Path Coefficient Analysis Research Articles

Effect of fertigation scheduling and doses of NPK on growth, yield and quality of cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. var. cerasiforme) under protected condition

This study investigated the impact of different fertigation schedules on cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) cultivation in a controlled environment at TNAU, Coimbatore, India. A Completely Randomized Design with nine treatments and three replications was used, incorporating various combinations of soil application and fertigation with water-soluble fertilizers at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF). Critical parameters such as growth, phenological traits, yield, fruit quality, soil nutrient status, and plant nutrient uptake were evaluated. Statistical analyses, including ANOVA, path coefficient analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA), were performed to assess treatment effects and identify relationships between variables. The results consistently demonstrated that fertigation with water-soluble fertilizers at 100% RDF (T3) yielded the best outcomes for most parameters, followed by 75% RDF fertigation (T4) and a combination of 25% soil application and 75% fertigation (T7). Significant improvements in plant growth, yield and fruit quality were observed with optimized fertigation compared to traditional soil application methods. T3 (100% RDF through fertigation) resulted in the highest plant height (263.95 cm), number of primary branches (15), leaf area (316.77 cm²) and dry matter production (96.85 kg/plant). Yield attributes such as fruits per plant (326.50), fruit weight (3.73 g), and total yield (23.95 t/ha) were also highest in T3. Path coefficient analysis indicated strong positive correlations between growth and yield parameters. PCA showed that the first principal component accounted for 85.9 % of the total variation. These findings highlight the potential for fertigation to improve resource use efficiency and productivity in cherry tomato cultivation.

Trait Interactions and Yield Enhancement in Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.): Insights from Correlation and Path Analysis

Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a self-pollinated (2n = 30) annual Rabi season crop mainly cultivated for flax fiber and oil due to its commercial use. The present investigation was carried out to study an association analysis among the yield and yield attributes using 75 linseed genotypes including 10 checks in a randomized block design with three replications at Oilseeds Research Farm, Kalyanpur, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, (India) during Rabi season of 2019-20. The correlation analysis revealed that the traits number of secondary branches per plant followed the number of primary branches per plant and number of capsules per plant at both the genotypic and phenotypic levels. The results of the path coefficient analysis revealed that traits such as the number of secondary branches per plant, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, and plant height exhibited a strong and positive direct effect on seed yield per plant at both the genotypic and phenotypic levels. The seed yield can be improved by selecting traits such as number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches, number of capsules per plant, and plant height. It is recommended that the breeder focus on these traits in linseed to enhance its commercial value for the farming community.

Studies on Path Coefficient Analysis and Correlation to Evaluate the Relationships between Yield and Its Components in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)

The present investigation was carried out for correlation and path coefficient analysis in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) The correlation of different traits with seed yield was examined both at phenotypic and genotypic levels and the study showed that genotypic correlation coefficient values were higher than the phenotypic values. This indicated that how much of phenotypic correlation coefficient are influenced by environment. The seed yield per plant was positive and significant with biological yield per plant, test weight and number of branches per plant at genotypic and phenotypic levels. The maximum direct positive effect on seed yield per plant was observed in biological yield per plant, harvest index, days to 50 per cent flowering, number of seed per pod, number of branches per plant and number of pods per plant. In the present investigation, genotypes viz., AFG-4 and RMT-303 were superior for seed yield per plant along with other traits like biological yield, test weight and number of pods per plant. These diverse genotypes can be used in future breeding programme of fenugreek.

Interrelationship Between Emergence and Yield Parameters in Mung Bean: Implication for Selection

Abstract Rapid and uniform seed germination and seedling emergence have been associated with grain yield under diverse environmental conditions. Twenty-one (21) mung bean accessions were evaluated at Ile-Ife and Kishi out-stations of the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR & T), Nigeria, to identify the emergence parameter(s) that could be selected for improvement of mung bean for yield. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications. Data were collected on emergence and yield parameters and analysed using the Statistical Analysis Software (SAS). Mean, heritability, and correlation coefficient were estimated. Path coefficient analysis was used to partition correlations into direct and indirect effects using seed yield as the dependent variable. Heritability estimate was moderate to high for most of the traits. Accessions 3, 6, 14 and 15 with high pod and seed yield had also high values of coefficient of velocity of emergence (CVE) and emergence percentage (E%). All emergence parameters except emergence energy had significant correlation with yield traits. CVE and Emergence Index (EI) had strong positive correlation with number of seeds.pod-1 and pod yield. When only the emergence parameters were considered, CVE had highest direct effect (0.74) on seed yield followed by E% (-0.73) and EI (0.70). Total indirect effects of EI and CVE accounted for only 6.06% and 11.9% of the total correlation, respectively. It therefore suggests that EI and CVE are emergence parameters that could be selected for at early stage in improvement of mung bean for yield.

Path coefficient analysis unraveled nutrient factors directly impacted the textural characteristics of cooked whole-grain purple rice.

Whole-grain pigmented rice (WCP) provides many nutritional benefits compared to non-pigmented varieties. The textural quality of cooked whole-grain rice, particularly its hardness, is crucial for consumers' preferences. We investigated the impact of multiple-grain nutrient components on textural attributes through Pearson Correlation and Path Coefficient Analyses (PCA). From correlation analysis, we found that the dietary fibre index (DFI), soluble and insoluble fibre (SDF and IDF), and amylose/amylopectin contents (AC/AP) influenced hardness (HRD) significantly. Nonetheless, the binary correlation failed to detect the impact of protein on hardness; instead, it strongly affected adhesiveness (ADH). The PCA revealed protein, AC/AP, and DFI significantly impacted HRD and ADH. Furthermore, DFI antagonised protein and AC/AP to define HRD, while AC/AP and DFI opposed the direct effects of protein on ADH. DFI's effects on HRD were more appealing among low AC than high or waxy rice groups. Instead, the effect of protein was more appealing among waxy rice varieties. Based on PCA, rice breeders can now rely on three nutrient factors, protein, DFI, and AC/AP, to redesign whole-grain pigmented rice to achieve consumer acceptance and well-being.

Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis for Yield and its Phenological, Physiological, Morphological and Biochemical Traits under 60 mM Salinity Stress in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

The investigation was carried out during rabi season (November–April) of 2020–2021 in the polyhouse, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India to assess the performance of chickpea genotypes under salinity stress conditions. The experiment was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications under two conditions: saline (pots without holes) and control (pots with holes). Twenty genotypes were collected out of which seventeen from ICRISAT, Hyderabad and three from ARS, SriGanganagar. The salinity stress was created using salts NaCl, which were administered in split doses of 60 mM at the time of sowing and 15 DAS. The study monitored various parameters such as phenological, physiological, morphological, biochemical, and yield parameters to determine the effect of salt stress on genotypes exhibiting different tolerance levels. The results showed that the total proline content increased due to the production of stress-related proteins during salinity stress. However, the yield parameters were reduced under stress conditions, with the highest decrease observed in the 60 mM NaCl treatment group compared to the control group. Based on the results of the study, ICC5439 and GNG 1581 are highly tolerant chickpea genotypes under salinity stress conditions. ICC 6050, ICC 251, ICC 252, and ICC 262 are medium tolerant genotypes, while ICC253, ICC 247, and ICC 249 are highly susceptible genotypes. Remaining are minimum tolerant and sensitive genotypes.

Determination of Correlation and Path Coefficients Analysis for Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) for Yield and Quality Attributes

A study was conducted on 14 genotypes (10 Lines and 3 Testers and a check-‘Pant T1’) of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) at the Vegetable Research Farm of the Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, during the Rabi season of 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2021-22. The research focused on examining correlations and path coefficients among 15 yield-contributing traits. The experimental design employed was a Randomized Block Design with three replications. The yield per ha was significantly positively correlated with fruit yield per plant (0.943 and 0.876), fruits per plant (0.705 and 710), fruit width (0.266 and 0.296), number of primary branches (0.264 and 0.280), average fruit weight (0.246 and 0.246), pericarp thickness (0.245 and 0.283) and TSS (0.204 and 0.210) at phenotypic and genotypic respectively. Whereas the number of fruits per plant (0.710) showed a significantly positive indirect effect with fruit yield (q/ha) and other traits as average fruit yield per plant (0.876), fruit width (0.296), pericarp thickness (0.283), primary branches per plant (0.280), average fruit weight (0.248), TSS (0.210) and plant height (0.188) are also showed positive indirect impact on fruit yield (q/ha) at genotypic level which specified that yield can be improved by enhancing these attributes.

Genetic analysis of Vicia faba L.: Advancements, hereditary traits, and correlations in ‘Sakha 3’ × ‘Nubaria 3’

Genetic diversity, heritability, and genetic advance are crucial considerations in the field of plant breeding. This research aimed to evaluate these factors for traits related to yield in faba bean (Vicia faba L.), specifically focusing on the F3 and F4 generations resulting from the cross between ‘Sakha 3’ and ‘Nubaria 3’. In the initial season (2021/ 2022), 200 families from each F3 population were cultivated with specific spacing, and selection criteria included seed yield per plant (SYP) and the number of pods per plant (NPP). Top-performing plants were identified for the second cycle of pedigree selection. In the following season (2022/2023), the F4 families were arranged in a randomised complete block design. Traits like the number of branches per plant (NBP), NPP, SYP, and seed index (SI) showed substantial phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation, indicating their noteworthy variation. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation analyses showed positive associations between SYP and the NBP and NPP. Additionally, path coefficient analysis indicated that these traits had high positive direct effects on SYP. This research provides valuable insights into the genetic variability, heritability, and selection parameters for yield-related traits in faba bean, offering a foundation for future breeding programs aimed at improving yield and productivity.

The Influence Of Institutional Ownership And Profitability On Company Value With Dividend Policy As A Moderating Variable

This research aims to examine the influence of institutional ownership and profitability on company value by considering dividend policy as a moderating variable in banking companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2017-2022 period. The research method used is path coefficient analysis to test the relationship between variables. Data was obtained from annual reports of banking companies registered on the IDX. The research results show that there is a positive and significant influence between the profitability variable on company value with a significance value of 0.006 (<0.05) while the institutional ownership variable does not have a positive and insignificant influence with a significance value of 0.309 (>0.05). Apart from that, dividend policy as a moderating variable is able to influence the relationship between profitability and company value with a significance value of 0.000 (<0.05), while dividend policy is not able to influence the relationship between institutional ownership and company value. Thus, the conclusion of this research is that institutional ownership has no effect on company value with or without considering dividend policy, while profitability has a direct and significant influence on company value with or without considering dividend policy. Therefore, company management needs to pay attention to these factors in managing company policies and investments to increase long-term company value.

Pengaruh Pelatihan Kerja terhadap Kinerja Karyawan dengan Kompetensi Karyawan Sebagai Variabel Mediasi pada Departemen Produksi pada Salah Satu Perusahaan Tambang di Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the impact of job training on employee performance, with employee competency serving as a mediating variable. This quantitative research collected data through questionnaires. The respondents comprised 202 employees from the production department of PT XYZ, selected using proportional stratified random sampling. Data processing employed Structural Equation Modeling Partial Least Squares (SEM PLS), incorporating convergent validity tests, discriminant validity tests, and composite reliability tests. The analysis techniques included path coefficient analysis, R-square testing, bootstrapping, and specific indirect effect testing. The findings of this study are: (1) job training has a significant effect on employee performance; (2) job training significantly influences employee competency; (3) competency significantly impacts employee performance; and (4) competency significantly mediates the effect of job training on employee performance. This research provides new insights into the mediating role of employee competency in the relationship between job training and employee performance within the context of an mining industry. The study contributes to the body of knowledge by highlighting the importance of competency development through job training to enhance employee performance. It offers practical implications for human resource practices in similar industrial settings, emphasizing the critical role of competency as a mediator.

The Brand Trust As The Impact Of The Service Recovery Of The International Fast Food Restaurant

This study aims to determine the influence of service recovery on brand trust among international fast-food restaurant customers in Bandung City. The service recovery variable encompasses distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice. In contrast, the brand trust variable comprises two dimensions: fiability and intentionality. This study employs primary data gathered through an online survey of 215 respondents who are consumers of international fast-food restaurants and have experienced inappropriate service with an international fast-food chain outlet. The proposed hypothesis was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). Based on the results of R-squared tests, path coefficient analysis, and SMARTPLS 3.0 software measurements, service recovery significantly and positively impacts brand trust for customers of international fast-food restaurants in Bandung City.

Estimation of genetic variability and association of yield and related traits in indigenous grain amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) genotypes

Twenty-five genotypes of grain amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) were tested during the rabi 2019-20, for genetic factors such as genetic variability, correlation, and path analysis. For each of the 13 characters under study, the results of the analysis of variance revealed a significant variation among the genotypes. Characteristics with high GCV and PCV were the leaf area, biological yield per plant, number of branches per plant, harvest index, plant height, stem diameter and grain yield per plant. The biological yield per plant, leaf area, number of branches per plant, harvest index, length of inflorescence, girth of inflorescence, stem diameter, plant height, grain yield per plant, days to 50% flowering, and days to maturity showed high estimates of heritability along with high genetic advance. Therefore, choosing such traits will be more beneficial. At the genotypic and phenotypic levels, there was a positive and highly significant correlation between the characters days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, plant height, length of inflorescence, stem diameter, leaf area, biological yield per plant and grain yield per plant. Based on the results of the path co-efficient analysis high direct influence was observed between grain yield and the days to 50% flowering, plant height, inflorescence length and girth of inflorescence, number of branches per plant, and biological yield per plant. Keywords: Correlation, Grain amaranth, Genetic variability, Heritability, Path co-efficient analysis

Study about Correlation and Path Analysis in Grain Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.)

Twenty six genotypes of grain amaranth were evaluated during rabi 2017-18 for assessing the correlation and path coefficient analysis for grain yield and its components. The grain yield per plant was found to be positively and significantly associated with plant height, panicle length, dry weight of leaves, dry weight of panicles, biological yield/plant and harvest index. Dry weight of panicles had highest path towards grain yield per plant, dry weight of leaves directly associated with days to maturity and plant height. This indicates that these characters played an important role in higher grain yield in grain amaranth.

The Impact of Servant Leadership on Corporate Social Responsibility: Insights from Egyptian Tourism Organizations

This study examines how servant leadership affects corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices and its dimensions (corporate commitment, governance, environmental protection, and social contribution) in the Egyptian tourism industry, focusing on Hilton and Four Seasons. Quantitative research with 386 participants was conducted. Spearman correlation, CFA, path coefficient analysis, model quality of fit, and Fornell-Larcker criterion were used for data analysis. The links between servant leadership and CSR factors were examined using SEM. A positive and significant correlation was found between servant leadership and all CSR aspects. In the Egyptian tourism industry, servant leaders can positively influence an organization's commitment to sustainable and socially responsible business practices by prioritising stakeholder well-being, fostering ethical practices, and promoting a culture of responsibility.

Genetic variability, trait association and path coefficient analysis for yield and yield attributing traits in sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.)

Genetic variability, trait association and path coefficient analysis for yield and yield attributing traits in sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.)

Genetic variability, correlation, and path coefficient analysis for yield and yield contributing characters in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill

Genetic variability, correlation, and path coefficient analysis for yield and yield contributing characters in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill

Genetic Variability, Heritability, Genetic Advance, Path Coefficient Analysis, and Inter-Character Relationships in Colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis [L.] Schrad.) from Southeastern Villages of the Benin Republic

Genetic improvement of crops for important traits requires reliable estimates of genetic variability. heritability and genetic advance of intending parent materials to identify traits useful in planning an efficient breeding program through selection. Hence, the effectiveness of genetic improvement of a crop depends on the variability in the morpho-agronomic traits of individual genotypes. Understanding the variation that exists will allow the breeder to determine strategies to be adopted in his breeding program. The objectives of the present study were to estimate the magnitude of genetic variability and advance, heritability and inter-character relationships by simple correlations and path coefficient analysis in 40 local colocynth genotypes from Southeastern Benin. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in three locations for three years. 34 morpho-agronomic traits were observed in each genotype. Analysis of variance revealed that effects of genotype, genotype by year or location and genotype by year by location interactions were significant (p ≤ 0.01 or 0.05) for all the characters. Phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) values were relatively greater than genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV) for all traits. High magnitude of phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation as well as high heritability along with high genetic advance were recorded particularly for qualitative traits. All yield components, except time to emergence, time to tailspins, leaf limb width, fruit number per plant, fruit width, seed length, seed tegument percentage and stem pubescence texture, had significant and positive correlations with yield attributes represented by thousand-seed weight (TSW) and seed number per plant (SNP). Path coefficient analysis indicated that all the characters (except leaf pubescence texture, stem pubescence texture, fruit design produced by secondary skin color and male flower size) had positive direct effects on TSW and partly SNP. Results suggested that most of the 34 quantitative and qualitative traits studied could be effectively used as selection criteria in the breeding program of Citrullus colocynthis varieties with high yield.

Genetic variability, character association and path coefficient analysis in okra

A study was conducted to investigate the genetic architecture of different lines for fruit yield and its associated traits in okra. Fourteen parents, consisting of twelve lines and two testers, were crossed using a Line × Tester mating design in the spring-summer season of 2019-20 at Vegetable Research Farm, CCSHAU, Hisar. The resulting twenty-four hybrids were cultivated in a randomized block design with three replications during the rainy season of 2020-21. Fruit yield/hectare showed a significant range from 87.86 to 150.18 quintals with an average of 117.73 quintals. The phenotypic coefficient of variation ranged from 3.91% (test weight) to 20.23% (Number of branches per plant), slightly surpassing the genotypic coefficient of variation which ranged from 1.98% (test weight) to 12.15% (fruit yield) with high estimate of PCV for the number of branches per plant (20.23%) and a moderate estimate of both PCV and GCV for fruit yield (14.67%, 12.15%), number of fruits per plant (14.34%, 12.06%), respectively. This suggests that the traits studied were more influenced by genetic factors than environmental factors. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of mean for traits such as number of fruits/plant (70.74%, 20.89%) and fruit yield/hectare (68.65%, 20.74%) suggested that additive genes play a major role in determining these traits respectively. This indicates that it is possible to select high-yielding genotypes by selecting parents with desirable traits. Fruit yield/hectare displayed positive and significant associations with most of the traits like number of fruits per plant (0.95) and plant height (0.36) at phenotypic levels. The number of fruits per plant, 1000 seeds test weight, fruit diameter, and number of branches per plant had the most significant positive effect on fruit yield. Ultimately, such analysis has the potential to assist breeders in formulating their selection strategies aimed at enhancing fruit yield.

Identification of Key Traits for Yield Improvement in Brinjal Through Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis

Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.), also known as poor man’s vegetable, is widely distributed and grown in almost all parts of India. The assessment of genetic variation, correlation and path analysis for various yield and yield attributing traits in the available germplasm is crucial for selecting superior genotypes with desired traits such as yield, fruit quality, disease resistance, and adaptability to environmental conditions, thereby enhancing the potential for further crop improvement through breeding. Therefore, the present study was conducted to assess the phenotypic correlation and path coefficient among various yield and yield related traits for 42 genotypes of brinjal at the Horticulture Research Centre, SVPUA&T, Meerut (U.P.), India, over two consecutive Kharif seasons in 2022 and 2023 in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The analysis of variance indicated significant variability across all the traits examined. In general, magnitudes of genotypic correlation coefficient were higher than their corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficient, implying a significant inherent relationship in different pair of traits. Based on the correlation coefficient analysis, fruit yield per plant had significant and positive association with fruit yield per plot, fruit yield per hectare, fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, fruit length and fruit girth both at genotypic and phenotypic levels. Path coefficient analysis showed that the traits viz., number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, fruit girth and fruit length exhibited highest direct effects on fruit yield and also indirectly influenced by the other yield contributing traits of brinjal. It is concluded from the study that these traits may be used as key indices towards the direct selection of elite genotypes for the successful breeding programme for yield improvement of brinjal germplasm.

Genetic Variability, Heritability, Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis of Growth and Yield Traits of Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] Parental Genotypes and their F1 Crosses

Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers], also known as black-eyed pea or southern pea, is a self-pollinating crop belonging to the family Fabaceae. It is a popular legume grown for multiple utility purposes. Three cowpea genotypes were grown in accordance with a completely randomized design, replicated four times. The F1 populations were generated by crossing B138 with speckled grey Lecheng (SGL) and or ER7, which were crossed in all possible combinations to produce reciprocal crosses. Seventeen successful pods were generated from the 124 crosses, giving 13.7% success rate. There were two SGL X B138, two B138 X SGL, four B138 X ER7 and nine ER7 X B138 progenies generated from the crosses. These were then planted with their parents for evaluation of genetic variability, heritability, correlation, and path coefficient analysis of growth, yield, and yield-related attributes. High heritability, along high genetic advance, was reported for pod length, days to flowering, 100-seed weight, and seed yield per plot, indicating that these traits were governed by additive gene effects and that selection for these attributes would be beneficial. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was consistently greater than the equivalent genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), indicating that environmental influences have a role in the characteristic under study. The highest GCVs were recorded for number of leaves (23.82), seed yield per plant (32.51), leaf area (38.28), plant height (54.53) and seed yield per plot (80.17). The highest PCV was found in for number of pods per plant (23.96), seed yield per plant (32.72), leaf area (55.88), number of leaves (62.41), plant height (79.88), and seed yield per plot (80.17). The findings indicate that these traits could be utilized favorably to successfully identify and select preferred genotypes.