact of broad-spectrum antibiotic use on pathogenic bacterial species that are often carried asymptomatically. However, to our knowledge, this effect has never been quantified. We quantify bystander selection for resistance for a range of clinically relevant antibiotic-species pairs as the proportion of all antibiotic exposures received by a species for conditions in which that species was not the causative pathogen ("proportion of bystander exposures"). Data sources include the 2010-2011 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, the Human Microbiome Project, and additional carriage and etiological data from existing literature. For outpatient prescribing in the United States, we find that this proportion over all included antibiotic classes is over 80% for eight of nine organisms of interest. Low proportions of bystander exposure are often associated with infrequent bacterial carriage or concentrated prescribing of a particular antibiotic for conditions caused by the species of interest. Applying our results, we roughly estimate that pneumococcal conjugate vaccination programs result in nearly the same proportional reduction in total antibiotic exposures of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, despite the latter two organisms not being targeted by the vaccine. These results underscore the importance of considering antibiotic exposures of bystanders, in addition to the target pathogen, in measuring the impact of antibiotic resistance interventions.

Experience with intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in pregnant women with miscarriage and chronic endometritis

Chronic endometritis is the most common endometrial pathology in women with habitual miscarriage. Urogenital infections, persistence of pathogenic and opportunistic flora lead to chronic inflammatory process in the endometrium and secondary immunodeficiency states. In the endometrium, an increased number of NK- (CD16+ and CD56+), В- (CD20+) lymphocytes and cells expressing the late HLA-DR activation marker are determined. These lymphocytes enhance the expression of histocompatibility antigens by endometrial cells and lead to autoimmune inflammation. The imbalance between immune tolerance to the fetus and immune activation to the pathogenic organisms is associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. After a course of complex therapy of chronic endometritis, most women with miscarriage can only reduce the severity of the inflammatory process in the endometrium. The aim of this study was to assess the importance of immunomodulatory effects of human immunoglobulin during pregnancy in women with miscarriage. The study included 182 patients with a history of miscarriage and chronic endometritis. Group 1 consisted of 98 women who received an intravenous course of human immunoglobulin at 7/8 weeks of pregnancy. Group 2 comprised 84 pregnant women who did not receive immunoglobulin therapy. An analysis of the results of the course and outcomes of pregnancy showed that administering an intravenous immunoglobulin course to pregnant women with miscarriage and chronic endometritis in the history prior to the first wave of trophoblast invasion helps to reduce the frequency of threatened abortion (54% in group 1 and 95% in group 2, p &lt; 0.001). The data obtained suggest that intravenous immunoglobulin should be recommended for women with habitual miscarriage and chronic endometritis during pregnancy up to 8 weeks.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROTECTIVE MEASURES FROM THE DISEASE OF CARROTS

In 2016, 2017 studies on the influence of fungicides on the development of diseases on the leaf surface of carrots were carried out. To study were taken fungicides Akanto Plus, Signum, fast and Rex duo. The research was carried out on the varieties of carrots of the Primorskyaya 22 and Taiphun. The work was carried out at the seaside vegetable Experimental Station – branch of the federal State budget scientific institution "Federal Scientific Center of vegetable growing" in coastal zone of Primorsky Krai in conditions of monsoon climate with annual quantity Precipitation 700-800 mm, most of which falls on the summer period. Natural climatic factors of Primorsky Krai create the most favorable conditions for development of high infectious background of pathogenic flora. The leaves of carrots here are amazed fitopatogenami from childbirth Alternaria, Cercospora, Xanthomonas. Diseases appear in the sowing of carrots usually in the second half of the growing season, after clamping tops in rows. The first treatment of drugs was carried out at the appearance of the first signs of disease on the leaf surface of the carrot, two subsequent treatments-in 14-16 days, depending on weather conditions. The most biological efficacy after three treatment showed the fungicide Signum: 53.2% on the variety of Primorskyaya 22 and 54.3% on the grade Taiphun, which contributed to the highest yield of carrots in this variant. The increase in the yield of standard root crops was here 10.0 t/ha or 41.0% on the grade of the Primorskyaya 22 and 7.6 t/ha or 28.4% on the grade Taiphun compared to the control version.

The State of the Intestinal Microflora in Hospitalized Children with Acute Intestinal Infections

The purpose of this study was to study the state of the intestinal microflora in young children who received inpatient treatment for acute intestinal infections. A study of the microflora in 183 children aged 0 months. up to 3 years of life. At the same time, 43 (23.5%) children received breast milk, 53 (29.0%) were artificially fed and 87 (47.5%) mixed-fed children. All children were examined by bacteriological method. Conditionally pathogenic flora among hospitalized patients was detected in 114 (62.3%),Candidawas mainly detected in 67.5% of cases, in 57 patients (50.0%) in association with other opportunistic microorganisms —Candida + St. aureus— in 32 (28.1%),Candida + P. vulgaris —in 9 (7.9%),Candida + + P. vulgaris + St. aureus— in 12 (10.5%),Candida + St. aureus + Ps. aeroginosa— in 4 (3.5%). As a result of studying the composition of the intestinal microflora in patients hospitalized with intestinal infection, a decrease in the number ofE. coliandB. bifidumwas found, 43.7% and 63.4%, respectively.

Сучасні підходи до корекції дисбіозу піхви у вагітних після антибактеріальної терапії

The objective: is to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of the Floric probiotic system for the restoration of vaginal microbiocenosis after antibiotic therapy during pregnancy. Materials and methods. We examined 58 pregnant women, in the II and III trimester of gestation, who received antibacterial therapy for bacterial vaginosis, nonspecific vaginitis and cervicitis, trichomonas colpitis and vulvovaginal candidiasis. All pregnant women underwent a general clinical examination, bacterioscopic and bacteriological examination of vaginal secretions immediately after the end of antibiotic therapy, on the 7th and 14th day of observation. All patients received probiotic Florica, which was used vaginally by 1–2 suppositories for 10 days after antibacterial therapy. Results. Bacterioscopic and bacteriological examination of vaginal contents showed that antibacterial therapy leads to excessive growth of conditionally pathogenic flora and depression of symbiotic microorganisms. Lactic acid bacteria in the dynamics of treatment with probiotic Floric were detected in the increasing titer in the majority of the examined. Recovery of vaginal flora after treatment was observed in 56 (96.5%) women. The level of vaginal pH decreased to normal values (pH &lt;4.5) in almost all women included in the examination group (94.8%). Conclusion. Antibacterial agents, regardless of group affiliation, negatively affect the state of vaginal microbiocenosis, contributing to the development of antibacterial vaginal dysbiosis. The use of the Floric probiotic system allows to bring to a qualitatively new effective level the prevention and treatment of dysbiotic disorders in pregnant women, which will certainly improve the perinatal outcomes and ensure the formation of the physiological microbiocenosis in the biotopes of the newborn. Key words: pregnancy, antibiotic therapy, dysbiosis, probiotic Florica.

Laktimak Forte: a Modern Approach to Preventive Dysbiosis in Patients with Acute Respiratory Viral Infections

Acute respiratory viral infections – are the most common infectious diseases affecting all age groups. WHO experts note that this most widespread human population has a steady tendency to increase in recent years. Social causes associated with the global process of everincreasing urbanization, closer contacts of people practically anywhere on the globe and the strengthening of intercontinental migration processes will contribute to the further spread of SARS. Reducing the number of complications and preventing the occurrence of the negative effects of acute respiratory viral infections are directly correlated to the treatments.The objective: the study of the effectiveness of Laktimak Forte for patients with acute respiratory viral infections in terms of prevention of the development of dysbiosis, including and against the background of antibiotic therapy.Materials and methods. The study includes 150 patients diagnosed with: ARI, moderate and severe, including 65 (43,3%) with complications of pneumonia. The average age of patients (Me-24.5; IQR:9,00–34,00) years. A comprehensive examination of patients during 14 days of inpatient treatment was performed: analysis of the dynamics of general blood parameters and bacteriological microflora test of feces. Statistical analysis of data and processing of results were used with the help of the package of integrated programs «SPSS Statistics 20».Results. The dynamic observation made it possible to detect the symptoms characteristic of the gastrointestinal syndrome (GIS) (looseness to 3 times a day, abdominal pain, bloating, gurgling, gaseous eructation) in 38,4% of cases at the time of delivery. Significantly fewer patients were disturbed by nausea – only in 5,9% of cases. After treatment: in two groups complete eradication of conditionally pathogenic intestinal flora was achieved, in the third group 16 of 50 people had these pathogens (p&lt;0.001). Complications on the part of the digestive system (development of diarrhea against the background of taking antibiotics): patients of the I group had symptoms only in 7% of cases, and people of the III group – in 87% of cases (p&lt;0,0001). While complex therapy with Laktimak Forte, a complete normalization of intestinal microflora was observed in 92,5% of patients in the first and second groups, compared with 39,5% in the third group (p&lt;0.001). Patients in major groups had a decrease in intoxication syndrome (Mann–Whitney’s criterion=124,50; p=0,340). The relative risk of lowering the non-specific resistance of the body of the third group patients (with standard treatment) is by 17,1 times higher (RR=17,10; 95% CI:2,76–105,70) compared with patients who received a comprehensive treatment (χ2=11,68, φ=0,578, p=0.001).Conclusion. Patients with acute respiratory viral infections who underwent complex treatment were subject to the risk of complications, the clinical variety of symptoms and normalization of immunological parameters 14 times less compared with patients of Group III. A complete normalization of intestinal microflora was noted in 92,5% of patients in the first and second groups, compared with 39,5% of the third group.

SEASONAL FEATURES OF THE MICROBIAL LANDSCAPE OF PALATINE TONSILS IN HEALTHY STUDENTS

Aim.To find out microbial landscape characteristics of the palatine tonsils in healthy students, depending on the season. Materials and methods. It were examined 40 students without any oropharyngeal pathology aged 17-30 (23 ± 3.5). There were no signs of chronic tonsillitis at pha-ryngoscopy, no signs of acute respiratory infection; they did not take antibiotics for one last month prior to the study and had no tonsilitis for the last 5 years. Examination was made three times, once in a season: autumn from October 16 till November 2; winter from January 27 till March 6 ; spring from April 2 till April 19. Results. The normal microlandscape in healthy individuals aged 17-30 years permanently had Streptococcus viridans, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida albicans, Neisseria, Micrococcus, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Presence of S. pyogenes andP. aeruginosa in the structure of microlandscape of the palatine tonsils did not cause any clinical symptoms in their carriers. We also revealed a seasonal dynamics expressed by the frequency of the increase of conditionally pathogenic flora on palatine tonsils in spring and the decrease in all microorganisms growth in winter.

Effects of Smoking on the Microbiota and Periodontal Tissue: Literature Review

Periodontitis is a chronic local inflammatory disease of tissue supporting the teeth that leads to progressive loss of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Smoking is a known risk factor for many diseases and increasing evidence suggests that smoking negatively affects periodontal health. Cigarette smoking increased periodontal pathogenic bacterial flora, increasing their pathogenicity and alterations in the periodontal tissue, however the effect of smoking is not directly to these bacteria. Nicotine causes a decreased blood flow and decreased capillary hindering the immune response against pathogenic bacteria. In addition, the immune system is suppressed, so the action of leukocytes is poorly effective against periodontal disease. In conclusion, smoking, mainly nicotine, affects the gingival blood flow, cytokine production, the neutrophil function, replacement of connective tissue and because of these factors, increases the number of periodontal pathogenic bacteria which negatively affects the periodontal tissue.

Влияние различных концентраций гуминовых кислот на формирование безопасности и товароведно-технологических качеств мяса цыплят-бройлеров

В статье экспериментально обоснована целесообразность применения в рационе сельскохозяйственной птицы биологической активной добавки «Reasil Humic Vet» (производство ООО «Лайф Форс», г. Саратов), созданной на основе щелочных солей природных гуминовых кислот – гуматов, из водорастворимого леонардита с использованием технологии щелочной экстракции. Исследования проведены на базе факультета ветеринарной медицины и биотехнологий Саратовского государственного аграрного университета Саратовской области на 4-х аналогичных группах цыплят-бройлеров по 100 голов в каждой. Изучены различные дозы биологически активной добавки на основе природно-органического комплекса гуминовых кислот, а так же вероятность возникновения негативного влияния на организм птицы при увеличении ее оптимальной дозировки, которая составляет 0,5 мл, в 22 раза и в 44 раза. Установлено, что введение в питьевую воду для цыплят-бройлеров добавки "Reasil Humic Vet", обладающей высокой биодоступностью, сочетающей свойства энтеросорбента микотоксинов, иммуностимулятора и антагониста патогенной флоры способствует повышению биологической полноценности рациона, тем самым улучшает процессы пищеварения и интенсивность нарастания живой массы на 11,85 и 4,94% при прослеживаемой тенденции к снижению затрат кормов на производство единицы продукции. В работе представлены данные морфо-биохимического состава крови, как одного из основных критериев физиологического состояния птицы, который отражает приспособительно - адаптационную реактивность ее организма, здоровья, обмена веществ и этим самым определяет уровень сохранности, продуктивности и качество ее мяса, что свидетельствует не только о безопасности применяемой биологически активной добавки, но и благоприятном воздействии на организм. Приведены результаты влияния гуминовых кислот на развитие внутренних органов цыплят - бройлеров, их мясные качества. Установлено, что включение к основному рациону бройлеров препарата с гуматами оказывает положительное влияние на синтез в их организме мышечной и жировой ткани. Наряду с этим проведены исследования химического состава мяса и органолептическая оценка его вкусовых достоинств.